Educação de infância como tempo fundador: repensar a formação de educadores para uma acção educativa integrada

O estudo Educação de Infância como tempo fundador: Repensar a Formação de Educadores para uma acção educativa integrada inscreve-se no processo de reflexão acerca das finalidades da educação básica e da qualidade da formação e da intervenção dos profissionais de educação de infância. Considerando as condições de instabilidade, crescente insegurança e grande imprevisibilidade que caracterizam as sociedades contemporâneas e, considerando também, os avanços científicos que vêm ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, fundamentando e alertando para a importância decisiva das aprendizagens realizadas na Infância nos processos de desenvolvimento subsequentes, releva-se neste estudo a necessidade de dar continuidade e aprofundar essa reflexão procurando responder, também pela investigação, aos desafios que as mudanças sociais suscitam. Nesta linha e tendo como referente o significado que, em termos de estruturação identitária pessoal e colectiva, é reconhecido à educação de infância, enquanto contexto primeiro de educação básica e complementar da acção educativa da família, o principal objectivo do estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da natureza e qualidade dos saberes básicos a promover na educação pré-escolar e das competências reconfiguradoras do perfil de desempenho profissional dos educadores de infância para que, em articulação com as famílias das crianças, se tornem facilitadores do seu desenvolvimento, no quadro de uma ampla perspectiva de cidadania e de sucesso para todos. Os eixos investigativos que se cruzam no estudo pressupõem uma dimensão de pesquisa (teórica, documental e empírica) de natureza complexa, na qual, se procura tornar compreensíveis as interacções entre os participantes anteriormente referidos, no sentido de uma possível coerência conceptual e funcional, que regule e sustente a qualidade dos processos de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a investigação inscreve-se numa abordagem de natureza qualitativa, de matriz complexa e com características de estudo de caso, centrado nos processos de formação e de intervenção dos educadores de infância em exercício de funções, no distrito de Bragança. No sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto de estudo foi desenvolvida uma revisão temática de literatura e de análise documental e, na dimensão empírica do estudo, foram promovidos processos mistos de recolha de dados, com recurso à inquirição por questionário e por entrevista (semi-estruturada). A inquirição por questionário foi feita a 229 educadores de infância e a 1340 pais (ou seus representantes), das crianças que frequentavam a educação pré-escolar e a entrevista a 6 educadoras, que integravam os conselhos executivos dos Agrupamentos de Escolas e, cujas funções de gestão e administração, lhes permitiam ter uma perspectiva mais global das problemáticas em estudo. Os instrumentos de recolha e de análise da informação foram validados de modo a garantir-lhes fiabilidade e credibilidade. Os resultados do estudo podem ser lidos em dois níveis, considerando a sua abrangência e especificidade. Num primeiro plano, numa leitura mais global e transversal às questões em estudo e, num segundo plano, como enfoque mais específico em função de quatro dimensões temáticas decorrentes do quadro de fundamentação teórica e organizadoras do processo de reflexão e de pesquisa. Assim, globalmente, os resultados confirmam a importância que todos os inquiridos reconhecem, quer às aprendizagens ocorridas na Infância, como factor importante no desenvolvimento pessoal e social das crianças ao longo da vida, quer ao papel que, nele, os educadores e respectiva formação (inicial e contínua) devem desempenhar. Com algumas variações, as representações dos educadores de infância e dos pais inquiridos neste estudo, embora diferentes em algumas das questões específicas, apresentam-se maioritariamente coerentes e próximas das perspectivas teóricas mais actuais, que consideram a natureza processual das aprendizagens e a importância que a qualidade dos contextos e das transições, que neles ocorrem, assumem nos processos de desenvolvimento. Ou seja, inscrevem-se na linha das teorias socioconstrutivista e ecológica também subjacentes às orientações curriculares, ao nível nacional e aos quadros teóricos de referência, ao nível internacional. Identificam a aprendizagem da cidadania (ou do aprender a ser em sociedade) como o saber mais estruturante a ser desenvolvido no conjunto da acção educativa e perspectivam-na como processo de responsabilidade partilhada e cooperado. Tratando-se de uma amostra extensa e de um distrito geograficamente marcado pela interioridade, e sem esquecer que os dados se referem a representações expressas ao nível dos discursos, é importante reconhecer os sinais de actualidade das perspectivas e das sugestões apontadas para dar continuidade aos processos de desenvolvimento integrado de todos os participantes no processo educativo. Ainda numa leitura global, as principais diferenças, genericamente observadas entre educadores e pais, evidenciam, da parte destes, uma perspectiva de cidadania mais restrita e, da parte dos educadores, uma visão mais alargada do conceito. Com efeito, são os pais com mais elevada qualificação académica que partilham com os educadores esta perspectiva ampliada e transformadora de cidadania. Numa leitura mais enfocada e mais detalhada, e tal como referido anteriormente, os resultados podem ser lidos no cruzamento de quatro dimensões que interligam as questões de pesquisa: os saberes básicos, as estratégias de intervenção para o seu desenvolvimento; a formação e intervenção dos educadores de infância e a identificação de competências que possam vir a aprofundarem a sua formação. No que se refere aos saberes básicos, e não obstante a ocorrência de variações, quer quanto aos próprios saberes, quer quanto à terminologia usada, são considerados como fundamentais: 1. O aprender a ser na perspectiva do desenvolvimento da identidade; 2. O aprender a exercer a cidadania na linha da aprendizagem e da vivência democrática na relação com o mundo e com o outro; 3. O aprender a aprender como ferramenta indispensável à aprendizagem ao longo da vida; 4. O aprender a desenvolver o pensamento crítico, enquanto possibilidade de criteriosa escolha pessoal entre alternativas possíveis e 5. O aprender a comunicar como condição relacional inalienável nos processos de interacção com os contextos e com as pessoas. A segunda dimensão tem a ver com as estratégias consideradas facilitadoras do desenvolvimento destes saberes e são considerados três níveis da intervenção educativa: a acção dos educadores propriamente dita, a cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças e a interacção da instituição pré-escolar com os pais/família. A acção dos educadores surge, tendencialmente perspectivada como facilitadora do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos, embora em relação a algumas práticas essa perspectiva surgisse pouco evidente e distingue-se quanto ao desenvolvimento da acção e relação educativa, manifestando os educadores mais experientes uma opinião mais favorável. No que se refere à cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças, os resultados indicam que a maioria dos pais manifesta uma opinião favorável a práticas configuradoras de um clima facilitador do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos enunciados, mas variando os seus pontos de vista. São os pais de habilitações académicas mais elevadas, de idade intermédia e situados em contexto urbano os que apresentam opiniões mais favoráveis. Por fim, e no que diz respeito à interacção com as famílias, os resultados evidenciam uma opinião positiva com os meios de interacção utilizados, mas deixando perceber a necessidade de melhorar o processo de cooperação, manifestando os pais uma opinião menos positiva do que os educadores sobre esse processo. A terceira dimensão diz respeito às representações sobre a formação e intervenção profissional dos educadores, evidenciando os resultados que a maioria dos educadores atribuiu muita relevância aos contributos do curso de formação inicial para o desenvolvimento da maioria das competências necessárias para o seu desempenho profissional. Permitem ainda verificar que os educadores de formação mais recente manifestaram uma opinião mais favorável desses contributos, quanto ao desenvolvimento de conhecimentos em áreas, tais como a matemática, conhecimento do mundo e expressão musical, o que significa um avanço relativamente ao reconhecimento da necessidade de fazer investimento nessas áreas sugeridas em alguns estudos e projectos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da actividade profissional, os resultados relevam que a maior preocupação dos educadores se centra em torno do seu desempenho profissional e das condições de exercício da actividade profissional. No que se refere ao início de carreira, esta última dimensão assume maior evidência, sendo ainda possível perceber que a entrada na vida profissional tem vindo a ocorrer, nos últimos anos, através da rede privada. A quarta dimensão tem a ver com as competências profissionais a desenvolver pelos futuros educadores, e não obstante algumas diferenças nas opiniões manifestadas pelos três grupos de participantes, surgem relevadas competências que a literatura e os perfis de desempenho profissional docente apontam como devendo ser promovidas e incluídas nos programas de formação de educadores de infância/professores. Estas podem ser vistas, quer numa dimensão geral relativa ao grupo docente, quer numa dimensão mais específica da intervenção em educação de infância, tal como é especificado ao longo do trabalho.

Professional development for professional learners: teachers’ experiences in Norway, Germany and England

Proposals made by the European Commission in 2007 led to the Education Council adopting, for the first time, a European agenda for improving the quality of teaching and teacher education. This article reports on a small-scale longitudinal interview-based study with teachers in England, Norway and Germany demonstrating that while opportunities for professional development are increasing in all three countries, dissatisfaction is expressed by most teachers in relation to its quality and outcomes.

Simulation of economic benefits achieved by water quality improvement for recreational and professional users, within the SPICOSSA SSA (SPICOSSA System Approach) 11 - Guadiana estuary ecosystem sic

Dissertação de Mestrado, Gestão da Água e da Costa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2010

Conhecer as razões da desistência nos Centros de Novas Oportunidades

Trabalho de projecto de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Formação de Adultos - Educação e formação de jovens e adultos pouco escolarizados), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2011

E-Tutor : especialização pedagógica em e-learning

Trabalho de projeto de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Área de especialização Formação de Adultos), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014

The Personal and Professional Selves of Teachers: Stable and Unstable Identities

In much educational literature it is recognised that the broader social conditions in which teachers live and work, and the personal and professional elements of teachers' lives, experiences, beliefs and practices are integral to one another, and that there are often tensions between these which impact to a greater or lesser extent upon teachers' sense of self or identity. If identity is a key influencing factor on teachers' sense of purpose, self‐efficacy, motivation, commitment, job satisfaction and effectiveness, then investigation of those factors which influence positively and negatively, the contexts in which these occur and the consequences for practice, is essential. Surprisingly, although notions of ‘self’ and personal identity are much used in educational research and theory, critical engagement with individual teachers' cognitive and emotional ‘selves’ has been relatively rare. Yet such engagement is important to all with an interest in raising and sustaining standards of teaching, particularly in centralist reform contexts which threaten to destabilise long‐held beliefs and practices. This article addresses the issue of teacher identities by drawing together research which examines the nature of the relationships between social structures and individual agency; between notions of a socially constructed, and therefore contingent and ever‐remade, ‘self’, and a ‘self’ with dispositions, attitudes and behavioural responses which are durable and relatively stable; and between cognitive and emotional identities. Drawing upon existing research literature and findings from a four‐year Department for Education and Skills funded project with 300 teachers in 100 schools which investigated variations in teachers' work and lives and their effects on pupils (VITAE), it finds that identities are neither intrinsically stable nor intrinsically fragmented, as earlier literature suggests. Rather, teacher identities may be more, or less, stable and more or less fragmented at different times and in different ways according to a number of life, career and situational factors.

A Multinational Health Professional Perspective of the Prevalence of Mood Disorders in Patients with Acute and Chronic Wounds.

Recent research has started to identify mood disorders and problems associated with acute and chronic wounds, which have been shown to contribute to delayed healing, poor patient well-being and a reduced quality of life. Furthermore, mood disorders have been shown to have a negative impact on financial costs for service providers and the wider society in terms of treatment and sickness absence. This study aimed to survey a multinational sample of health professionals to explore their perspective and awareness of mood disorders amongst acute and chronic wound patients. Responses were received from n = 908 health professionals working in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. A strong awareness of the prevalence of mood disorders appeared to be widespread among the health professionals across the world, in addition to a view on the potential factors contributing to these problems with mood. Despite this, it was thought that few patients were actually receiving treatment for their mood disorders. Implications for clinical practice include the need for health professionals to actively engage with their patients to enable them to learn from their experiences. Studies that explore the benefits of treatments and techniques appropriate for minimising mood disorders in patients with wounds would provide empirical evidence for health professionals to make recommendations for patients with acute and chronic wounds.

Best Practice for Providing Social Care and Support to People Living with Concurrent Sight Loss and Dementia: Professional Perspectives

Purpose-Approximately 100,000 people in the UK aged 75 and over have concurrent dementia and sight loss, but current understanding of their experiences, needs and preferences is limited. The purpose of this paper is to report on a research project that explored the provision of social care and support for older people with both conditions. Design/methodology/approach-The project was a collaboration between the universities of York, Worcester, Bournemouth and Cambridge, supported by the Thomas Pocklington Trust and the Housing and Dementia Research Consortium. Data for this paper were drawn from focus groups held in 2013 involving 47 professionals across the dementia, sight loss and housing sectors. Findings-Thematic analysis identified five main barriers to providing high-quality, cost-effective social care and support: time constraints; financial limitations; insufficient professional knowledge; a lack of joint working; and inconsistency of services. The requirements of dementia and sight loss often conflict, which can limit the usefulness of equipment, aids and adaptations. Support and information needs to address individual needs and preferences. Research limitations/implications-Unless professionals consider dementia and sight loss together, they are unlikely to think about the impact of both conditions and the potential of their own services to provide effective support for individuals and their informal carers. Failing to consider both conditions together can also limit the availability and accessibility of social care and support services. This paper is based on input from a small sample of self-selecting professionals across three geographical regions of England. More research is needed in this area. Practical implications-There are growing numbers of people living with concurrent dementia and sight loss, many of whom wish to remain living in their own homes. There is limited awareness of the experiences and needs of this group and limited provision of appropriate services aids/adaptations. A range of measures should be implemented in order to support independence and well-being for people living with both conditions and their family carers. These include increased awareness, improved assessment, more training and greater joint working. Social implications-People living with dementia or sight loss are at high risk of social isolation, increasingly so for those with both conditions. Services that take an inclusive approach to both conditions can provide crucial opportunities for social interaction. Extra care housing has the potential to provide a supportive, community-based environment that can help residents to maintain social contact. Originality/value-This paper adds much-needed evidence to the limited existing literature, and reflects the views of diverse professionals across housing, health and social care

Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues

The chapter addresses the professional, legal and ethical issues associated with medicines management and the role of the nurse. To ensure safe practice it is imperative safeguards are recognised and applied; therefore pertinent legislative frameworks, policy and professional regulation are discussed. Safeguarding patients when administering prescribed medicines means the nurse must have up-to-date knowledge and skill and a key aspect of this is to ensure consent to treatment from the service user is secured; for this reason drawing on relevant legislation, the consensual process is reviewed. Not infrequently medicine management provokes ethical and legal challenges for the health care professional; these demand reflection and careful consideration; consequently in this chapter legal and ethical parameters and professional boundaries are appraised.

Changing Professional Identity in the Transition from Practitioner to Lecturer in Higher Education: an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

This research explores the experiences of five professional practitioners from disciplines including teaching, youth work, sport and health who had become lecturers in Higher Education. Their experiences are considered using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and tentative conclusions are reached on the meaning of such experiences for the individuals. The work extends previous studies (Shreeve 2010, 2011; Gourlay 2011a, 2011b; Boyd & Harris 2010) to consider the relationship between knowledge and influence and how institutional preference for knowledge gained from research impacts on the validity of knowledge derived from professional experience. The research finds shared feelings associated with inauthenticity and loss arising from concerns that the contribution of the professional in Higher Education is undervalued. The research challenges the assumption that professional practitioners adopt the professional identity of a lecturer in Higher Education instead finding that they create their own professional identities in the liminal space between the professional and academic domains, but points to difficulties associated with constructed nature of such professional identities within the institutional structure of a Higher Education institution.

Unpacking the Link Between Entrepreneurialism and Employability: an Assessment of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Attitudes and Likelihood of Graduate Employment in a Professional Field

Purpose This research investigates the relationship between students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and traits and their classification of employment six months after university graduation. It aims to identify what specific attitudes and traits of entrepreneurial graduates are linked to employability in a professional or managerial field. Design/Methodology The research adopts a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial drive of final-year undergraduate business school students and regresses this measurement against the employment level of the same students six months after their graduation. The employment classification of each respondent was classified as ‘professional/managerial’ or ‘non-professional/non-managerial’, in line with the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010. Findings The research found that both proactive disposition and achievement motivation were statistically linked to the likelihood of graduates being employed in a professional or managerial position six months after graduation. Originality/Value This research goes beyond existing literature linking entrepreneurship to employability to quantitatively examine what specific attitudes and traits can be linked to employability in recent graduates. By identifying the aspects of entrepreneurialism that have a relationship with employability, more information is available for educators who are designing entrepreneurial education programs and allows for greater focus on aspects that may be of greatest benefit to all students.

A Global Portrait of Counselling Psychologists’ Characteristics, Perspectives, and Professional Behaviors

Counselling psychologists in eight countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) responded to survey questions that focused on their demographics as well as their professional identities, roles, settings and activities. As well, they were asked about satisfaction with the specialty and the extent to which they endorsed 10 core counselling psychology values. This article reports those results, focusing both on areas in which there were between-country similarities as well as on those for which there were differences. These data provide is a snapshot of counselling psychology globally and establish a foundation for the other articles in this special issue of the journal.

Supporting Completion of an Online Continuing Professional Development Programme For Newly Qualified Practitioners: a Qualitative Evaluation

Background: Development programmes to support newly qualified practitioners gain confidence in their first professional role often show varied levels of engagement, due to competing priorities and demands. In Scotland, the Flying Start NHS® programme uses a structured programme of online and work-based learning with associated mentoring, to support individuals through an often difficult transition to become capable, confident practitioners. . Whilst the programme was generally well received, the factors leading to widely varying completion rates between professions and organisations were not well understood. Aim: to identify the factors leading to successful completion of Flying Start, a transition programme for newly qualified practitioners. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted to gather data from two groups of participants. Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with strategic and management level participants (n=23), from five health boards in Scotland. Semi-structured interviews (n=22) and focus groups (n=11) were conducted with practitioners within 6 months either side of completing the programme. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. Results: Four key themes related to successful completion emerged from the analysis: organisational support; the format of the programme; understanding completion; motivation and incentives to complete. Factors leading to successful completion were identified at programme, organisational and individual level. These included clear communication and signposting, up-to-date and relevant content, links with continuing professional development frameworks, effective leadership, mentor and peer support, setting clear standards for assessment, and facilitating appropriate IT access. Conclusions: A strong strategic commitment to embedding a development programme for newly qualified practitioners can ensure the necessary support is available to encourage timely completion. The mentor’s role - to provide face-to-face support - is identified as a key factor in completion and is achieved through setting attainable targets, monitoring progress, and providing motivation. However organisational structures that facilitate the mentoring relationship are also necessary.