Análise do acabamento superficial e da potência consumida na usinagem de fresamento frontal e cilíndrico tangencial da madeira de eucalipto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise estatística de parâmetros elétricos em usinas sucroalcoleiras do centro-oeste paulista

The industry of sugar cane has become an important contributor to the generation of electricity in Brazil. Currently there are 434 sugar and ethanol plants operating in the country, 23% of the total export electricity to the National Integrated System (SIN), the state of São Paulo has 182 plants and 30% of them export energy to the SIN. The objective of this study is to compare parameters of electrical efficiency in the sugar and alcohol industry. For the study, three plants localized in the midwest region of Sao Paulo state with great potential for production and exporting bioenergy were chosen. Five energy analyzers LANDYS + GYR SAGA were used for measure the electrical parameters. The variables studied were energy consumption (C) and power factor (PF). For the statistical analysis it was adopteda randomized block design in a factorial 3 5composed of three companies and five sectors of energy consumption,in which: reception(1), milling (2), boiler (3), supporting activities / juice treatment (4), and distillation (5), totaling 15 treatments. Each group comprised 192 repetitions (48 hours 4 measurements per hour). It was concluded that there is no interest for the plans to fix the FP and reach a value 0.92, which is considered the ideal power factor.This,because the plants generate their own energy and are not penalized. Regarding the energy consumed, all sectors had significant differences. When comparingsector to sector, the plant called USB showed no significant differences in sectors 1 and 3, and the plant USC, in sectors 1 and 4. Considering the production units of this sector and selling power this type of evaluation is essential to perform this analysis, since the analyzed sectors are most important in the production of sugar and ethanol, and analyze and monitor these parameters, use and consumption energy can provide a greater supply of energy to be commercialized.

Composição físico-química e propriedades tecnológicas da farinha de folhas de mandioca

Cassava leaves can be considered an important nutritional source when compared to other commonly consumed vegetables leaves. Cassava leaves have high levels of protein, fiber and minerals, and arestill underexplored due to the lack of information regarding the use of them as afood product, as well as, their use as an industrial raw material. The consumption of cassava leaves in fresh form is impractical due to the presence of cyanide, thereby it is required a pretreatment to be performed to reduce this component. The objective of this study was to produce and characterize the four made with cassava leaves as its chemical composition, color, indices of absorption and water solubility, and pasting properties, aiming to provide information of interest for possible application as an ingredient in the food industry. Cassava leaf flour showed low moisture content (6.6 %)and significant amounts of fiber (30.68 %), protein (23.00 %), and total carbohydrate (22.27%). Drying and milling processes allowed to obtain a flour with a low content of total cyanide (0.3 mg 100g-1 ), and the presence of vitamin C (56.6 mg 100g-1 ) and β –carotene (38 mg 100g- 1 ). The color analysis of cassava leaf flour showed low lightness with, predominantly, green and yellow pigments. The cassava leaf flour presented good solubility (14.85 %) and water absorption (6.87 g gel. g-1 ). Pasting properties showed a low peak of viscosity and a higher final viscosity with a retrogradation tendency, indicating a low capacity of this flour to form gel. The flour of cassava leaves can be a good source of nutrition when used as a food ingredient in soups and pasta. However, it is not indicated to products that require high gel formation.

Características estruturais e físicas de material biodegradável produzido a base de zeína e fibras de milho e bananeira

Pós-graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos - IBILCE

Fresamento de aço para moldes e matrizes em condições criogênicas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, February 1, 1935

This report differs from previous reports in two respects: it covers experimental work up to January 1, 1935, and it includes brief abstracts of publications since the last report. Previously most of the report dealt with work done before the end of the fiscal year; that is, work done between June 30 and January 1 was not reported until over a year later, for the most part. The present report corrects that defect, and in addition the abstracts of publications will make the report useful as a reference guide to published matter. The projects are discussed under subject headings and in addition to the abstracts, brief reports of progress in projects under way are included. Complete data for these projects are not included; rather an attempt has been made to show how far the work has gone and to indicate some of the directions or trends of the work. The drouth of the past summer reduced yields severely. As a result the collection of significant data on yields was almost impossible. A few of the Experiment Station workers have ben loaned to federal projects. Despite these handicaps many projects have been advanced and many have been completed.

Forty-Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska, February 1, 1932

This report covers the investigations, expenditures, and publications of the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station for the fiscal year June 30, 1931. During the year 68 projects have been under investigation at the main station. These have covered a wide range of subjects. At the various substations the work is planned to meet the needs of the different regions. The funds for carrying on the work of the stations are derived from federal and state sources. The work is carried on in definite projects according to the supporting fund. Satisfactory progress was made on the research program. During the year eight projects were completed and seven new ones added. The selection of new projects is on the basis of most urgent need, together with the ability of the Experiment Station to carry the project. The financial depression in which agriculture still finds itself has increased rather than decreased the demand upon the Experiment Station and the College for new and definite information. This demand has been taken care of insofar as possible. During the year covered by this report eleven bulletins, nine research bulletins, and one circular have been published by the Experiment Station. In addition 22 technical papers have been prepared by members of the staff and printed in various technical and professional journals.

Co-Product Prices May Be Nearing Seasonal Low

The supply of corn milling co-products from ethanol production has increased rapidly over the last several years. Based on United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) projections of corn ground for ethanol production, approximately 38 million tons of distillers grains would have been produced in the 2009-10 marketing year, with 40 million tons projected for the 2010-11 marketing year. While supply has grown, so too has demand from both domestic and international users. Cattle feeders in particular have found wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS), modified wet distillers grains plus solubles (MWDGS) and dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) to be excellent feedstuffs that can lower cost of gain through performance efficiencies and lower ingredient costs. United States swine and poultry producers have also increasingly adopted DDGS in rations in response to higher corn prices, while international shipments of DDGS have also grown.

Properties of nanoparticles prepared from NdFeB-based compound for magnetic hyperthermia application

Nanoparticles were prepared from a NdFeB-based alloy using the hydrogen decrepitation process together with high-energy ball milling and tested as heating agent for magnetic hyperthermia. In the milling time range evaluated (up to 10 h), the magnetic moment per mass at H = 1.59 MA m(-1) is superior than 70 A m(2) kg(-1); however, the intrinsic coercivity might be inferior than 20 kA m(-1). The material presents both ferromagnetic and superparamagnetic particles constituted by a mixture of phases due to the incomplete disproportionation reaction of Nd2Fe14BHx during milling. Solutions prepared with deionized water and magnetic particles exposed to an AC magnetic field (H-max similar to 3.7 kA m(-1) and f = 228 kHz) exhibited 26 K <= Delta T-max <= 44 K with a maximum estimated specific absorption rate (SAR) of 225 W kg(-1). For the pure magnetic material milled for the longest period of time (10 h), the SAR was estimated as similar to 2500 W kg(-1). In vitro tests indicated that the powders have acceptable cytotoxicity over a wide range of concentration (0.1-100 mu g ml(-1)) due to the coating applied during milling.

An inverse method to estimate the moving heat source in machining process

The present work propounds an inverse method to estimate the heat sources in the transient two-dimensional heat conduction problem in a rectangular domain with convective bounders. The non homogeneous partial differential equation (PDE) is solved using the Integral Transform Method. The test function for the heat generation term is obtained by the chip geometry and thermomechanical cutting. Then the heat generation term is estimated by the conjugated gradient method (CGM) with adjoint problem for parameter estimation. The experimental trials were organized to perform six different conditions to provide heat sources of different intensities. This method was compared with others in the literature and advantages are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of niobium hydride

High-purity niobium powders can be obtained from the well-known hydride-dehydride (HDH) process. The aim of this work was the investigation of the structural phase transition of the niobium hydride to niobium metal as function of temperature, heating rate and time. The niobium powder used in this work was obtained by high-temperature hydriding of niobium machining chips followed by conventional ball milling and sieving. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out in vacuum using a high-temperature chamber coupled to an X-ray diffractometer. During the dehydriding process, it is possible to follow the phase transition from niobium hydride to niobium metal starting at about 380 degrees C for a heating rate of 20 degrees C/min. The heating rate was found to be an important parameter, since complete dehydriding was obtained at 490 degrees C for a heating rate of 20 degrees C/min. The higher dehydriding rate was found at 500 degrees C. Results contribute to a better understanding of the kinetics of thermal decomposition of niobium hydride to niobium metal. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Influence of HSM cutting parameters on the surface integrity characteristics of hardened AISI H13 steel

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of the cutting parameters of high-speed machining milling on the characteristics of the surface integrity of hardened AISI H13 steel. High-speed machining has been used intensively in the mold and dies industry. The cutting parameters used as input variables were cutting speed (v c), depth of cut (a p), working engagement (a e) and feed per tooth (f z ), while the output variables were three-dimensional (3D) workpiece roughness parameters, surface and cross section microhardness, residual stress and white layer thickness. The subsurface layers were examined by scanning electron and optical microscopy. Cross section hardness was measured with an instrumented microhardness tester. Residual stress was measured by the X-ray diffraction method. From a statistical standpoint (the main effects of the input parameters were evaluated by analysis of variance), working engagement (a e) was the cutting parameter that exerted the strongest effect on most of the 3D roughness parameters. Feed per tooth (f z ) was the most important cutting parameter in cavity formation. Cutting speed (v c) and depth of cut (a p) did not significantly affect the 3D roughness parameters. Cutting speed showed the strongest influence on residual stress, while depth of cut exerted the strongest effect on the formation of white layer and on the increase in surface hardness.

I materiali ceramici trasparenti: preparazione, caratterizzazione e correlazione microstruttura-proprietà

This thesis focuses on the ceramic process for the production of optical grade transparent materials to be used as laser hosts. In order to be transparent a ceramic material must exhibit a very low concentration of defects. Defects are mainly represented by secondary or grain boundary phases and by residual pores. The strict control of the stoichiometry is mandatory to avoid the formation of secondary phases, whereas residual pores need to be below 150 ppm. In order to fulfill these requirements specific experimental conditions must be combined together. In addition powders need to be nanometric or at least sub-micrometric and extremely pure. On the other hand, nanometric powders aggregate easily and this leads to a poor, not homogeneous packing during shaping by pressing and to the formation of residual pores during sintering. Very fine powders are also difficult to handle and tend to absorb water on the surface. Finally, the powder manipulation (weighting operations, solvent removal, spray drying, shaping, etc), easily introduces impurities. All these features must be fully controlled in order to avoid the formation of defects that work as scattering sources thus decreasing the transparency of the material. The important role played by the processing on the transparency of ceramic materials is often underestimated. In the literature a high level of transparency has been reported by many authors but the description of the experimental process, in particular of the powder treatment and shaping, is seldom extensively described and important information that are necessary to reproduce the described results are often missing. The main goal of the present study therefore is to give additional information on the way the experimental features affect the microstructural evolution of YAG-based ceramics and thus the final properties, in particular transparency. Commercial powders are used to prepare YAG materials doped with Nd or Yb by reactive sintering under high vacuum. These dopants have been selected as the more appropriate for high energy and high peak power lasers. As far as it concerns the powder treatment, the thesis focuses on the influence of the solvent removal technique (rotavapor versus spray drying of suspensions in ethanol), the ball milling duration and speed, suspension concentration, solvent ratio, type and amount of dispersant. The influence of the powder type and process on the powder packing as well as the pressure conditions during shaping by pressing are also described. Finally calcination, sintering under high vacuum and in clean atmosphere, and post sintering cycles are studied and related to the final microstructure analyzed by SEM-EDS and HR-TEM, and to the optical and laser properties.

Nuovi ingredienti funzionali per l'applicazione in campo alimentare

The Mediterranean diet is rich in healthy substances such as fibres, vitamins and phenols. Often these molecules are lost during food processing. Olive oil milling waste waters, brans, grape skins are some of the most relevant agri-food by-products in the Mediterranean countries. These wastes are still rich in extremely valuable molecules, such as phenolic antioxidants, that have several interesting health promoting properties. Using innovative environmental friendly technologies based in the rational use of enzymatic treatment is possible to obtain from agri-food by-products new ingredients containing antioxidants that can be used as functional ingredients in order to produce fortified foods. These foods, having health protecting/promoting properties, on top of the traditional nutritional properties, are attracting consumer’s attentions due to the increasing awareness on health protection through prevention. The use of these new ingredients in different food preparation was studied in order to evaluate the effects that the food processing might have on the antioxidant fraction, the effect of these ingredient on foods appearances as well as the impact in terms of taste and scent, crucial feature for the acceptability of the final product. Using these new ingredients was possible to produce antioxidant bred, pasta, cheese, cookies and ice-cream. These food products retains very well the antioxidant properties conferred by the added ingredients despite the very different treatments that were performed. The food obtained had a good palatability and in some cases the final product had also a good success on the market.

Effetto dell'addizione di fibre corte di carbonio su microstruttura e proprietà di materiali a base di ZrB2

Il lavoro di tesi, svolto presso l’Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali Ceramici (ISTEC-CNR, Faenza, RA), ha affrontato la produzione e la caratterizzazione di ceramici a base di boruro di zirconio (ZrB2) con lo scopo di valutare l’efficacia delle fibre corte di carbonio come potenziale rinforzo. Il boruro di zirconio appartiene a una famiglia di materiali noti come UHTC (Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics) caratterizzati da elevato punto di fusione e in grado di mantenere la resistenza meccanica e operare con limitata ossidazione a temperature superiori ai 2000°C. Il principale ostacolo nella produzione dei materiali a base di ZrB2 è il processo di sintesi, infatti, a causa della loro elevata temperatura di fusione, per ottenere un materiale completamente denso è necessario utilizzare processi a temperatura e pressione elevati (T > 2000°C e P > 30 MPa), condizioni che vanno ad influenzare la microstruttura della matrice e delle fibre e di conseguenza le proprietà meccaniche del materiale. L’aggiunta di additivi di sinterizzazione idonei permette di ottenere materiali perfettamente densi anche a temperature e pressioni inferiori. Tuttavia lo ZrB2 non viene ampiamente utilizzato per applicazioni strutturali a causa della sua fragilità, per far fronte alla sua bassa tenacità il materiale viene spesso rinforzato con una fase allungata (whiskers o fibre). È già oggetto di studi l’utilizzo di fibre corte e whiskers di SiC per tenacizzare lo ZrB2, tuttavia la forte interfaccia che viene a crearsi tra fibra e matrice, che non permette il pull-out delle fibre, ci porta a credere che una fibra che non tenda a reagire con la matrice, presentando un’interfaccia più debole, possa portare ad una tenacizzazione più efficace. Per questo scopo sono stati realizzati mediante pressatura a caldo due materiali rinforzati con fibre corte di carbonio: ZrB2 + 5% vol MoSi2 + 8% vol fibre di carbonio e [ZrB2 + 2 % peso C] + 8% vol fibre di carbonio, indicati rispettivamente con Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf. Sono stati analizzati e discussi diversi aspetti del materiale rinforzato tra cui: il comportamento di densificazione durante la pressatura a caldo, l’evoluzione della microstruttura della matrice, la distribuzione e la morfologia delle fibre, l’influenza del rinforzo sulle proprietà meccaniche di durezza e tenacità e sulla resistenza all’ossidazione. L’elaborato è strutturato come segue: inizialmente sono state introdotte le caratteristiche generali dei ceramici avanzati tra cui le proprietà, la produzione e le applicazioni; successivamente è stata approfondita la descrizione dei materiali a base di boruro di zirconio, in particolare i processi produttivi e l’influenza degli additivi di sinterizzazione sulla densificazione e sulle proprietà; ci si è poi concentrati sull’effetto di una seconda fase allungata per il rinforzo del composito. Per quanto riguarda la parte sperimentale vengono descritte le principali fasi della preparazione e caratterizzazione dei materiali: le materie prime, disperse in un solvente, sono state miscelate mediante ball-milling, successivamente è stato evaporato il solvente e la polvere ottenuta è stata formata mediante pressatura uniassiale. I campioni, dopo essere stati sinterizzati mediante pressatura uniassiale a caldo, sono stati tagliati e lucidati a specchio per poter osservare la microstruttura. Quest’ultima è stata analizzata al SEM per studiare l’effetto dell’additivo di sinterizzazione (MoSi2 e carbonio) e l’interfaccia tra matrice e fase rinforzante. Per approfondire l’effetto del rinforzo sulle proprietà meccaniche sono state misurate la durezza e la tenacità del composito; infine è stata valutata la resistenza all’ossidazione mediante prove in aria a 1200°C e 1500°C. L’addizione di MoSi2 ha favorito la densificazione a 1800°C mediante formazione di una fase liquida transiente, tuttavia il materiale è caratterizzato da una porosità residua di ~ 7% vol. L’addizione del carbonio ha favorito la densificazione completa a 1900°C grazie alla reazione dall’additivo con gli ossidi superficiali dello ZrB2. La microstruttura delle matrici è piuttosto fine, con una dimensione media dei grani di ~ 2 μm per entrambi i materiali. Nel caso del materiale con Z5M_Cf sono presenti nella matrice particelle di SiC e fasi MoB derivanti dalla reazione dell’additivo con le fibre e con la matrice; invece nel materiale Z2C_Cf sono presenti grani di carbonio allungati tra i bordi grano, residui delle reazioni di densificazione. In entrambi i materiali le fibre sono distribuite omogeneamente e la loro interfaccia con la matrice è fortemente reattiva. Nel caso del materiale Z5M_Cf si è formata una struttura core-shell con lo strato più esterno formato da SiC, formato dalla reazione tra il siliciuro e la fibra di C. Nel caso del materiale Z2C_Cf non si forma una vera e propria interfaccia, ma la fibra risulta fortemente consumata per via dell’alta temperatura di sinterizzazione. I valori di durezza Vickers dei materiali Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf sono rispettivamente 11 GPa e 14 GPa, valori inferiori rispetto al valore di riferimento di 23 GPa dello ZrB2, ma giustificati dalla presenza di una fase meno dura: le fibre di carbonio e, nel caso di Z5M_Cf, anche della porosità residua. I valori di tenacità dei materiali Z5M_Cf e Z2C_Cf, misurati con il metodo dell’indentazione, sono rispettivamente 3.06 MPa·m0.5 e 3.19 MPa·m0.5. L’osservazione, per entrambi i materiali, del fenomeno di pull-out della fibra, sulla superficie di frattura, e della deviazione del percorso della cricca, all’interno della fibra di carbonio, lasciano supporre che siano attivi questi meccanismi tenacizzanti a contributo positivo, unitamente al contributo negativo legato allo stress residuo. La resistenza all’ossidazione dei due materiali è confrontabile a 1200°C, mentre dopo esposizione a 1500°C il materiale Z5M_Cf risulta più resistente rispetto al materiale Z2C_Cf grazie alla formazione di uno strato di SiO2 protettivo, che inibisce la diffusione dell’ossigeno all’interno della matrice. Successivamente, sono stati considerati metodi per migliorare la densità finale del materiale e abbassare ulteriormente la temperatura di sinterizzazione in modo da minimizzare la degenerazione della fibra. Da ricerca bibliografica è stato identificato il siliciuro di tantalio (TaSi2) come potenziale candidato. Pertanto è stato prodotto un terzo materiale a base di ZrB2 + Cf contenente una maggiore quantità di siliciuro (10% vol TaSi2) che ha portato ad una densità relativa del 96% a 1750°C. Questo studio ha permesso di approcciare per la prima volta le problematiche legate all’introduzione delle fibre di carbonio nella matrice di ZrB2. Investigazioni future saranno mirate alla termodinamica delle reazioni che hanno luogo in sinterizzazione per poter analizzare in maniera più sistematica la reattività delle fibre nei confronti della matrice e degli additivi. Inoltre riuscendo ad ottenere un materiale completamente denso e con fibre di carbonio poco reagite si potrà valutare la reale efficacia delle fibre di carbonio come possibili fasi tenacizzanti.