Genometric analyses of the organization of circular chromosomes: a universal pressure determines the direction of ribosomal RNA genes transcription relative to chromosome replication.

Selective pressures related to gene function and chromosomal architecture are acting on genome sequences and can be revealed, for instance, by appropriate genometric methods. Cumulative nucleotide skew analyses, i.e., GC, TA, and ORF orientation skews, predict the location of the origin of DNA replication for 88 out of 100 completely sequenced bacterial chromosomes. These methods appear fully reliable for proteobacteria, Gram-positives, and spirochetes as well as for euryarchaeotes. Based on this genome architecture information, coorientation analyses reveal that in prokaryotes, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes encoding the small and large ribosomal subunits are all transcribed in the same direction as DNA replication; that is, they are located along the leading strand. This result offers a simple and reliable method for circumscribing the region containing the origin of the DNA replication and reveals a strong selective pressure acting on the orientation of rRNA genes similar to the weaker one acting on the orientation of ORFs. Rate of coorientation of transfer RNA (tRNA) genes with DNA replication appears to be taxon-specific. Analyzing nucleotide biases such as GC and TA skews of genes and plotting one against the other reveals a taxonomic clusterization of species. All ribosomal RNA genes are enriched in Gs and depleted in Cs, the only so far known exception being the rRNA genes of deuterostomian mitochondria. However, this exception can be explained by the fact that in the chromosome of the human mitochondrion, the model of the deuterostomian organelle genome, DNA replication, and rRNA transcription proceed in opposite directions. A general rule is deduced from prokaryotic and mitochondrial genomes: ribosomal RNA genes that are transcribed in the same direction as the DNA replication are enriched in Gs, and those transcribed in the opposite direction are depleted in Gs.

Motets et pièces diverses de musique. Motets et pièces diverses de musique.

Petits-Pères.

Témoignages des églises d'Orient sur l'Eucharistie.

Oratoire.

Témoignages des églises d'Orient sur l'Eucharistie.

S. Germain.

Copiés de chartes de l'abb. de Murbach.

Blancs-Manteaux.

Documents sur l'histoire de diverses bibliothèques. Documents sur l'histoire de diverses bibliothèques.

Fonds non déterminé.

Portugais 48

Contient : 1 Recueil de généalogies portugaises ; 2 Recueil de généalogies extraites "de hum livro de Nunalvares Pereira" ; 3 Recueil de généalogies : "Estos linages que se siguen se copiaron de un libro de Alonsso Lopez de Haro de los linages de Portugal, y, por lo que dize en el de los Pimenteles, parece se le dio Nunalbarez Pereyra." ; 4 "Desçendencia dos Teives feita por D. Belchor de Teive." ; 5 Notes sur divers membres de la famille de Mello ou Merlo ; 6 "Familia y quadrilla de Blasco Ximeno." Cette généalogie se termine par une notice sur D. Gomez d'Avila y Toledo, deuxième marquis de Velada ; 7 "Linhagem dos de Castelbranco, recopilada por Dom Manoel de Castelbranco, conde de Villanova." ; 8 Notes généalogiques sur les familles Pinheiro, Manoel et Tserclaes ; 9 "Memoria dos titulos que os reis de Portugal criarão de novo neste reyno," de João Ier à Philippe III ; 10 "Los grandes y titulos de Castilla." ; 11 "Visoreys e governadores da India." ; 12 Notes généalogiques sur les Souza et les Maldonado ; 13 "Adiantados que ouve em Portugal." ; 14 "Epitaphios que estão no mosteiro de S. Antonio da Castanheyra." ; 15-34 Documents relatifs à la prise de la ville de Salvador (Bahia, Brésil) par les hollandais (1624) et à la reprise par l'armée hispano-portugaise (1625) ; 15 "Lista dos navios, capitaes d'elles e soldados, fidalgos e nobres que se embarcarão e partirão ao soccorro da Bahia, a 21 de novembro de 1624, sendo capitão geral d'esta armada don Manoel de Meneses." ; 16 "Relaçaõ do dinheiro e cousas reduzidas a elle com que este reyno servio a Sua Magd na ocasiaõ do apresto da armada para o socorro da Bahia no Brasil, que vae ao todo noventa e tres contos coatrocentos e hum mil." 1624 ; 17 "Relaçaõ da armada que partio de Lisbóa em socorro da Bahia e do susseço que teve." ; 18 "Carta para hum fidalgo recidente na corte de Madrid, em que brevemente se relata o corpo principal de toda a armada, que d'este porto de Lixboa salio para a empreza da Bahya, aos 23 de novembro de 1624." Lisbonne, 12 décembre 1624 ; 19 "Relaçaõ das armadas de Sua Magde do dia em que chegaraõ a Bahia e do que se tem feito na expugnaçaõ do enemigo, desde 29 de março que foi vespera de Pascoa, em que deraõ fundo na dita Baia as armadas, ate 22 abril, em que se mandou a Pernambuco o papel de que se tirou esta rellaçaõ, a qual mandaraõ os governadores de Portugal a Sua Magde." 1625 ; 20 "Relaçion de Lorenço Perez Carballo de lo que pasa en la Baya, de quinçe de abril de 1625." ; 21 "Copia da carta que dom Manoel de Menezes, capitaõ mor da armada da esquadra de Portugal, escreveo a S. Mgde, da Bahia, dando conta do que succedeo nella, desde 29 de março te 12 de mayo de 1625." ; 22 "Relaçaõ de que o capitaõ don Manoel de Meneses faz mençaõ na sua carta atraz." 1625 ; 23 "Discurso breve del suçeso que han tenido las armas de su Magd en la jornada del Brasil, desde que salieron de España asta la rrestauraçion de la çiudad de San Salvador, que tomaron los Olandeses en diez de mayo del año pasado de mill y seisçientos y veinte y quatro... Fecha en diez de mayo de mill y seisçientos y veinte y cinco." ; 24 "Copia de las cartas y respuestas que ubo de parte de los Olandeses y Don Fadrique de Toledo Ossorio, desde 28 de abril [1625] hasta 30 que se rindio la plaza" de San Salvador ; 25 "Capitulos conspirados por el sor Coronel y los del Conssejo en la Baya para ofreçer a su Exa Don Fadrique de Toledo, general por su Mgd d'España." 29 et 30 avril 1625 ; 26" Relacion del viaje y sucesso de la Armada que por mandado de su Magestad partio al Brasil, a echar de alli los enemigos que lo ocupavam. Francisco de Avendaño y Vilela. En Sevilla por Francisco de Lyra, año de 1625." ; 27 "Relaçion de la jornada que ba haziendo la armada real a las partes del Brasil, que salio de la baya de Cadiz, martes á catorze de henero de seiscientos y veinte y cinco." ; 28 État-major des tercios de D. Juan de Orellana et D. Pedro Osorio et du tercio de Naples du marquis de Torrecusso, embarqués à Cadix pour le Brésil, le 14 janvier 1625 ; 29 "Brevis, succinta ac vera narratio expeditionis illius, quam quidam mercatores sub auspiciis et autoritate illustrium D. D. ordinum Holandiae, Zelandiae, etc. suseperunt in Brasilium, anno 1623." ; 30 Relation de combats entre Portugais et Hollandais sur les côtes du Brésil ; 31 Notes généalogiques sur les familles Costa, Correa de Moura et Moreno, communiquées au compilateur du recueil par D. Luis Lobo et D. Antonio Correa Barem ; 32 "Relaçaõ do que o capitaõ Francisco de Padilha fes en quanto andou nos asaltos ate a vinda da armada." 1624 ; 33 Relation de l'attaque de Sam Bento au Brésil, en 1625 ; 34 Relation de l'expédition des flottes espagnole et portugaise au Brésil et de la prise de San Salvador. 1625

Reprogramming of human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells under xeno-free conditions

The availability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)has created extraordinary opportunities for modeling andperhaps treating human disease. However, all reprogrammingprotocols used to date involve the use of products of animal origin. Here, we set out to develop a protocol to generate and maintain human iPSC that would be entirelydevoid of xenobiotics. We first developed a xeno-free cellculture media that supported the long-term propagation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to a similar extent as conventional media containing animal origin products or commercially available xeno-free medium. We also derivedprimary cultures of human dermal fibroblasts under strictxeno-free conditions (XF-HFF), and we show that they can be used as both the cell source for iPSC generation as well as autologous feeder cells to support their growth. We also replaced other reagents of animal origin trypsin, gelatin, matrigel) with their recombinant equivalents. Finally, we used vesicular stomatitis virus G-pseudotyped retroviral particles expressing a polycistronic construct encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and GFP to reprogram XF-HFF cells under xeno-free conditions. A total of 10 xeno-free humaniPSC lines were generated, which could be continuously passaged in xeno-free conditions and aintained characteristics indistinguishable from hESCs, including colonymorphology and growth behavior, expression of pluripotency-associated markers, and pluripotent differentiationability in vitro and in teratoma assays. Overall, the resultspresented here demonstrate that human iPSCs can be generatedand maintained under strict xeno-free conditions and provide a path to good manufacturing practice (GMP) applicability that should facilitate the clinical translation of iPSC-based therapies.

A protocol describing the genetic correction of somatic human cells and subsequent generation of IPS cell

The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCPSCPSCs) offers unprecedented opportunities for modeling and treating human disease. In combination with gene therapy, the iPSCPSCPSC technology can be used to generate disease-free progenitor cells of potential interest for autologous cell therapy. We explain a protocol for the reproducible generation of genetically corrected iPSCPSCPSCs starting from the skin biopsies of Fanconi anemia patients using retroviral transduction with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4. Before reprogramming, the fibroblasts and/or keratinocytes of the patients are genetically corrected with lentiviruses expressing FANCA. The same approach may be used for other diseases susceptible to gene therapy correction. Genetically corrected, characterized lines of patient-specific iPSCPSCPSCs can be obtained in 4–5 months.

Estimation of the viscoelastic properties of vessel walls using a computational model and Doppler ultrasound

Human arteries affected by atherosclerosis are characterized by altered wall viscoelastic properties. The possibility of noninvasively assessing arterial viscoelasticity in vivo would significantly contribute to the early diagnosis and prevention of this disease. This paper presents a noniterative technique to estimate the viscoelastic parameters of a vascular wall Zener model. The approach requires the simultaneous measurement of flow variations and wall displacements, which can be provided by suitable ultrasound Doppler instruments. Viscoelastic parameters are estimated by fitting the theoretical constitutive equations to the experimental measurements using an ARMA parameter approach. The accuracy and sensitivity of the proposed method are tested using reference data generated by numerical simulations of arterial pulsation in which the physiological conditions and the viscoelastic parameters of the model can be suitably varied. The estimated values quantitatively agree with the reference values, showing that the only parameter affected by changing the physiological conditions is viscosity, whose relative error was about 27% even when a poor signal-to-noise ratio is simulated. Finally, the feasibility of the method is illustrated through three measurements made at different flow regimes on a cylindrical vessel phantom, yielding a parameter mean estimation error of 25%.