Political economics and normative analysis

The approaches and opinions of economists often dominate public policy discussion. Economists have gained this privileged position partly (or perhaps mainly) because of the obvious relevance of their subject matter, but also because of the unified methodology (neo-classical economics) that the vast majority of modern economists bring to their analysis of policy problems and proposed solutions. The idea of Pareto efficiency and its potential trade-off with equity is a central idea that is understood by all economists and this common language provides the economics profession with a powerful voice in public affairs. The purpose of this paper is to review and reflect upon the way in which economists find themselves analysing and providing suggestions for social improvements and how this role has changed over roughly the last 60 years. We focus on the fundamental split in the public economics tradition between those that adhere to public finance and those that adhere to public choice. A pure public finance perspective views failures in society as failures of the market. The solutions are technical, as might be enacted by a benevolent dictator. The pure public choice view accepts (sometimes grudgingly) that markets may fail, but so, it insists, does politics. This signals institutional reforms to constrain the potential for political failure. Certain policy recommendations may be viewed as compatible with both traditions, but other policy proposals will be the opposite of that proposed within the other tradition. In recent years a political economics synthesis emerged. This accepts that institutions are very important and governments require constraints, but that some degree of benevolence on the part of policy makers should not be assumed non-existent. The implications for public policy from this approach are, however, much less clear and perhaps more piecemeal. We also discuss analyses of systematic failure, not so much on the part of markets or politicians, but by voters. Most clearly this could lead to populism and relaxing the idea that voters necessarily choose their interests. The implications for public policy are addressed. Throughout the paper we will relate the discussion to the experience of UK government policy-making.

Which Inequality? The Inequality of Endowments Versus the Inequality of Rewards

Society often allocates valuable resources - such as prestigious positions, salaries, or marriage partners - via tournament-like institutions. In such situations, inequality affects incentives to compete and hence has a direct effect on equilibrium choices and hence material outcomes. We introduce a new distinction between inequality in initial endowments (e.g. ability, inherited wealth) and inequality of what one can obtain as rewards (e.g. prestigious positions, money). We show that these two types of inequality have opposing effects on equilibrium behavior and wellbeing. Greater inequality of rewards tends to hurt most people — both the middle class and the poor, — who are forced into greater effort. In contrast, greater inequality of endowments tends to benefit the middle class. Thus, which type of inequality is considered hugely affects the correctness of our intuitions about the implications of inequality.

Paper 2: EUROCAT public health indicators for congenital anomalies in Europe.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to present the specific public health indicators recently developed by EUROCAT that aim to summarize important aspects of the public health impact of congenital anomalies in a few quantitative measures. METHODS: The six indicators are: (1) congenital anomaly perinatal mortality, (2) congenital anomaly prenatal diagnosis prevalence, (3) congenital anomaly termination of pregnancy, (4) Down syndrome livebirth prevalence, (5) congenital anomaly pediatric surgery, and (6) neural tube defects (NTD) total prevalence. Data presented for this report pertained to all cases (livebirths, fetal deaths, or stillbirths after 20 weeks of gestation and terminations of pregnancy for fetal anomaly [TOPFA]) of congenital anomaly from 27 full member registries of EUROCAT that could provide data for at least 3 years during the period 2004 to 2008. Prevalence of anomalies, prenatal diagnosis, TOPFA, pediatric surgery, and perinatal mortality were calculated per 1000 births. RESULTS: The overall perinatal mortality was approximately 1.0 per 1000 births for EUROCAT registries with almost half due to fetal and the other half due to first week deaths. There were wide variations in perinatal mortality across the registries with the highest rates observed in Dublin and Malta, registries in countries where TOPFA are illegal, and in Ukraine. The overall perinatal mortality across EUROCAT registries slightly decreased between 2004 and 2008 due to a decrease in first week deaths. The prevalence of TOPFA was fairly stable at about 4 per 1000 births. There were variations in livebirth prevalence of cases typically requiring surgery across the registries; however, for most registries this prevalence was between 3 and 5 per 1000 births. Prevalence of NTD decreased by about 10% from 1.05 in 2004 to 0.94 per 1000 in 2008. CONCLUSION: It is hoped that by publishing the data on EUROCAT indicators, the public health importance of congenital anomalies can be clearly summarized to policy makers, the need for accurate data from registries emphasized, the need for primary prevention and treatment services highlighted, and the impact of current services measured.

How do improvements in labour productivity in the Scottish economy affect the UK position on the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

The research reported here is an output of Karen Turner’s ESRC Climate Change Leadership Fellow project (Grant reference RES-066-27-0029). However, this research builds on previous work funded by the ESRC on modelling the economic and environmental impacts of technological improvement (Grant reference: RES-061-25-0010) and by the EPSRC through the SuperGen Marine Energy Research Consortium on accounting for and modeling environmental indicators (Grant reference: EP/E040136/1).

Accounting for the dead in the longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequalities

This paper develops an accounting framework to consider the effect of deaths on the longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequalities. Ignoring deaths or using inverse probability weights (IPWs) to re-weight the sample for mortality-related attrition can produce misleading results, since to do so would be to disregard the most extreme of all health outcomes. Incorporating deaths into the longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequalities provides a more complete picture in terms of the evaluation of health changes in respect to socioeconomic status. We illustrate our work by investigating health mobility in Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) as measured by the SF6D from 1999 till 2004 using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We show that for Scottish males explicitly accounting for the dead, rather than using IPWs to account for mortality-related attrition, changes the direction of the relationship between relative health changes and initial income position, while for other population groups it increases the strength of this relationship by up to 14 times. When deaths are explicitly incorporated into the analysis it is found that over this five year period for both Scotland and England & Wales the relative health changes were significantly regressive such that the poor experienced a larger share of the health losses relative to their initial share of health and a large amount of this was related to mortality.

The taxonomic position of the Ctenostylidae (= Lochmostyliinae; Diptera: Schizophora)

It is shown that Ctenostylidae Bigot (1882) is a valid senior synonym of Lochmostylidae Hendel (1935). The morphology of the Ctenostylidae is considered and compared with the Pyrgotidae. It is concluded that the Ctenostylidae are not closely related to the Pyrgotidae, but form an isolated taxon of obscure relationship. Notes on a speciment of Ctenostylum sp. and a revised key to genera of Ctenostylidae are given.

Poor and Sick: Estimating the relationship between Household Income and Health

This study evaluates the effect of the individual‘s household income on their health at the later stages of working life. A structural equation model is utilised in order to derive a composite and continuous index of the latent health status from qualitative health status indicators. The endogenous relationship between health status and household income status is taken into account by using IV estimators. The findings reveal a significant effect of individual household income on health before and after endogeneity is taken into account and after a host of other factors which is known to influence health, including hereditary factors and the individual‘s locus of control. Importantly, it is also shown that the childhood socioeconomic position of the individual has long lasting effects on health as it appears to play a significant role in determining health during the later stages of working life.

Modified 'dumbbell' technique: a simple and intuitive method to position balloon-expandable stent valves.

Intraoperative cardiac imaging plays a key role during transcatheter aortic valve replacement. In recent years, new techniques and new tools for improved image quality and virtual navigation have been proposed, in order to simplify and standardize stent valve positioning and implantation. But routine performance of the new techniques may require major economic investments or specific knowledge and skills and, for this reason, they may not be accessible to the majority of cardiac centres involved in transcatheter valve replacement projects. Additionally, they still require injections of contrast medium to obtain computed images. Therefore, we have developed and describe here a very simple and intuitive method of positioning balloon-expandable stent valves, which represents the evolution of the 'dumbbell' technique for echocardiography-guided transcatheter valve replacement without angiography. This method, based on the partial inflation of the balloon catheter during positioning, traps the crimped valve in the aortic valve orifice and, consequently, very near to the ideal landing zone. It does not require specific echocardiographic knowledge; it does not require angiographies that increase the risk of postoperative kidney failure in elderly patients, and it can be also performed in centres not equipped with a hybrid operating room.

Trade Costs, International Competition and Selection: The Effects of Unionisation on Market Size

Within a two-country model of international trade in which heterogeneous firms face firm-specific unions, we study the effects of different forms of trade liberalisation on market structure and competitive selection in the presence of inter-country asymmetries in size and labour market institutions. For given levels of trade openness, an increase in a country’s relative unions’ strength reduces the average productivity of its domestic producers but increases that of its exporters. Whilst an unfavourable union power differential, by increasing wages, weakens a country’s firms’ competitive position, the higher wages reinforce standard market access mechanisms to give rise to aggregate income effects. When the initial levels of trade openness are sufficiently low, this ‘expansionary’ aggregate effect can attract industry in the country with stronger unions and also result in an increase in the extensive margin of exports. For sufficiently large inter-country differences in the bargaining power of unions, trade liberalization can then result in a pro-variety effect, with an increase in the total availability of varieties to consumers in both countries, regardless of there being inter-country differences in size.

El paper de l'esport en la integració de la població adulta immigrant d'origen internacional a Catalunya

Amb l’establiment de grups d’immigrants a Catalunya, l’abast de les polítiques socials s’ha vist ampliat per tal d’afrontar els reptes d'integració i cohesió social. Tot i que la Generalitat de Catalunya i la Diputació de Barcelona identifiquen t l’esport com a vehicle positiu per a la integració dels immigrants, el desenvolupament de polítiques en aquest àmbit encara està en una fase preliminar. La manca de recerca i l’absència d’aproximació política dificulten aquest procés. Comprendre la realitat de la participació esportiva entre la població adulta immigrant pot servir per millorar els processos de formulació i implementació de polítiques per part de les administracions públiques catalanes. S’ha realitzat una aproximació exploratòria a aquesta necessitat. La recollida de dades s’ha fet mitjançant observació i entrevistes semi-estructurades sobre experiències esportives organitzades o semi-organitzades rellevants. Els resultats revelen la importància de l’esport per a l’immigrant en el procés d’establiment de xarxes socials, i per al manteniment, la reproducció i la negociació de les identitats culturals i, en particular, nacionals. Hi ha una divisió entre el sistema esportiu formal català i els sistemes informals i fragmentats que utilitzen els immigrants per organitzar activitats esportives. Les entrevistes realitzades a actors clau en els diferents nivells de l’administració pública i el cas d’estudi d’un municipi han proporcionat una visió general de la resposta política. Es proposen un conjunt de recomanacions referents a la necessitat de gestionar les xarxes socials de forma més sistemàtica, la necessitat d’incrementar les accions de transversalitat horitzontal i vertical entre els actors públics i d’establir un conjunt d’indicadors socials per mesurar l’efectivitat de la intervenció política en aquest àmbit, així com la identificació de bones pràctiques i activitats per compartir coneixements.

Neohilgertia venusti Gen. N. SP. N. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae)from Thylamys venustus cinderellus (Thomas) Reig, Kirsch & Marshall, 1985 (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) in Burruyacu, Tucuman, Argentina - Systematic position and possible evolution

Neohilgertia gen. n. proposed for Oxyuridae nematodes from Thylamys venustus cinderellus (Marsupialia: Didelphidae) is described. The hypothesis about the possibility of a secondary parasitism for marsupials and the origin of the genus in the African Sciuridae parasite ancestors is discussed.

Paper del sulfur d'hidrogen com a neurotransmissor a nivell dels sistema nerviòs entèric

Al llarg dels últims anys l’òxid nítric (NO) i el monòxid de carboni (CO) han estat investigats com dos neurotransmissors gasosos del tracte gastrointestinal. Algunes dades demostren que el sulfur d’hidrogen (H2S) podria ser el tercer neurotransmissor gasos a nivell central i perifèric. Objectiu: valorar si el H2S compleix els requisits per ser considerat com el tercer neurotransmissor gasos a nivell del sistema nerviós entèric. Mètodes: la motilitat espontània de preparacions de múscul llis circular de mostres de còlon sigma humà i còlon mig de rata es van determinar in vitro mitjançant la tècnica de banys d’òrgans. El hidrogensulfur de sodi (NaHS) va ser utilitzat com donador de H2S. Resultats: 1- El NaHS va inhibir de forma concentració depenent la motilitat espontània en presència de bloqueig neural amb Tetrodotoxina (TTX 1 μM) (IC50 101±18 μM rata n=10; 329±86 μM humà n=18). 2- Aquesta relaxació es va veure reduïda per ODQ 10 μM, un inhibidor de la guanilat ciclasa, en còlon mig de rata (n=5). En humà a més de ser reduïda per ODQ 10μM (n=6), també ho va ser per SQ 22,536 100 μM (n=10), un inhibidor de l’adenilat ciclasa, i per L-NNA 1 mM (n=8), un inhibidor de la sintesi de NO. 3- En còlon de rata la incubació amb D,L-Propargilglicina 2 mM (PAG), un inhibidor de la síntesi de H2S, va incrementar la motilitat tant en situació control (10,05±2,06 vs 17,46±3,37 g•min-1 AUC, P&0,001, n=10) com en presència de TTX 1μM (14,45±7,28 vs 21,67±10,05 g•min-1 AUC, P&0,01, n=7). Conclusió: el H2S compleix part dels criteris per ser considerat un neurotransmissor gasos inhibitori en el tracte gastrointestinal: la inhibició de la seva síntesi incrementa la motilitat intestinal i la seva addició exògena produeix relaxació de la musculatura llisa intestinal.

Did Keynes in the General Theory significantly misrepresent J S Mill?

It has been alleged that J M Keynes, quoting in the General Theory a passage from J S Mill's Principles, misunderstood the passage in question and was therefore wrong to cite Mill as an upholder of the 'classical' proposition that 'supply creates its own demand'. We believe that, although Keynes was admittedly in error with respect to, so-to-say, the 'letter' of Mill's exposition, he did not mislead readers as to the 'substance' of Mill's conception. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that J S Mill did indeed stand for a 'classical' position, vulnerable to Keynes's critique as developed in the General Theory. [This is a revised version of an earlier working paper: 'Keynes, Mill and Say's Law', Strathclyde Papers in Economics, 2000/11]