999 resultados para Om samtal
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1. painos: Turku 1754
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Alkuperäinen väitöskirja: Åbo, 1754
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Med en karta öfver Förenta staterna. - Texten densamma som i föreg.
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Varför inrättar nya stater olika former av politiska regimer vid tidpunkten för självständighet? Under perioden 1946–2008 bildades 130 nya stater. Av dessa stater inrättade 39 procent demokratisk regim, medan 61 procent inrättade diktatorisk regim vid tidpunkten för självständighet. Avhandlingen förklarar varför denna skillnad finns mellan nybildade stater. En omfattande undersökning med 128 stater har genomförts. I undersökningen prövas olika idéer om vilka förhållanden som främjar demokrati. Enligt undersökningen är det tre förhållanden som har betydelse för om nybildade stater inrättar demokratisk eller diktatorisk regim. Demokrati främjas om majoriteten i befolkningen inte har muslimsk bakgrund, om staten omges av demokratiska stater och om den nybildade staten direkt före självständigheten var brittisk koloni under lång tid. Resultaten ökar vår kunskap om vilka förhållanden som främjar inrättandet av demokratisk regim i nybildade stater. Majoriteten av dagens stater har bildats sedan 1946. Inrättandet av demokrati eller diktatur vid dessa staters självständighet har påverkat såväl den globala utvecklingen som den politiska utvecklingen inom stater. Trots det finns det få studier om nybildade stater. Med upplägget i avhandlingen presenterar avhandlingen därmed teoretiska resonemang och empiriska resultat om fenomen som påverkat samhällsutvecklingen men som sällan tidigare har studerats. Till skillnad från tidigare studier som främst har fokuserat på politiska regimers förändring, stabilitet eller konsolidering, analyserar avhandlingen inrättandet av politiska regimer. Detta sätter politiska regimer i nytt perspektiv. Det framkommer bland annat att traditionella föreställningar om vilka förhållanden som formar politiska regimer inte alltid har betydelse för nybildade stater. Avhandlingen ger därför inte enbart bidrag som ökar vår kunskap om nybildade stater, utan bidrag som också har relevans för forskning om demokratisering och spridning av demokratiska idéer.
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Tekijä lopusta: O. R. S.
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Kartta kuuluu A. E. Nordenskiöldin kokoelmaan
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The focus of this licentiate dissertation is to produce a better understanding of how we may give citi-zen as users a stronger influence over their welfare services and in the long run help to democratize the welfare state. The aim of this project is to analyze what kind of influence a user with a functional dis-order may have in different organizational contexts over his or her personal assistance. This study focuses on the influence a user may have over his or her welfare service, personal assis-tance. A municipality, an assistance firm and a user cooperative are compared with the thesis that the organization that surrounds the users shapes the possibilities the user have to influence his or her per-sonal assistance. The major thesis is thus: Participatory democracy as a model or approach may function differently when the services are delivered in a different way by different organizations – varying organizational forms. There are questions that try to answer if there are outspoken social goals within each organization. Questions regarding influence of the user when she or he is choosing the assistance provider and the users possibility to influence and his or her power to decide who and when anyone works as an assis-tant are asked. The results indicate that there are different sets of internal logic within the organizations that affect their goals and level of user influence. Within the user cooperative the user is considered a citizen and as a user expected to handle the role as work leader for his or her personal assistants. However the user is also a citizen and is expected within the usercooperative to act as a member and citizen to have po-litical influence. The usercooperative aims at influencing the political policy process regarding ques-tions concerning the rights of persons with disabilities. This gives the user a part in collective action as a member of the usercooperative. The other producers of personal assistance, the municipality and the assistance firm gives in this study a similar result as they give the user of personal assistance quite similar models for user influence within the respective organization. Within these organizations the user have chosen to let the organiza-tions handle the role of work leader in the written agreements with the producer and thereby the influ-ence they may have in practice is not so much a case of self-determination as a case of co-influence. The user can be seen as a user within a municipality, a client or consumer within the assistance firm and a citizen within the usercooperative. The results indicate the need for future research where co-production, institutional logic and development of democratic theory through democratic innovations are central aspects of future research.