Design and Fabrication of Bond Wire Micro-Magnetics

This thesis presents a new approach for the design and fabrication of bond wire magnetics for power converter applications by using standard IC gold bonding wires and micro-machined magnetic cores. It shows a systematic design and characterization study for bond wire transformers with toroidal and race-track cores for both PCB and silicon substrates. Measurement results show that the use of ferrite cores increases the secondary self-inductance up to 315 µH with a Q-factor up to 24.5 at 100 kHz. Measurement results on LTCC core report an enhancement of the secondary self-inductance up to 23 µH with a Q-factor up to 10.5 at 1.4 MHz. A resonant DC-DC converter is designed in 0.32 µm BCD6s technology at STMicroelectronics with a depletion nmosfet and a bond wire micro-transformer for EH applications. Measures report that the circuit begins to oscillate from a TEG voltage of 280 mV while starts to convert from an input down to 330 mV to a rectified output of 0.8 V at an input of 400 mV. Bond wire magnetics is a cost-effective approach that enables a flexible design of inductors and transformers with high inductance and high turns ratio. Additionally, it supports the development of magnetics on top of the IC active circuitry for package and wafer level integrations, thus enabling the design of high density power components. This makes possible the evolution of PwrSiP and PwrSoC with reliable highly efficient magnetics.

Realizzazione di un sistema di misura miniaturizzato per monitoraggio ambientale

L'elaborato affronta in primo luogo la progettazione e il design CAD del sistema di misura impedenziometrico ad alta risoluzione. La seconda parte tratta un'upgrade del software per implementare una funzione di risparmio energetico.

Stato tossicologico di esemplari di foca monaca (Monachus monachus, Hermann 1779) della Grecia, specie "critically endangered" del Mar Mediterraneo.

La foca monaca (Monachus monachus, Hermann 1779) è il pinnipede più a rischio d’estinzione del mondo e pochi sono gli studi che hanno indagato l’impatto antropico dato dagli inquinanti chimici su questa specie. Questo studio si propone di analizzare la pressione che elementi in traccia, organoclorurati (OC) e, per la prima volta, idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) hanno sulla specie, studiando una della popolazioni più numerose presenti nel Mar Mediterraneo, ossia quella greca. Sono stati utilizzati campioni di 59 esemplari deceduti provenienti da diverse colonie residenti in Grecia, di ambedue i sessi, appartenenti a diverse classi d’età e riferibili ad un arco temporali di quasi 20 anni (1994-2013). Per i contaminanti organici (PCB, DDT ed IPA), caratterizzati da un comportamento lipofilico, sono stati utilizzati esclusivamente campioni di tessuto adiposo, mentre per l’analisi di elementi in traccia (essenziali: Fe, Co, Cu, Se, Zn, Mg; tossici: Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, Hg) sono state impiegate diverse matrici, quali fegato, rene, muscolo, adipe, milza, polmone, cuore e pelo. I risultati evidenziano un’importante contaminazione dai OC (125.896,69±289.934,27 ng/g p.s.), in cui DDT e PCB sono presenti rispettivamente al 48,5% e 51,5%, mentre, tra i metalli considerati tossici (As, Cd, Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni), As e Hg sono gli elementi che destano maggiori preoccupazioni per la salute di Monachus monachus, presenti rispettivamente al 36,44% e 12,83%. IPA ed altri elementi in traccia analizzati invece non raggiungono di per sé concentrazioni di rischio per la specie, ma non si escludono possibili effetti sinergici tra i vari inquinanti. L’elaborazione del fingerprint tossicologico ha evidenziato un’eterogeneità nella pressione data dai contaminanti in studio, manifestando che alcune colonie di foca monaca in Grecia sono maggiormente soggette all’azione negativa di organoclorurati, idrocarburi policiclici aromatici o elementi in traccia tossici a seconda del caso.

Design of a GNSS receiver for the ESEO mission

This thesis was carried out inside the ESA's ESEO mission and focus in the design of one of the secondary payloads carried on board the spacecraft: a GNSS receiver for orbit determination. The purpose of this project is to test the technology of the orbit determination in real time applications by using commercial components. The architecture of the receiver includes a custom part, the navigation computer, and a commercial part, the front-end, from Novatel, with COCOM limitation removed, and a GNSS antenna. This choice is motivated by the goal of demonstrating the correct operations in orbit, enabling a widespread use of this technology while lowering the cost and time of the device’s assembly. The commercial front-end performs GNSS signal acquisition, tracking and data demodulation and provides raw GNSS data to the custom computer. This computer processes this raw observables, that will be both transferred to the On-Board Computer and then transmitted to Earth and provided as input to the recursive estimation filter on-board, in order to obtain an accurate positioning of the spacecraft, using the dynamic model. The main purpose of this thesis, is the detailed design and development of the mentioned GNSS receiver up to the ESEO project Critical Design Review, including requirements definition, hardware design and breadboard preliminary test phase design.

Design and prototyping of electronic PCBs for the study of the atmosphere in harsh environmental conditions

Progettazione, test e creazione di schede elettroniche per lo studio dell'atmosfera in condizioni ambientali difficili.

Progetto di un circuito di condizionamento del segnale per sistemi di analisi reologica

L'elaborato riguarda il progetto di un circuito di condizionamento del segnale per sistemi di misura reologica. Il circuito è stato studiato per essere interfacciato con un sistema di misura in fase di studio all'Università di Bologna, sebbene il suo utilizzo nei sistemi di analisi nel dominio delle frequenze sia del tutto generale. Il sistema di misura esistente compie un'analisi chimico-fisica di alimenti, generalmente liquidi, in modo da caratterizzare nel dominio delle frequenze la risposta elettrica ad uno stimolo sinusoidale a frequenza variabile. In particolare, il sistema genera due segnali X(f) ed Y(f). Tuttavia, in molti casi di interesse la dinamica del segnale risulta molto piccola rispetto al range massimo del segnale. Lo scopo del circuito di condizionamento è quello di aumentare la dinamica dei segnali X(f) ed Y(f) in modo da rendere i grafici più leggibili. Tale obiettivo è stato ottenuto mediante la progettazione di un opportuno stadio di amplificazione a guadagno programmabile. Il sistema è controllato da un microcontrollore dotato di interfaccia USB con cui comunica con un PC. Le misure effettuate mostrano che il circuito progettato è in grado di amplificare correttamente la dinamica dei segnali acquisiti nel range 0-VDD.

Progetto e realizzazione di un sistema di test per sensori a effetto hall a banda larga

Un ambito di largo interesse nel campo dell’elettronica, è quello delle misure di corrente a larga banda, in cui la richiesta per sistemi a basso costo è aumentata sensibilmente nel corso del tempo. La causa di questo interessamento è dovuto al più frequente utilizzo di sistemi switched power ad alta frequenza, che necessitano di sensori di correnti isolati e ad alte prestazioni. L’intero lavoro prende in considerazione un sensore di nuova generazione per le misure di corrente, capace di raggiungere prestazioni oltre lo stato dell’arte. L’elaborato presentato vede, quindi, come obiettivo la creazione di un setup stabile per effettuare misure sui chip prodotti. Partendo dallo studio di fattibilità, della componentistica necessaria e dei compromessi per mantenere i costi, si giunge ad una soluzione flessibile e adatta alle misurazioni richieste. L’elaborato partirà con una introduzione sugli effetti fisici e la descrizione del componente fondamentale, passando a test funzionali effettuati su setup provvisori atti a ottenere informazioni basilari per la prosecuzione del lavoro. Infine verranno concepite e realizzate due schede a circuiti stampati per rispondere alle esigenze di progetto.

Progetto di un sistema di collaudo per un tag RFID uwb integrato

La tesi è incentrata sul progetto di un PCB in grado di testare il corretto funzionamento del chip GRETA, un integrato dedicato, che implementa un nodo intelligente basato su harvesting RF. L'integrato implementa un sistema innovativo di comunicazione per RFID, che sfrutta la metodologia Green Tagging, per la trasmissione di sequenze RF. Vengono elaborate le diverse fasi di progettazione e di design pcb attraverso un programma di cad. Lo scopo è quello di realizzare un unico sistema perfettamente controllabile dall'utente, che attraverso i componenti messi a disposizione dalla scheda di testing, permetta di ricevere, inviare o escludere i segnali che afferiscono ai pin di Input/output del chip integrato. E' stata introdotta la possibilità di pilotare/testare separatamente le sottoparti interne al chip, con lo scopo di isolare eventuali malfunzionamenti.

Caratterizzazione e testing di Sensori Hall Commerciali

Questa Tesi di Laurea si prefigge gli obiettivi di riuscire a caratterizzare i Sensori Hall e di testare un Sensore Hall di Asahi-Kasei, il CQ-3300, di cui l’Università di Bologna è in possesso. Per questa ragione si può dividere il processo di realizzazione della tesi in 2 fasi ben distinte: • Una prima fase dedicata interamente allo studio dell’argomento e alla ricerca online di Sensori Hall presenti sul mercato. Si è dunque approfondito il fenomeno fisico su cui essi basano il proprio funzionamento, le loro caratteristiche principali e le loro applicazioni. Se ne sono poi scelti due, oltre al CQ-3300, tra quelli presenti sul mercato per poterli caratterizzare e confrontare con il suddetto. • Una seconda fase dedicata ai test sul Sensore nel laboratorio di elettronica. Durante questa fase è stato montato su PCB (Printed Circuit Board) il sensore Hall CQ-3300 e sono stati realizzati dei circuiti di prova con lo scopo di verificare il corretto funzionamento del Sensore e l’effettiva banda di funzionamento. I tests in corrente alternata sono stati effettuati grazie all’ausilio di un generatore di corrente in grado di convertire un segnale in tensione in un segnale in corrente. Questo generatore di corrente però non può erogare un segnale in corrente di ampiezza maggiore a 1 Ampere, ragione per cui si è preferito tenersi alla larga da tale valore. L’Università di Bologna ritiene necessario testare questo sensore in termini di banda, in quanto ha progettato un Sensore Hall dalle caratteristiche simili in termini di banda di lavoro al componente in questione, il che rende importante capire se quest’ultimo tiene fede alla banda di lavoro che viene indicata sul suo datasheet, ovvero 1 MHz.

Caratterizzazione di sistemi di misura di corrente basati su sensori a Effetto Hall

Elaborato di tesi con lo scopo principale di creare una scheda di test migliorata per la caratterizzazione di sistemi di misura di corrente su sensori a Effetto Hall.

Progetto di una scheda a circuito stampato per il collaudo di un circuito integrato per Energy Harvesting da sorgenti eterogenee

Questo elaborato tratta la realizzazione di una scheda a circuito stampato. Essa è stata pensata con il compito di testare un circuito integrato per l'Energy Harvesting, progettato dall'Univesità di Bologna. La scheda implementerà numerose sorgenti alternative eterogenee Low-Power, cosicché il circuito integrato riuscirà ad estrapolarne una carica elettrica fino ad un massimo di alcuni milliwatt. Questa potenza sarà sufficiente ad alimentare qualsiasi dispositivo Low-Power.

Fluidic oscillator design for water removal enhancement in a PEM fuel cell

This research initiative was triggered by the problems of water management of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). In low temperature fuel cells such as PEMFC, some of the water produced after the chemical reaction remains in its liquid state. Excess water produced by the fuel cell must be removed from the system to avoid flooding of the gas diffusion layers (GDL). The GDL is responsible for the transport of reactant gas to the active sites and remove the water produced from the sites. If the GDL is flooded, the supply gas will not be able to reach the reactive sites and the fuel cell fails. The choice of water removal method in this research is to exert a variable asymmetrical force on a liquid droplet. As the drop of liquid is subjected to an external vibrational force in the form of periodic wave, it will begin to oscillate. A fluidic oscillator is capable to produce a pulsating flow using simple balance of momentum fluxes between three impinging jets. By connecting the outputs of the oscillator to the gas channels of a fuel cell, a flow pulsation can be imposed on a water droplet formed within the gas channel during fuel cell operation. The lowest frequency produced by this design is approximately 202 Hz when a 20 inches feed-back port length was used and a supply pressure of 5 psig was introduced. This information was found by setting up a fluidic network with appropriate data acquisition. The components include a fluidic amplifier, valves and fittings, flow meters, a pressure gage, NI-DAQ system, Siglab®, Matlab software and four PCB microphones. The operating environment of the water droplet was reviewed, speed of the sound pressure which travels down the square channel was precisely estimated, and measurement devices were carefully selected. Applicable alternative measurement devices and its application to pressure wave measurement was considered. Methods for experimental setup and possible approaches were recommended, with some discussion of potential problems with implementation of this technique. Some computational fluid dynamic was also performed as an approach to oscillator design.

Semantic Methods for Intelligent Distributed Design Environments

Continuous advancements in technology have led to increasingly comprehensive and distributed product development processes while in pursuit of improved products at reduced costs. Information associated with these products is ever changing, and structured frameworks have become integral to managing such fluid information. Ontologies and the Semantic Web have emerged as key alternatives for capturing product knowledge in both a human-readable and computable manner. The primary and conclusive focus of this research is to characterize relationships formed within methodically developed distributed design knowledge frameworks to ultimately provide a pervasive real-time awareness in distributed design processes. Utilizing formal logics in the form of the Semantic Web’s OWL and SWRL, causal relationships are expressed to guide and facilitate knowledge acquisition as well as identify contradictions between knowledge in a knowledge base. To improve the efficiency during both the development and operational phases of these “intelligent” frameworks, a semantic relatedness algorithm is designed specifically to identify and rank underlying relationships within product development processes. After reviewing several semantic relatedness measures, three techniques, including a novel meronomic technique, are combined to create AIERO, the Algorithm for Identifying Engineering Relationships in Ontologies. In determining its applicability and accuracy, AIERO was applied to three separate, independently developed ontologies. The results indicate AIERO is capable of consistently returning relatedness values one would intuitively expect. To assess the effectiveness of AIERO in exposing underlying causal relationships across product development platforms, a case study involving the development of an industry-inspired printed circuit board (PCB) is presented. After instantiating the PCB knowledge base and developing an initial set of rules, FIDOE, the Framework for Intelligent Distributed Ontologies in Engineering, was employed to identify additional causal relationships through extensional relatedness measurements. In a conclusive PCB redesign, the resulting “intelligent” framework demonstrates its ability to pass values between instances, identify inconsistencies amongst instantiated knowledge, and identify conflicting values within product development frameworks. The results highlight how the introduced semantic methods can enhance the current knowledge acquisition, knowledge management, and knowledge validation capabilities of traditional knowledge bases.

CYTOCHROME P450 MEDIATED REDUCTIVE DEHALOGENATION OF HEXACHLOROBENZENE

The role of the cytochrome (CYT) P-450 mixed-function oxidase (MFO) in the biotransformation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated, since in vivo interaction between this enzyme and chemical is very probable. HCB is a type I substrate with (Fe('3+)) CYT P-450 isozymes present in untreated, b-naphthoflavone (BNF) and phenobarbital (PB) induced rat liver microsomes. HCB dependent and saturable type I binding titrations yield spectral dissociation constants (K(,s)) of 180 and 83 uM for the isozymes present in untreated and PB induced microsomes, respectively. Purified CYT P-450b, the major isozyme induced by PB, produces HCB dependent and saturable type I spectra with a K(,s) of 0.38 uM.^ CYT P-450 mediated reductive dehalogenation occurs in microsomes and purified/reconstituted MFO systems and produces pentachlorobenzene (PCB) as the initial and major metabolite under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In microsomal reactions secondary metabolism of PCB occurs in the presence of oxygen. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is produced only in aerobic reactions with PB induced microsomes with a concomitant decrease in PCB production. PCP is not detected in aerobic reactions with BNF induced microsomes, although PCB production is decreased compared to anaerobic conditions. A reaction scheme for the production of phenolic metabolities from PCB is deduced.^ CYT P-450 dependent and NADPH independent modes of PCB production occur with purified/reconstituted MFO systems and are consistent with dehalogenation pathways observed with microsomal experiments. The NADPH independent production of PCB requires native microsomal or purified MFO protein components and may be the result of nucleophilic displacement of a chlorine atom from HCB mediated or coupled with redox active functions (primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures) of the proteins. CYT P-450 dependent production of PCB from HCB is isozyme dependent: CYT P-450c = CYT P-450d > CYT P-450a > CYT 450b. The low apparent specific activity may be due to non-optimal reconstitution conditions (e.g., isozyme choice and requirement of other microsomal elecron transport components) and secondary metabolism of PCB and the phenols derived from PCB. CYT P-450 mediated dehalogenation may be catalyzed through attack, by the iron oxene (postulated intermediate of CYT P-450 monooxygenations), at the chlorines of HCB instead of the aromatic nucleus. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.) ^

Diagenesis of a light, tight-oil chert reservoir at the Ediacaran/Cambrian boundary, Sultanate of Oman

The Al Shomou Silicilyte Member (Athel Formation) in the South Oman Salt Basin shares many of the characteristics of a light, tight-oil (LTO) reservoir: it is a prolifi c source rock mature for light oil, it produces light oil from a very tight matrix and reservoir, and hydraulic fracking technology is required to produce the oil. What is intriguing about the Al Shomou Silicilyte, and different from other LTO reservoirs, is its position related to the Precambrian/Cambrian Boundary (PCB) and the fact that it is a ‘laminated chert‘ rather than a shale. In an integrated diagenetic study we applied microstructural analyses (SEM, BSE) combined with state-of-the-art stable isotope and trace element analysis of the silicilyte matrix and fractures. Fluid inclusion microthermometry was applied to record the salinity and minimum trapping temperatures. The microstructural investigations reveal a fi ne lamination of the silicilyte matrix with a mean lamina thickness of ca. 20 μm consisting of predominantly organic matter-rich and fi nely crystalline quartz-rich layers, respectively. Authigenic, micron-sized idiomorphic quartz crystals are the main matrix components of the silicilyte. Other diagenetic phases are pyrite, apatite, dolomite, magnesite and barite cements. Porosity values based on neutron density logs and core plug data indicate porosity in the silicilyte ranges from less than 2% to almost to 40%. The majority of the pore space in the silicilyte is related to (primary) inter-crystalline pores, with locally important oversized secondary pores. Pore casts of the silica matrix show that pores are extremely irregular in three dimensions, and are generally interconnected by a complex web or meshwork of fi ne elongate pore throats. Mercury injection capillary data are in line with the microstructural observations suggesting two populations of pore throats, with an effective average modal diameter of 0.4 μm. The acquired geochemical data support the interpretation that the primary source of the silica is the ambient seawater rather than hydrothermal or biogenic. A maximum temperature of ca. 45°C for the formation of microcrystalline quartz in the silicilyte is good evidence that the lithifi cation and crystallization of quartz occurred in the fi rst 5 Ma after deposition. Several phases of brittle fracturing and mineralization occurred in response to salt tectonics during burial. The sequences of fracture-fi lling mineral phases (dolomite - layered chalcedony – quartz – apatite - magnesite I+II - barite – halite) indicates a complex fl uid evolution after silicilyte lithifi cation. Primary, all-liquid fl uid inclusions in the fracturefi lling quartz are good evidence of growth beginning at low temperatures, i.e. ≤ 50ºC. Continuous precipitation during increasing temperature and burial is documented by primary two-phase fl uid inclusions in quartz cements that show brines at 50°C and fi rst hydrocarbons at ca. 70°C. The absolute timing of each mineral phase can be constrained based on U-Pb geochronometry, and basin modelling. Secondary fl uid inclusions in quartz, magnesite and barite indicate reactivation of the fracture system after peak burial temperature during the major cooling event, i.e. uplift, between 450 and 310 Ma. A number of fi rst-order trends in porosity and reservoir-quality distribution are observed which are strongly related to the diagenetic and fl uid history of the reservoir: the early in-situ generation of hydrocarbons and overpressure development arrests diagenesis and preserves matrix porosity. Chemical compaction by pressure dissolution in the fl ank areas could be a valid hypothesis to explain the porosity variations in the silicilitye slabs resulting in lower porosity and poorer connectivity on the fl anks of the reservoir. Most of the hydrocarbon storage and production comes from intervals characterized by Amthor et al. 114488 preserved micropores, not hydrocarbon storage in a fracture system. The absence of oil expulsion results in present-day high oil saturations. The main diagenetic modifi cations of the silicilyte occurred and were completed relatively early in its history, i.e. before 300 Ma. An instrumental factor for preserving matrix porosity is the diffi culty for a given slab to evacuate all the fl uids (water and hydrocarbons), or in other words, the very good sealing capacity of the salt embedding the slab.