«Von Menschen und Göttern verlassene Leichname». Totenkult im 'Musée des Monuments Français' (1791-1816)?

Das 'Musée des Monuments Français' ging 1793 aus der Revolution hervor. Das ehemalige Kloster, in dem enteignete Kirchengüter gelagert wurden, mutierte unter Alexandre Lenoir zu einer chronologisch geordneten Ruhmesstätte der französischen Geschichte. Grabmäler und Monumente erinnern an verschiedene Personen dieser Geschichte – von Héloïse über viele Könige bis hin zu Descartes. Allerdings war das 'Musée des Monuments Français' weniger ein Ort des royalen Totenkults als vielmehr ein Museum, in dem auch die königlichen Grabmäler als Exponate innerhalb der Präsentation der französischen Geschichte fungierten. Daher führte es unter Zeitgenossen zu einer Polarisierung in Anhänger und Gegner: So waren zum Beispiel Michelet und Wilhelm von Humboldt vom 'Musée des Monuments Français' begeistert, während Chateaubriand es strikt ablehnte. Im 'Musée des Monuments Français’ waren die Grabstätten und Skulpturen permanente Zeugnisse der Niederlage des Königtums. In der Restauration wurde das Museum Ende 1816 geschlossen, die königlichen Grabmäler wurden zurück in die Kirche von Saint Denis überführt.

Interacting effects of fertilization, mowing and grazing on plant species diversity of 1500 grasslands in Germany differ between regions

The relationship of different types of grassland use with plant species richness and composition (functional groups of herbs, legumes, and grasses) has so far been studied at small regional scales or comprising only few components of land use. We comprehensively studied the relationship between abandonment, fertilization, mowing intensity, and grazing by different livestock types on plant diversity and composition of 1514 grassland sites in three regions in North-East, Central and South-West Germany. We further considered environmental site conditions including soil type and topographical situation. Fertilized grasslands showed clearly reduced plant species diversity (−15% plant species richness, −0.1 Shannon diversity on fertilized grasslands plots of 16 m2) and changed composition (−3% proportion of herb species), grazing had the second largest effects and mowing the smallest ones. Among the grazed sites, the ones grazed by sheep had higher than average species richness (+27%), and the cattle grazed ones lower (−42%). Further, these general results were strongly modulated by interactions between the different components of land use and by regional context: land-use effects differed largely in size and sometimes even in direction between regions. This highlights the importance of comparing different regions and to involve a large number of plots when studying relationships between land use and plant diversity. Overall, our results show that great caution is necessary when extrapolating results and management recommendations to other regions.

The impact of plant diversity and fertilization on fitness of a generalist grasshopper

In many environments land use intensification is likely to result in a decrease in species richness and in an increase in eutrophication. Although the importance of both factors for higher trophic levels such as insect herbivores is well documented, their impact has rarely been studied in combination. Herbivorous insects have a strong impact on the functioning of ecosystems and it is therefore important to understand how they are affected by eutrophication in high or low diversity environments. We used a grassland biodiversity experiment to investigate the combined effect of fertilization and plant diversity loss on the fitness of the generalist grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus by rearing grasshopper nymphs for four weeks in cages on unfertilized or fertilized (NPK) subplots across a species richness gradient from 1 to 60 plant species. Survival, the number of oothecae, body mass and the number of hatchlings were measured separately for each cage. Plant diversity had no effect on any of the grasshopper fitness measures, neither in unfertilized nor in fertilized plots. NPK-fertilization reduced grasshopper survival but increased body mass of males and reproductive success of the surviving females. Fertilization effects were not mediated by plant community structure, productivity or composition, suggesting that higher food plant quality was one of the main drivers. There was no interaction between plant diversity and fertilization on any of the measures. In conclusion, an increase in eutrophication, in both species-rich and species-poor grasslands, could lead to higher reproductive success and therefore higher abundances of herbivorous insects including insect pests, with fertilization effects dominating plant diversity effects.