Matemática conceptual: la propuesta didáctica de F.W. Lawvere y S.H. Schanuel

El texto que sigue es un comentario sobre un libro de FW Lawvere y SH Schanuel de publicación reciente pero con una beca de gestación, que contiene una experiencia concreta introducción de conceptos de la teoría categorías del estadio temprano de enseñanza de las matemáticas. El comentario incluye cumbre de análisis comparativo de este experiencia actual con la protagonizada por PJ Hilton en el año 70. La diferencia entre ambas propuestas explican términos de la evolución general de la teoría a lo largo de la segunda mitad del presente siglo, particularmente en el último cuarto.

[Book review] Rosalind W. Picard, Affective Computing

Review of: Rosalind W. Picard, Affective Computing

Preparation of o/w emulsions stabilized by solid particles and their characterization by oscillatory rheology

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the preparation and characterisation of hexane-in-water emulsions stabilised by clay particles. These emulsions, called Pickering emulsions, are characterised by the adsorption of solid particles at the oil/water (o/w) interface. The development of an elastic film at the o/w interface following the adsorption of colloidal particles helps to promote emulsion stability. Three different solid materials were used: silica sand, kaolin, and bentonite. Particles were added to the liquid mixtures in the range of 0.5–10 g dm−3. Emulsions were prepared using o/w ratios of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. The effect of sodium chloride, on the stability of the prepared emulsions, was assessed in the range of 0–0.5 mol dm−3. In addition the use of a cationic surfactant hexadecyl-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as an aid to improving emulsion stability was assessed in the concentration range of 0–0.05% (w/v). Characterisation of emulsion stability was realised through measurements of rheological properties including non-Newtonian viscosity, the elastic modulus, G', the loss modulus, G", and complex modulus, G*. The stability of the emulsions was evaluated immediately after preparation and 4 weeks later. Using the stability criteria, that for highly stable emulsions: G' > G" and both G' and G" are independent of frequency (varpi) it was concluded that highly stable emulsions could be prepared using a bentonite concentration of 2% (or more); an o/w ratio greater than 0.2; a CTAB concentration of 0.01%; and a salt concentration of 0.05 M or less—though salt was required.