A reciclagem de resíduos plásticos pós-consumo em oito empresas do Rio Grande do Sul

O tema do presente estudo é a reciclagem de resíduos plásticos pós-consumo. Resíduos pósconsumo são resíduos provenientes do descarte de produtos pelos consumidores A sua reciclagem permite a recuperação do seu valor econômico, através do seu reaproveitamento como matéria-prima, e a redução do volume de resíduos a serem dispostos em aterros, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Além disso, esta atividade tende a crescer, uma vez que o consumo do plástico vem aumentando no Brasil, assim como a geração dos resíduos deste tipo de material. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar a reciclagem de resíduos plásticos pós-consumo e a sua transformação em oito empresas do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O método empregado para atingir o objetivo proposto foi o estudo de casos de empresas recicladoras de resíduos plásticos pós-consumo e empresas transformadoras deste material reciclado. Foram utilizadas também como fontes secundárias informações fornecidas por entidades empresariais com interesse na reciclagem. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as empresas estudadas têm tecnologia de reciclagem fortemente dependente da qualidade (ausência de contaminantes) da sucata plástica e que apresentam deficiências quando comparadas às de outros países. A reciclagem de plásticos pós-consumo é uma oportunidade de negócio, e a utilização do material reciclado como matéria-prima permite a redução de custos nas empresas transformadoras. As maiores barreiras enfrentadas por essas empresas são a qualidade dos resíduos plásticos pós-consumo, a ausência de apoio do governo e de uma tecnologia nacional para a reciclagem do plástico.

Análise interativa de situações de reforço e recuperação de peças de concreto armado, empregando o método dos elementos finitos

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um programa computacional, baseado no método dos elementos finitos, para simular situações de reforço e recuperação de peças de concreto armado. A linguagem Matlab é a ferramenta utilizada para a elaboração do programa. É uma linguagem de alta performance para computação técnica. Integra computação, visualização e programação em um fácil ambiente para uso, onde problemas e soluções são expressos em familiar notação matemática. A característica principal deste programa é de permitir alterações na modelagem numérica durante a análise do problema, podendo-se retirar ou acrescentar elementos da estrutura, aumentar ou diminuir rigidezes, alterar materiais, etc, viabilizando-se, assim, uma avaliação das diversas etapas ou hipóteses dos procedimentos de recuperação ou reforço de estruturas. O programa permite a mudança de vinculações do elemento estrutural, durante a análise. Além disto, é permitido não só incrementos de forças como incrementos de deslocamentos impostos à estrutura. O programa computacional utiliza duas etapas distintas, baseadas em um modelo elasto-viscoplástico. Na primeira etapa, faz-se a determinação da resposta da estrutura ao longo do tempo. Considera-se, nesta etapa, que o material possui comportamento viscoelástico. Na segunda, busca-se determinar a resposta da estrutura para um carregamento instantâneo, considerando-se o material com comportamento elastoplástico Para melhor representar o comportamento do concreto, quando submetido a carregamento de longa duração, utilizou-se um modelo de camadas superpostas. A armadura é introduzida no modelo como uma linha de material mais rígido dentro do elemento de concreto. Considera-se aderência perfeita entre o concreto e o aço. Assim, os deslocamentos ao longo das barras de aço são determinados a partir dos deslocamentos nodais dos elementos de concreto. Para verificar a precisão do programa computacional desenvolvido, comparam-se os resultados numéricos com resultados experimentais, cujos ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Ensaios e Modelos Estruturais do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Civil da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, e no Laboratório de Estruturas da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos- USP. Nessas comparações, obtiveram-se ótimas aproximações entre os resultados numéricos e experimentais.

Produtividade agregada brasileira (1970-2000): declínio robusto e fraca recuperação

This study explores the productivity performance of the Brazilian economy between 1970 and 1998. We assess how much of the TFP downfall can be explained by some departures from the standard procedure. We incorporate to the standard measure utilization of capacity, changes in the workweek of capital, services of capital from electricity consumption, relative prices distortions, human capital, and investment in specific technology. We conclude that the downfall in productivity is quite robust to those specifications. The only case that presents a marked difference from the standard TFP measure occurs when relative prices of capital are corrected. The implications of this finding are a topic for future research.

Avaliação de um modelo de atendimento à saúde do trabalhador em uma empresa do ramo moveleiro pós-afastamentos temporários

Esta pesquisa trata da análise de um modelo de atendimento à saúde do trabalhador realizado em uma empresa produtora de móveis de madeira, para trabalhadores que sofreram acidentes ou Distúrbios Osteomusculares Relacionados ao Trabalho. O atendimento visa a manutenção ou retorno precoce do funcionário ao ambiente produtivo, colaborando para a sua recuperação funcional e minimizando custos para o próprio funcionário e a empresa. As avaliações foram feitas com base em entrevistas semi-estruturadas, realizadas com profissionais responsáveis pela promoção da saúde e segurança na empresa e em visita a dois setores com o maior número de afastamento ao trabalho. Os dados coletados foram comparados com os modelos propostos na literatura. Com base no modelo resultante foram propostas sugestões para aumentar a eficiência do modelo, entre elas: formalização do programa de retorno ao trabalho, aumento do envolvimento da equipe de saúde e segurança do trabalho com o programa, realizar pré-identificação de processos e postos de trabalho, registrar o acompanhamento do funcionário e divulgar o programa dentro da empresa.

Evolução dos investimentos no Brasil : uma análise econométrica : por que não houve recuperação das taxas de investimentos no país após a estabilização da inflação em 1994?

Estudos empíricos sobre os determinantes de investimentos privados em países em desenvolvimento, incluindo vários estudos para o Brasil, mostraram o impacto negativo de elevadas taxas de inflação sobre os investimentos privados. No entanto, a experiência brasileira recente mostra claramente que a estabilização por si só não é capaz de fazer com que as taxas de investimento se recuperem. Este trabalho objetiva a busca de respostas em evidências empíricas sobre quais teriam sido os principais fatores responsáveis pela não recuperação dos investimentos no Brasil pós-plano Real, apesar do controle inflacionário, no período 1995-2004. Para isso, foi estimado um modelo de investimento privado em nível de longo prazo (1970-2003) com dados anuais. Estas estimações mostram evidência empírica de crowding-in dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura sobre os investimentos privados e do efeito de crowding-out dos demais investimentos públicos (que não são em infra-estrutura) sobre os investimentos privados. Para obter evidências empíricas do impacto negativo da carga tributária e dos preços relativos dos bens de capital sobre as taxas de investimento foi estimado um modelo trimestral com dados de 1995-2004. Uma análise mais detalhada sobre a carga tributária brasileira e sua composição mostrou ainda que, além de sua magnitude elevada, a carga tributária brasileira tem uma alocação desfavorável ao investimento privado, pois seu peso é muito maior sobre o setor produtivo do que sobre renda e patrimônio. Além disso, a despeito da arrecadação crescente nos últimos 10 anos, os gastos do governo têm se concentrado em gastos pouco ou não produtivos e tem diminuído a participação relativa dos investimentos públicos em infra-estrutura, que são gastos produtivos e estimuladores de investimentos privados (efeito de crowding-in).

Injeção de vapor e solvente como um método de recuperação avançada em reservatório avançada em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Currently a resource more and more used by the petroleum industry to increase the efficiency of steam flood mechanism is the addition of solvents. The process can be understood as a combination of a thermal method (steam injection) with a miscible method (solvent injection), promoting, thus, the reduction of interfacial tensions and oil viscosity. The use of solvent alone tends to be limited because of its high cost. When co-injected with steam, the vaporized solvent condenses in the cooler regions of the reservoir and mixes with the oil, creating a zone of low viscosity between the steam and the heavy oil. The mobility of the displaced fluid is then improved, resulting in an increase of oil recovery. To better understand this improved oil recovery method, a numerical study of the process was done contemplating the effects of some operational parameters (distance between wells, injection steam rate, kind of solvent and injected solvent volume)on the accumulated production of oil, recovery factor and oil-steam rate. Semisynthetic models were used in this study but reservoir data can be extrapolated for practical applications situations on Potiguar Basin. Simulations were performed in STARS (CMG, 2007.11). It was found that injected solvent volumes increased oil recovery and oil rates. Further the majority of the injected solvent was produced and can be recycled

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de óleo no processo de drenagem gravitacional com injeção de CO2

The gas injection has become the most important IOR process in the United States. Furthermore, the year 2006 marks the first time the gas injection IOR production has surpassed that of steam injection. In Brazil, the installation of a petrochemical complex in the Northeast of Brazil (Bahia State) offers opportunities for the injection of gases in the fields located in the Recôncavo Basin. Field-scale gas injection applications have almost always been associated with design and operational difficulties. The mobility ratio, which controls the volumetric sweep, between the injected gas and displaced oil bank in gas processes, is typically unfavorable due to the relatively low viscosity of the injected gas. Furthermore, the difference between their densities results in severe gravity segregation of fluids in the reservoirs, consequently leading to poor control in the volumetric sweep. Nowadays, from the above applications of gas injection, the WAG process is most popular. However, in attempting to solve the mobility problems, the WAG process gives rise to other problems associated with increased water saturation in the reservoir including diminished gas injectivity and increased competition to the flow of oil. The low field performance of WAG floods with oil recoveries in the range of 5-10% is a clear indication of these problems. In order to find na effective alternative to WAG, the Gas Assisted Gravity Drainage (GAGD) was developed. This process is designed to take advantage of gravity force to allow vertical segregation between the injected CO2 and reservoir crude oil due to their density difference. This process consists of placing horizontal producers near the bottom of the pay zone and injecting gás through existing vertical wells in field. Homogeneous models were used in this work which can be extrapolated to commercial application for fields located in the Northeast of Brazil. The simulations were performed in a CMG simulator, the STARS 2007.11, where some parameters and their interactions were analyzed. The results have shown that the CO2 injection in GAGD process increased significantly the rate and the final recovery of oil

Estudo paramétrico da recuperação de petróleo pesado por aquecimento eletromagnético resistivo

Electrical resistive heating (ERH) is a thermal method used to improve oil recovery. It can increase oil rate and oil recovery due to temperature increase caused by electrical current passage through oil zone. ERH has some advantage compared with well-known thermal methods such as continuous steam flood, presenting low-water production. This method can be applied to reservoirs with different characteristics and initial reservoir conditions. Commercial software was used to test several cases using a semi-synthetic homogeneous reservoir with some characteristics as found in northeast Brazilian basins. It was realized a sensitivity analysis of some reservoir parameters, such as: oil zone, aquifer presence, gas cap presence and oil saturation on oil recovery and energy consumption. Then it was tested several cases studying the electrical variables considered more important in the process, such as: voltage, electrical configurations and electrodes positions. Energy optimization by electrodes voltage levels changes and electrical settings modify the intensity and the electrical current distribution in oil zone and, consequently, their influences in reservoir temperature reached at some regions. Results show which reservoir parameters were significant in order to improve oil recovery and energy requirement in for each reservoir. Most significant parameters on oil recovery and electrical energy delivered were oil thickness, presence of aquifer, presence of gas cap, voltage, electrical configuration and electrodes positions. Factors such as: connate water, water salinity and relative permeability to water at irreducible oil saturation had low influence on oil recovery but had some influence in energy requirements. It was possible to optimize energy consumption and oil recovery by electrical variables. Energy requirements can decrease by changing electrodes voltages during the process. This application can be extended to heavy oil reservoirs of high depth, such as offshore fields, where nowadays it is not applicable any conventional thermal process such as steam flooding

Influência da areia argilosa na recuperação de petróleo por injeção de vapor

Continuous steam injection is one of heavy oil thermal recovery methods used in the Brazilian Northeast because of high occurrence of heavy oil reservoir. In this process, the oil into the reservoir is heated while reduces, substantially, its viscosity and improves the production. This work analyzed how the shaly sand layers influenced in the recovery. The studied models were synthetics, but the used reservoir data can be extrapolated to real situations of Potiguar Basin. The modeling was executed using the STARS - Steam Thermal and Advanced Process Reservoir Simulator - whose version was 2007.10. STARS is a tool of CMG Computer Modeling Group. The study was conducted in two stages, the first we analyzed the influence of reservoir parameters in the thermal process, so some of these were studied, including: horizontal permeability of the reservoir and the layer of shaly sand, ratio of horizontal permeability to vertical permeability, the influence of capillary pressure layer of shaly sand and as the location and dimensions of this heterogeneity can affect the productivity of oil. Among the parameters studied the horizontal permeability of the reservoir showed the most significant influence on the process followed by diversity. In the second stage three models were selected and studied some operational parameters such as injection rate, distance between wells, production time and completion intervals. Among the operating parameters studied the low rate and intermediate distances between wells showed the best recoveries

Análise da recuperação em reservatório de gás com baixa permeabilidade (TIGHT GAS) através do fraturamento hidráulico

With the increasing of energetic consumption in the worldwile, conventional reservoirs, known by their easy exploration and exploitation, are not being enough to satisfy this demand, what has made necessary exploring unconventional reservoirs. This kind of exploration demands developing more advanced technologies to make possible to exploit those hydrocarbons. Tight gas is an example of this kind of unconventional reservoir. It refers to sandstone fields with low porosity, around 8%, and permeabilities between 0.1 and 0.0001 mD, which accumulates considerable amounts of natural gas. That natural gas can only be extracted by applying hydraulic fracturing, aiming at stimulating the reservoir, by creating a preferential way through the reservoir to the well, changing and making easier the flow of fluids, thus increasing the productivity of those reservoirs. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is analyzing the recovery factor of a reservoir by applying hydraulic fracturing. All the studies were performed through simulations using the IMEX software, by CMG (Computer Modelling Group), in it 2012.10 version

Um modelo matemático baseado em wavelets para análise do método térmico de recuperação de óleo pesado aplicando irradiação eletromagnética

This work proposes a model to investigate the use of a cylindrical antenna used in the thermal method of recovering through electromagnetic radiation of high-viscosity oil. The antenna has a simple geometry, adapted dipole type, and it can be modelled by using Maxwell s equation. The wavelet transforms are used as basis functions and applied in conjunction with the method of moments to obtain the current distribution in the antenna. The electric field, power and temperature distribution are carefully calculated for the analysis of the antenna as electromagnetic heating. The energy performance is analyzed based on thermo-fluid dynamic simulations at field scale, and through the adaptation in the Steam Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) by Computer Modelling Group (CMG). The model proposed and the numerical results obtained are stable and presented good agreement with the results reported in the specialized literature

A intervenção estatal no domínio econômico privado através da nova lei de recuperação de empresas e falências (lei 11.101/05)

Analysis of the elements of the Constitutional Order of the letter 1988 politics, with emphasis in the principles of this, a study on the intervention of the State in the private initiative by means of the Law of Recovery of Companies and Bankruptcies (law 11.101/05). New enterprise vision is admitted, over all in the interdependence between economic and social factors. Study on the globalization and the interdependence of economic and legal sciences in the construction of a legal optics in the search for the economic and social development, with the recognition of the interference of the Economy in the Right and its uneven importance. Still, we delineate the state intervention in the economic scope, of company and in the judicial recovery, as well as the consequences of such intervention in the involved credits in the judicial recovery and patrimony of the debtor in recovery. For such task, the elements of the Judicial Recovery, its principles and adequacy of these to the related ones in the chapter had been analyzed that turns on the national economic Order, describing the formal procedure for concession of the benefit of the Judicial Recovery and the principles in existing them. The forms of intervention of the State in the private economy were not disrespected, relating its direct and indirect performance as half of preservation of interests writings in the constitutional scope as public interest and preservation of the National economic Order. The regulating agencies as of direct state intervention were half not disrespected of the study for the relevance of the subject. It is revised national bibliography with incursions in French, Portuguese and North American comparative jurisprudence. One contributes in the aspect of the paper of the Judiciary Power in the protection of the companies in crisis and the social and economic impacts, over all in relation to the rights of the worked ones, credit and enterprise

Caracterização morfológica de frutos e sementes e desenvolvimento pós-seminal de monjoleiro (Acacia polyphylla DC.)

Acacia polyphylla DC. é uma espécie arbórea, característica dos estádios iniciais da sucessão secundária, de ocorrência natural no Brasil. Pertence à família Leguminosae-Mimosoideae, sendo recomendada em programas de reflorestamento misto, recuperação de áreas degradadas e manejo de fragmentos florestais. Entretanto, não foi encontrado nenhuma referência que fizesse menção aos aspectos químicos e morfológicos das sementes, bem como, aos aspectos do desenvolvimento pós-seminal desta espécie. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho objetivou caracterizar morfologicamente e ilustrar frutos e sementes, quantificar alguns componentes químicos presentes nas sementes e descrever as diferentes fases do desenvolvimento pós-seminal. Para tanto, foram realizadas descrições associadas às estruturas externa e interna das sementes. As descrições morfológicas dos frutos e das sementes foram efetuadas em relação a forma, ao tamanho, a superfície, a micrópila e a forma e a localização do embrião. Para a descrição morfológica das plântulas, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em meio de cultura Murashige & Skoog reduzido à metade da concentração e incubadas a temperatura de 25ºC, sendo descritas e ilustradas as plântulas normais e anormais. O fruto é uma vagem deiscente contendo de oito a 16 sementes achatadas, de tegumento testal, embrião axial e invaginado. A germinação das sementes é epígea e as plântulas fanerocotiledonares.

Seleção seqüencial de descritores por análise da semântica para recuperação de imagens baseada no conteúdo

With the rapid growth of databases of various types (text, multimedia, etc..), There exist a need to propose methods for ordering, access and retrieve data in a simple and fast way. The images databases, in addition to these needs, require a representation of the images so that the semantic content characteristics are considered. Accordingly, several proposals such as the textual annotations based retrieval has been made. In the annotations approach, the recovery is based on the comparison between the textual description that a user can make of images and descriptions of the images stored in database. Among its drawbacks, it is noted that the textual description is very dependent on the observer, in addition to the computational effort required to describe all the images in database. Another approach is the content based image retrieval - CBIR, where each image is represented by low-level features such as: color, shape, texture, etc. In this sense, the results in the area of CBIR has been very promising. However, the representation of the images semantic by low-level features is an open problem. New algorithms for the extraction of features as well as new methods of indexing have been proposed in the literature. However, these algorithms become increasingly complex. So, doing an analysis, it is natural to ask whether there is a relationship between semantics and low-level features extracted in an image? and if there is a relationship, which descriptors better represent the semantic? which leads us to a new question: how to use descriptors to represent the content of the images?. The work presented in this thesis, proposes a method to analyze the relationship between low-level descriptors and semantics in an attempt to answer the questions before. Still, it was observed that there are three possibilities of indexing images: Using composed characteristic vectors, using parallel and independent index structures (for each descriptor or set of them) and using characteristic vectors sorted in sequential order. Thus, the first two forms have been widely studied and applied in literature, but there were no records of the third way has even been explored. So this thesis also proposes to index using a sequential structure of descriptors and also the order of these descriptors should be based on the relationship that exists between each descriptor and semantics of the users. Finally, the proposed index in this thesis revealed better than the traditional approachs and yet, was showed experimentally that the order in this sequence is important and there is a direct relationship between this order and the relationship of low-level descriptors with the semantics of the users

Análise de confiabilidade de uma bomba centrífuga: aplicação na injeção de água para recuperação de petróleo

The oil industry`s need to produce with maximum efficiency, not to mention the safety and the environment aspects, encourages the optimization of processes. It makes them look for a level of excellence in acquisition of equipment, ensuring the quality without prejudice security of facilities and peoples. Knowing the reliability of equipment and that this stands for a system is fundamental to the production strategy to seeks the maximum return on investment. The reliability analysis techniques have been increasingly applied in the industry as strategy for predicting failures likelihood ensuring the integrity of processes. Some reliability theories underlie the decisions to use stochastic calculations to estimate equipment failure. This dissertation proposes two techniques associating qualitative (through expertise opinion) and quantitative data (European North Sea oil companies fault database, Ored) applied on centrifugal pump to water injection system for secondary oil recovery on two scenarios. The data were processed in reliability commercial software. As a result of hybridization, it was possible to determine the pump life cycle and what impact on production if it fails. The technique guides the best maintenance policy - important tool for strategic decisions on asset management.