Crisis de las solidaridades tradicionales y nuevas formas de asociación y resistencia campesina en la Cataluña occidental (1750-1920)

El objeto de este estudio es el análisis de las solidaridades campesinas y de su crisis en la etapa final del Antiguo Régimen. A través de la Cofradía de Labradores - que, en el siglo XVIII, representaba de hecho a la mayor parte del campesinado de Lleida -, se analiza la defensa de los comunales y la lucha contra el diezmo. Estos conflictos en el fondo traducen las dificultades del pequeño campesinado de Lleida para obtener los ingresos necesarios para reproducir la unidad familiar. Se estudian las dos vías - la campesina y la de los hacendados - de desarrollo social y económico en relación con la propiedad de la tierra en la etapa de reforma liberal. Ante el fracaso de la "vía campesina", se estudia el origen del asociacionismo tanto el impulsado por el pequeño campesinado -a través de sociedades de socorros mutuos en un primer momento- como aquél que tiene como objetivo la introducción de mejoras técnico-productivas. Como en el resto de Cataluña, en la parte occidental llana se desarrollarán estas experiencias de manera más intensa en el marco de la crisis finisecular y etapa posterior.

Guerra y crisis generacional: el caso de Jean-Richard Bloch

El presente artículo trata de mostrar cómo la primera guerra mundial originó entre los intelectuales franceses un particular concepto de generación: se consideran una generación malograda, incapaz de haber podido evitar la catástrofe y, a la vez, inexperta para construir una nueva coherencia social. El análisis toma como eje principal al escritor Jean-Richard Bloch cuyas tesis son comparadas con las de sus contemporáneos con el fin de reconstruir el contexto cultural que condiciona tanto sus vidas privadas como sus trayectorias artísticas.

"Et hoc facimus propter necessitatem famis...". Possibilitats de les fonts documentals catalanes per a l'estudi de les crisis alimentàries dels segles X-XIII

European studies of famines before the thirteenth century have been based principally on chronicles and especially on information from monastic annals. These sources, which are especially numerous during the so-called Carolingian Cultural Renaissance, offer abundant evidence of a phenomenon scarcely mentioned in other types of sources, including archival sources: the frequency and gravity of crises of food supply in some regions of continental Europe during the central middle ages, an epoch which, being situated between the terrible famines of the carolingian period and the great panademics of the fourteenth century, has been considered a period “without famines.” The object of this article is to shed light on the limitations of medieval catalan chronicle sources for the reconstruction of food-supply crises which affected the catalan counties in the tenth through the thirteenth centuries and illustrate, in contrast, the multiple opportunities offered by sources from the lordly archives. A significant part of these archival sources are connected in a direct and indirect manner to the difficulties of the rural and urban populations during famines and therefore, in a broad sense, can be considered a consequence of these crises.

De la guerra de l'Empordà (1128) a la mortaldat de 1131: gènesi, extensió i extinció d'una fam. Per a una història de les crisis alimentàries a la Catalunya medieval

In the history of food shortages and subsistence crises which affected the Catalan counties during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the famine of 1129-1131 deserves special mention. Originating in the war of 1128 involving the Empordà and neighboring counties, this famine affected the city of Barcelona and other points of Catalonia (Winter, 1131) and created conditions for the spread of a deadly epidemic (July 1130 -January 1132).

Los cambios recientes en la evolución demográfica de las áreas rurales catalanas: de la crisis al crecimiento

El estudio de las cifras que reflejan la evolución de la población y de los distintos componentes demográficos que están detrás de la misma, de cada municipio y comarca catalana en el período comprendido entre los años 1975-1996, -especialmente entre los años 1991 y 1996-, ha puesto de manifiesto que se está produciendo un cambio notable en la realidad sociodemográfica en los espacios rurales. Es un proceso que ya había sido detectado hace unos años en otros países industrializados, y cuyos factores explicativos pueden agruparse en tres ámbitos: en primer lugar, se desarrolla una transformación de las estructuras económicas de esos espacios rurales; en segundo lugar, cambia la función de dichas áreas con respecto al conjunto de la formación social catalana -cobrando un papel clave las funciones residenciales y de ocio-; y, finalmente, en tercero -en buena medida como consecuencia de los dos anteriores-, se modifican las relaciones entre las áreas urbanas y las áreas rurales, difuminándose definitivamente las barreras o fronteras entre ambas.

Enzymatic technology to improve oil extraction from Caryocar brasiliense camb. (Pequi) Pulp.

The present study aims to compare yield and quality of pequi pulp oil when applying two distinct processes: in the first, pulp drying in a tray dryer at 60ºC was combined with enzymatic treatment and pressing to oil extraction; in the second, a simple process was carried out by combining sun-drying pulp and pressing. In this study, raw pequi fruits were collected in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The fruits were autoclaved at 121ºC and stored under refrigeration. An enzymatic extract with pectinase and CMCase activities was used for hydrolysis of pequi pulp, prior to oil extraction. The oil extractions were carried out by hydraulic pressing, with or without enzymatic incubation. The oil content in the pequi pulp (45% w/w) and the physicochemical characteristic of the oil was determined according to standard analytical methods. Free fatty acids, peroxide values, iodine and saponification indices were respectively 1.46 mgKOH/g, 2.98 meq/kg, 49.13 and 189.40. The acidity and peroxide values were lower than the obtained values in commercial oil samples, respectively 2.48 mgKOH/g and 5.22 meq/kg. Aqueous extraction has presented lower efficiency and higher oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, pequi pulp pressing at room temperature has produced better quality oil. However its efficiency is still smaller than the combined enzymatic treatment and pressing process. This combined process promotes cellular wall hydrolysis and pulp viscosity reduction, contributing to at least 20% of oil yield increase by pressing.

Situación de la empresa familiar respecto a la no familiar en el sector turístico de la provincia de Lleida en un contexto de crisis

Lo que se pretende con este trabajo es localizar, presentar, y analizar, las diferencias entre empresas familiares y no familiares, tanto en lo que se refiere a su implantació, características, y funcionamiento, en el sector turístico de la provincia de Lleida. Con esta finalidad se ha analizado un muestra de 234 empresas del sector, su menor dimensión en relación a la empresa no familiar, o los distintos objetivos que una y otra empresa persiguen.

Impacte de la fisioteràpia respiratòria en la prevenció de noves crisis en pacients pediàtrics amb asma.

Introducció: La contaminació ambiental, l’estrès de vida que és porta actualment i l’abús de fàrmacs són motius pels quals patologies respiratòries com l’asma estiguin en augment. Una de les conseqüències més rellevants en els nens amb asma es l’absentisme escolar i la disminució de qualitat de vida. Característiques importants de la fisioteràpia respiratòria són prevenir i disminuir aquestes conseqüències. Objectiu: Conèixer si hi ha una disminució, al mateix temps que una prevenció del nombre de crisis respiratòries, ocasionades per l’asma, en nens de 6 a 10 anys en les escoles de la comarca del Segrià, concretament Lleida, gràcies a la fisioteràpia respiratòria. Material i mètodes: és tracta d’una investigació experimental, concretament un assaig clínic controlat i aleatori, realitzat a un grup de nens amb asma, amb edats compreses entre 6 i 10 anys. És separen en grup d’estudi i grup control, anomenat grup A i grup B, on l’observador no sabrà quin tractament es fa a cada grup. Els dos grups estan sotmesos a una educació sanitària sobre la patologia i control de constants i el grup d’estudi, anomenat B, a més a més un tractament de fisioteràpia respiratòria. El rol principal dels metges i dels fisioterapeutes serà el realitzar un tractament a cada grup, i el dels becaris recollir les dades i revisar que l’observador les passi a la base de dades de forma correcta. Conclusions: és vol aconseguir una millora significativa de la qualitat de vida i del volum respiratori ,en els dos grups, juntament amb una disminució de les crisis asmàtiques en el grup d’estudi.

Ten years after the Prestige Oil Spill: seabird trophic ecology as indicator of long-term effects on the coastal marine ecosystem

Major oil spills can have long-term impacts since oil pollution does not only result in acute mortality of marine organisms, but also affects productivity levels, predator-prey dynamics, and damages habitats that support marine communities. However, despite the conservation implications of oil accidents, the monitoring and assessment of its lasting impacts still remains a difficult and daunting task. Here, we used European shags to evaluate the overall, lasting effects of the Prestige oil spill (2002) on the affected marine ecosystem. Using δ15N and Hg analysis, we trace temporal changes in feeding ecology potentially related to alterations of the food web due to the spill. Using climatic and oceanic data, we also investigate the influence of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, the sea surface temperature (SST) and the chlorophyll a (Chl a) on the observed changes. Analysis of δ15N and Hg concentrations revealed that after the Prestige oil spill, shag chicks abruptly switched their trophic level from a diet based on a high percentage of demersal-benthic fish to a higher proportion of pelagic/semi-pelagic species. There was no evidence that Chl a, SST and NAO reflected any particular changes or severity in environmental conditions for any year or season that may explain the sudden change observed in trophic level. Thus, this study highlighted an impact on the marine food web for at least three years. Our results provide the best evidence to date of the long-term consequences of the Prestige oil spill. They also show how, regardless of wider oceanographic variability, lasting impacts on predator-prey dynamics can be assessed using biochemical markers. This is particularly useful if larger scale and longer term monitoring of all trophic levels is unfeasible due to limited funding or high ecosystem complexity.

Juventud, políticas públicas y crisis en España: ¿Triángulo mágico o triángulo de las Bermudas?

In times of crisis, the youth policies are experiencing enormous cutbacks and transformations to the point that we are wondering whether they really exist as public policies with their own entity. The situation in which many young people find themselves in Spain leads them to wonder where the traditional protection networks are: The family, the NGO’s or the Welfare State, when they are really needed. Our objective in this article is to show and discuss the situation of the youth policies in Spain in the present context of social austerity and drastic cutbacks. We carry out this analysis from the parameters of the magical triangle that unite policies, research and social work with young people

Improvement of pyrolysis oil quality by scrubbing

Diplomityössä tutkittiin kuuman pyrolyysihöyryn puhdistamista haisevista ja kevyistä haihtuvista yhdisteistä. Työn kirjallisuusosassa selvitettiin pyrolyysiöljyn kannattavuutta uusiutuvana energialähteenä. Lisäksi eri pesurityyppejä tarkasteltiin ja ja vertailtiin. Työn kokeellisessa osassa käytettiin kahta erilaista koelaitteistoa. Tuotteen talteenotossa vertailtiin reaktorilämpötilan ja raaka-aineen kosteuden vaikutusta pyrolyysisaantoihin. Komponenttien talteenotossa tutkittiin epästabiilien ja pistävän hajuisten yhdisteiden poistamista kuumasta pyrolyysihöyrystä. Raaka-aineena käytettiin kuusen metsätäh-dehaketta, joka sisältää runsaasti neulasia ja kaarnaa. Kokeet toteutettiin lämpötila-alueella 460 - 520 °C. Koelaitteistot koostuivat kaasun (N2) syöttöjärjestelmään kytketystä kuumasta ja kyl-mästä puolesta. Tuotteen talteenotossa kuuma pyrolyysihöyry jäähdytettiin ja otettiin talteen. Komponenttien talteenotossa tuote kerättiin suodattimelle ja metyleeniklo-ridiloukkuun. Tuotteiden koostumukset analysoitiin kaasukromatokrafilla. Korkeimmat orgaaniset saannot saatiin 480 °C reaktorilämpötilalla ja 8-9 p-% raaka-ainekosteudella. Pyrolyysiveden määrä putosi raaka-aineen kosteutta nostettaessa. Eri reaktorilämpötiloilla ja raaka-ainekosteuksilla ei ollut vaikutusta hiiltosaantoihin. Kaasusaannot (pääosin CO2, CO ja hiilivedyt) olivat noin 10 p-%. Komponenttien talteenotossa suodatin tukkeutui matalissa (< 250 °C) lämpötiloissa. Suodattimelle jäänyt materiaali oli pääosin neulasista ja kaarnasta peräisin olevia uuteaineita (pääosin hartsi- rasvahappoja) ja sokereita. Korkeimmissa lämpötiloissa (> 250 °C) uuteaineet läpäisivät suodattimen paremmin. 250 ja 300 °C:n lämpötiloissa suuri määrä lyhytketjuisia helposti haihtuvia epästabiileja ja haisevia yhdisteitä (ketoneja, furaani- ja furfuraalijohdannaisia jne.) jäi metyleenikloridi- ja metanoliloukkuihin.

Effect of feed fat by-products with trans fatty acids and heated oil on cholesterol and oxycholesterols in chicken

Chicken is the most widely consumed meat all over the world due to chickens being easy to rear, their fast growth rate and the meat having good nutritional characteristics. The main objective of this paper was to study the effects of dietary fatty by-products in low, medium and high levels of oxidized lipids and trans fatty acids (TFAs) on the contents of cholesterol and oxycholesterols in meat, liver, and plasma of chickens. A palm fatty acid distillate, before and after hydrogenation, and a sunflower-olive oil blend (70/30, v/v) before and after use in a commercial frying process were used in feeding trials after adding 6% of the fats to the feeds. Highly oxidized lipid and TFA feeds significantly increased the contents of cholesterol and oxycholesterols in all tissues of chicken (0.01 < p <= 0.05). The contents of oxycholesterols in chicken meat, liver and plasma obtained from TFA feeding trials varied between 17 and 48 μg/100 g in meat, 19-42 μg/100 g in liver and 105-126 μg/dL in plasma. In contrast, in the oxidized lipid feeding trials, oxycholesterols varied between 13 and 75 μg/100 g in meat, 30-58 μg/100 g in liver and 66-209 μg/dL in plasma. Meat from chickens fed with feeds containing high levels of TFAs or oxidized lipids may contribute to higher ingestion of cholesterol and oxycholesterols by humans.

Generalist hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial communities in the oil-polluted water column of the North Sea.

The aim of this work was to determine the effect of light crude oil on bacterial communities during an experimental oil spill in the North Sea and in mesocosms (simulating a heavy, enclosed oil spill), and to isolate and characterize hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from the water column. No oil-induced changes in bacterial community (3 m below the sea surface) were observed 32 h after the experimental spill at sea. In contrast, there was a decrease in the dominant SAR11 phylotype and an increase in Pseudoalteromonas spp. in the oiled mesocosms (investigated by 16S rRNA gene analysis using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis), as a consequence of the longer incubation, closer proximity of the samples to oil, and the lack of replenishment with seawater. A total of 216 strains were isolated from hydrocarbon enrichment cultures, predominantly belonging to the genus Pseudoaltero monas; most strains grew on PAHs, branched and straight-chain alkanes, as well as many other carbon sources. No obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria were isolated or detected, highlighting the potential importance of cosmopolitan marine generalists like Pseudoalteromonas spp. in degrading hydrocarbons in the water column beneath an oil slick, and revealing the susceptibility to oil pollution of SAR11, the most abundant bacterial clade in the surface ocean.