Healthcare Waste Packaging Guidelines 2010

This document replaces the publication entitled Segregation Packaging and Storage Guidelines for Healthcare Risk Waste – 3rd edition, published in 2004. Click here to download PDF 351KB Healthcare Waste Packaging Guidelines 2010 Click here to download PDF 420KB  

Mechanotransduction, PROX1, and FOXC2 cooperate to control connexin37 and calcineurin during lymphatic-valve formation.

Lymphatic valves are essential for efficient lymphatic transport, but the mechanisms of early lymphatic-valve morphogenesis and the role of biomechanical forces are not well understood. We found that the transcription factors PROX1 and FOXC2, highly expressed from the onset of valve formation, mediate segregation of lymphatic-valve-forming cells and cell mechanosensory responses to shear stress in vitro. Mechanistically, PROX1, FOXC2, and flow coordinately control expression of the gap junction protein connexin37 and activation of calcineurin/NFAT signaling. Connexin37 and calcineurin are required for the assembly and delimitation of lymphatic valve territory during development and for its postnatal maintenance. We propose a model in which regionally increased levels/activation states of transcription factors cooperate with mechanotransduction to induce a discrete cell-signaling pattern and morphogenetic event, such as formation of lymphatic valves. Our results also provide molecular insights into the role of endothelial cell identity in the regulation of vascular mechanotransduction.

Biased gene conversion and GC-content evolution in the coding sequences of reptiles and vertebrates.

Mammalian and avian genomes are characterized by a substantial spatial heterogeneity of GC-content, which is often interpreted as reflecting the effect of local GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC), a meiotic repair bias that favors G and C over A and T alleles in high-recombining genomic regions. Surprisingly, the first fully sequenced nonavian sauropsid (i.e., reptile), the green anole Anolis carolinensis, revealed a highly homogeneous genomic GC-content landscape, suggesting the possibility that gBGC might not be at work in this lineage. Here, we analyze GC-content evolution at third-codon positions (GC3) in 44 vertebrates species, including eight newly sequenced transcriptomes, with a specific focus on nonavian sauropsids. We report that reptiles, including the green anole, have a genome-wide distribution of GC3 similar to that of mammals and birds, and we infer a strong GC3-heterogeneity to be already present in the tetrapod ancestor. We further show that the dynamic of coding sequence GC-content is largely governed by karyotypic features in vertebrates, notably in the green anole, in agreement with the gBGC hypothesis. The discrepancy between third-codon positions and noncoding DNA regarding GC-content dynamics in the green anole could not be explained by the activity of transposable elements or selection on codon usage. This analysis highlights the unique value of third-codon positions as an insertion/deletion-free marker of nucleotide substitution biases that ultimately affect the evolution of proteins.

Dominant character of the molecular marker of a Biomphalaria tenagophila strain (Mollusca: Planorbidae) resistant to Schistosoma mansoni

Biomphalaria tenagophila population from Taim (state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is totally resistant toSchistosoma mansoni, and presents a molecular marker of 350 bp by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the entire rDNA internal transcriber spacer. The scope of this work was to determine the heritage pattern of this marker. A series of cross-breedings between B. tenagophila from Taim (resistant) and B. tenagophila from Joinville, state of Santa Catarina (susceptible) was carried out, and their descendants F1 and F2 were submitted to this technique. It was possible to demonstrate that the specific fragment from Taim is endowed with dominant character, since the obtained segregation was typically mendelian.

Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes

Mammalian sex chromosomes stem from ancestral autosomes and have substantially differentiated. It was shown that X-linked genes have generated duplicate intronless gene copies (retrogenes) on autosomes due to this differentiation. However, the precise driving forces for this out-of-X gene "movement" and its evolutionary onset are not known. Based on expression analyses of male germ-cell populations, we here substantiate and extend the hypothesis that autosomal retrogenes functionally compensate for the silencing of their X-linked housekeeping parental genes during, but also after, male meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). Thus, sexually antagonistic forces have not played a major role for the selective fixation of X-derived gene copies in mammals. Our dating analyses reveal that although retrogenes were produced ever since the common mammalian ancestor, selectively driven retrogene export from the X only started later, on the placental mammal (eutherian) and marsupial (metatherian) lineages, respectively. Together, these observations suggest that chromosome-wide MSCI emerged close to the eutherian-marsupial split approximately 180 million years ago. Given that MSCI probably reflects the spread of the recombination barrier between the X and Y, crucial for their differentiation, our data imply that these chromosomes became more widely differentiated only late in the therian ancestor, well after the divergence of the monotreme lineage. Thus, our study also provides strong independent support for the recent notion that our sex chromosomes emerged, not in the common ancestor of all mammals, but rather in the therian ancestor, and therefore are much younger than previously thought

The role of CTCFL/BORIS in Meiosis

The complexity of mammalian genome organization demands a complex interplay of DNA and proteins to orchestrate proper gene regulation. CTCF, a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed protein has been postulated as a primary organizer of genome architecture because of its roles in transcriptional activation/repression, insulation and imprinting. Diverse regulatory functions are exerted through genome wide binding via a central eleven zinc finger DNA binding domain and an array of diverse protein-protein interactions through N- and C- terminal domains. CTCFL has been identified as a paralog of CTCF expressed only in spermatogenic cells of the testis. CTCF and CTCFL have a highly homologous DNA-binding domain, while the flanking amino acid sequences exhibit no significant similarity. Genome- wide mapping of CTCF binding sites has been carried out in many cell types, but no data exist for CTCFL apart from a few identified loci. The lack of high quality antibodies prompted us to generate an endogenously flag-tagged CTCFL mouse model using BAC recombination. IHC staining using anti-flag antibodies confirmed CTCFL localization to type Β spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes and a mutually exclusive pattern of expression with CTCF. ChIP followed by high-throughput sequencing identified 10,382 binding sites showing 70% overlap but representing only 20% of CTCF sites. Consensus sequence analysis identified a significantly longer binding motif with prominently less ambiguity of base calling at every position. The significant difference between CTCF and CTCFL genomic binding patterns proposes that their binding to DNA is differentially regulated. Analysis of CTCFL binding to methylated regions on a genome wide scale identified approximately 1,000 loci. Methylation-independent binding of CTCFL might be at least one of the mechanisms that ensures distinct binding patterns of CTCF and CTCFL since CTCF binding is methylation- sensitive. Co-localization of CTCF with cohesin has been well established and analysis of CTCFL and SMC3 overlap identified around 3,300 binding sites from which two related but distinct consensus sequence motifs were derived. Because virtually all data for cohesin binding originate from mitotically proliferating cells, the anticipated overlap is expected to be considerably higher in meiotic cells. Meiosis-specific cohesin subunit Rec8 is specific for spermatocytes and 6 out of the 12 identified binding sites are also bound by CTCFL. In conclusion, this was the first genome-wide mapping of CTCFL binding sites in spermatocytes, the only cell type where CTCF is not expressed. CTCFL has a unique binding site repertoire distinct from CTCF, binds to methylated sequences and shows a significant overlap with cohesin binding sites. Future efforts will be oriented towards deciphering the role CTCFL plays in conversion of chromatin structure and function from mitotic to meiotic chromosomes. - La complexité de l'organisation du génome des mammifères exige une interaction particulière entre ADN et protéines pour orchestrer une régulation appropriée de l'expression des gènes. CTCFL, une protéine ubiquitaire très conservée, serait le principal organisateur de l'architecture du génome de par son rôle dans l'activation / la répression de la transcription, la protection et la localisation des gènes. Diverses régulations sont opérées, d'une part au travers d'interactions à différents endroits du génome par le biais d'un domaine protéique central de liaison à l'ADN à onze doigts de zinc, et d'autre part par des interactions protéine-protéine variées au niveau de leur domaine N- et C-terminal. CTCFL a été identifié comme un paralogue de CTCF exprimé uniquement dans les cellules spermatiques du testicule. CTCFL et CTCF ont un domaine de liaison à l'ADN très homologue, tandis que les séquences d'acides aminés situées de part et d'autre de ce domaine ne présentent aucune similitude. Une cartographie générale des sites de liaison au CTCF a été réalisée pour de nombreux types cellulaires, mais il n'existe aucune donnée pour CTCFL à l'exception de l'identification de quelques loci. L'absence d'anticorps de bonne qualité nous a conduit à générer un modèle murin portant un CTCFL endogène taggué grâce à un procédé de recombinaison BAC. Une coloration IHC à l'aide d'anticorps anti-FLAG a confirmé la présence de CTCFL au niveau des spermatogonies de type Β et des spermatocytes au stade préleptotène, et une distribution mutuellement exclusive avec CTCF. Une méthode de Chromatine Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) suivie d'un séquençage à haut débit a permis d'identifier 10.382 sites de liaison montrant 70% d'homologie mais ne représentant que 20% des sites CTCF. L'analyse de la séquence consensus révèle un motif de fixation à l'ADN nettement plus long et qui comporte bien moins de bases aléatoires à chaque position nucléotidique. La différence significative entre les séquences génomiques des sites de liaison au CTCF et CTCFL suggère que leur fixation à l'ADN est régulée différemment. Appliquée à l'échelle du génome, l'étude de l'interaction de CTCFL avec des régions méthylées de l'ADN a permis d'identifier environ 1.000 loci. Contrairement à CTCFL, la liaison de CTCF dépend de l'état de méthylation de l'ADN ; cette modification épigénétique constitue donc au moins un des mécanismes de régulation expliquant une localisation de CTCF et CTCFL à des sites distincts du génome. La co- localisation de CTCF avec la cohésine étant établie, l'analyse de la superposition des séquences de CTCFL avec la sous-unité SMC3 identifie environ 3.300 sites de liaison parmi lesquels deux mêmes motifs consensus distincts par leur séquence sont mis en évidence. La presque quasi-totalité des données sur la cohésine ayant été établie à partir de cellules en prolifération mitotique, il est probable que la similitude au sein des séquences consensus soit encore plus grande dans le cas des cellules en méiose. La sous-unité Rec8 de la cohésine propre à l'état de méiose est spécifiquement exprimée dans les spermatocytes. Or 6 des 12 sites de liaison identifiés sont également utilisés par CTCFL. Pour conclure, ce travail constitue la première cartographie à l'échelle du génome des sites de liaison de CTCFL dans les spermatocytes, seul type cellulaire où CTCFL n'est pas exprimé. CTCFL possède un répertoire unique de sites de fixation à l'ADN distinct de CTCF, se lie à des séquences méthylées et présente un nombre important de sites de liaison communs avec la cohésine. Les perspectives futures sont d'élucider le rôle de CTCFL dans le remodelage de la structure de la chromatine et de définir sa fonction dans le processus de méiose.

Basic biology of Pneumocystis carinii: a mini review

Basic aspects of cell biology of Pneumocystis carinii are reviewed with major emphasis on its life cycle and the structural organization of the trophozoites and cyst forms. Initially considered as a protozoan it is now established that Pneumocystis belongs to the Fungi Kingdom. Its life cycle includes two basic forms: (a) trophozoites, which are haploid cells that divide by binary fission and may conjugate with each other forming an early procyst and (b) cysts where division takes place through a meiotic process with the formation of eight nuclei followed by cytoplasmic delimitation and formation of intracystic bodies which are subsequently released and transformed into trophozoites. Basic aspects of the structure of the two developmental stages of P. carinii are reviewed.

MOLECULAR REORGANIZATION FOLLOWING SENSORY STIMULATION IN THE ADULT MOUSE BARREL CORTEX

Sensory information is an important factor in shaping neuronal circuits during development and adulthood. In the barrel cortex of adult rodents, cells from layer IV are able to adapt their functional state to an increased flow of sensory information from the mystacial whisker follicles. Previous studies in our group have shown that whisker stimulation induces the formation of inhibitory synapses in the corresponding barrel (Knott et al., 2002) and decreases neuronal responses toward the deflection of the stimulated whisker (Quairiaux et al., 2007). Together these observations have turned the barrel cortex into a model to study homeostatic plasticity. At the cellular level, neuronal activity triggers intracellular signaling cascades leading to a transcriptional response. To further characterize the molecular pathways involved in the synaptic changes after whisker stimulation in the adult mouse, a previous doctoral student in our group performed a microarray analysis on laser-dissected barrels in sections through layer IV. This study identified the regulation (up and down) of a series of genes in the stimulated barrels (thesis of Johnston-Wenger, 2010). We here focused on ten genes that presented the highest fold change according to the microarray analysis. Out of these genes, 7 are known as neuronal activity-dependent genes (Tnncl, Nptx2, Sorcs3, Ptgs2, Nr4a2, Npas4 and Adcyapl) whereas three have so far not been related to neuronal plasticity (Scn7a, Pcdhl5 and Cede3). The study aimed at confirming the results of the microarray analysis and localizing molecular modifications in the stimulated barrel column at the cellular level. In situ hybridization for Pcdhl5 after different periods of whisker stimulation (3, 6, 9, 15, 24 hrs) allowed us to confirm that the 1.25 fold change used for the microarray analysis is an appropriate threshold for considering a regulation significant after sensory-stimulation. Moreover, we confirmed with in situ hybridization a significant upregulation of the genes of interest in the stimulated barrels. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry allowed us to observe the distribution of the genes of interest and the corresponding protein products at the cellular level. Three observations were made: 1) alterations of the expression was restricted to the stimulated barrels for all genes tested; 2) within a barrel column not all cells responded to whisker stimulation with an altered gene expression; 3) in the stimulated barrels, two different patterns of mRNA and protein expression can be distinguished. We hypothesize that this segregation of the activity-induced gene expression reflects the segregation of the two principal thalamocortical pathways conveying the sensory information to the barrel cortex. Moreover, only neurons reaching the critical threshold will modify their gene expression program resulting in structural as well as physiological modifications that prevent the subsequent propagation of the excess of excitation to the postsynaptic targets. The activity-induced gene expression is therefore adapted in a cell-type-specific manner to induce a homeostatic response to the entire neuronal network involved in the integration of the sensory information. This to our knowledge the first study showing the distinct, but complementary contribution of the two thalamocortical pathways in experience-dependent plasticity in the adult mouse barrel cortex. -- L'information sensorielle nous permet de continuellement façonner nos circuits neuronaux autant durant le développement qu'à l'âge adulte. Chez le rongeur l'information sensorielle perçue par les vibrisses est intégrée au niveau du cortex somatosensoriel primaire (appelé en anglais « barrel cortex ») dont les cellules de la couche IV sont capables d'adapter leur état fonctionnel en réponse à une augmentation d'activité neuronale. Ce modèle expérimental a permis à notre groupe de recherche d'observer des changements rapides du circuit neuronal en fonction de l'activité sensorielle. En effet, la stimulation continue d'une vibrisse d'une souris adulte pendant 24 heures induit non seulement un remaniement synaptique (Knott et al., 2002), mais également des changements physiologiques au niveau des neurones du tonneau correspondant (Quairiaux et al., 2007). Ces observations nous permettent d'affirmer que le « barrel cortex » est un modèle approprié pour y étudier la plasticité synaptique. Au niveau cellulaire, l'activité neuronale déclenche des cascades de signalisation intracellulaire résultant en une réponse transcriptionnelle. Afin de caractériser les voies moléculaires impliquées dans la plasticité synaptique, une puce à ARN nous a permis de comparer l'expression de gènes entre un tonneau correspondant à une vibrisse stimulée et un tonneau d'une vibrisse non-stimulée (Nathalie). Cette analyse a révélé un certain nombre de gènes régulés de manière positive ou négative par l'augmentation de l'activité neuronale. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur 10 gènes dont l'expression est fortement régulée. L'expression de sept d'entre eux a déjà été démontrée comme dépendante de l'activité neuronale (Tnncl, Nptx2, Sorcs3, Ptgs2, Nr4a2, Npas4 otAdcyapl) alors que l'expression des trois autres (Scn7a, Pcdhl5 et Cedei) n'a pour le moment pas encore été liée à la plasticité neuronale. Le but de cette thèse est de confirmer les résultats de la puce à ARN et de déterminer dans quel type cellulaire ces gènes sont exprimés. L'hybridation in situ pour le gène Pcdhl5, après différentes périodes de stimulation des vibrisses (3, 6, 9, 15 et 24 heures), nous a permis de confirmer que le seuil de 1.25x utilisé dans l'analyse de la puce à ARN est approprié pour considérer qu'un gène est régulé de manière significative par la stimulation sensorielle. Nous avons également pu confirmer à l'aide de cette technique que la stimulation sensorielle augmente significativement l'expression de ces dix gènes. L'expression de ces gènes au niveau cellulaire a été observée à l'aide des techniques d'hybridation in situ et d'immunohistochimie. Trois observations ont été faites : 1) la régulation de ces gènes est restreinte aux tonneaux correspondants aux vibrisses stimulées ; 2) au niveau d'une colonne corticale correspondant aux vibrisses stimulées, seules certaines cellules présentent une altération de leur expression génique ; 3) au niveau des tonneaux stimulés, deux profils d'expression d'ARNm et de protéines sont observés. Notre hypothèse est que cette distribution pourrait correspondre à la terminaison ségrégée des deux voies thalamocortical qui amènent l'information sensorielle dans le cortex cérébral. De plus, seul les neurones atteignant le seuil critique d'activation modifient leur expression génique en réponse à la stimulation sensorielle. Ces changements d'expression géniques vont permettre à la cellule de modifier ses propriétés structurales et physiologiques de manière a prevenir la propagation d'un excès d'activité neuronale au niveau de ses cibles postsynaptics. L'activité neuronale agit donc spécifiquement sur certains types cellulaires de maniere a induire une réponse homéostatique au niveau du réseau neuronal impliqué dans l'integration de l'information sensorielle. Nos travaux démontrent pour une première fois que les deux voies sensorielles contribuent d'une manière distincte et complémentaire à la plasticité corticale induite par un changement de l'activité sensorielle chez la souris adulte.

Localization of Brugia malayi (sub-periodic) adults in different organs of Mastomys coucha and its influence on microfilaraemia and host antibody response

Lymphatic filariasis caused by nematode parasites Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi is a spectral disease and produces wide range of immune responses and varying levels ofmicrofilaraemia in infected individuals. The relationship between the immune response of host and the developmental stage of the parasite as well as the microfilariae (mf) density and specific location of the adult worms is yet to be understood. As an experimental model, B. malayi adapted in the experimental animal Mastomys coucha has been used widely for various studies in filariasis. The present study was to assess microfilaraemia as well as the humoral immune response of M. coucha during various stages of B. malayi development and their localization in different organs. The result showed that the density of mf in the circulating blood of the experimental animal depended upon the number of female worms as well as the location and co-existence of male and female worms. The mf density in the blood increased with the increase in the number of females. The clearance of inoculated infective stage (L3) or single sex infection or segregation of male and female to different organs of infected host resulted in amicrofilaraemic condition. With respect to antibody response, those animals cleared L3 after inoculation and those with adult worm as well as mf showed low antibody levels. But those with developmental fourth stage and/or adult worms without mf showed significantly higher antibody levels.

Regulation of HCF-1 function via proteolytic maturation and HCF-1 subunit interaction

Abstract : Host-Cell Factor 1 (HCF-1) was first discovered in the study of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. HCF-1 is one of the two cellular proteins that compose the VP16-induced complex, a key activator of HSV lytic infection. lncleed, when HSV infects human cells, it is able to enter two modes of infection: lytic or latent. The V`P16-induced complex promotes the lytic mode and in so doing the virus targets important cellular regulatory proteins, such as HCF-1, to manipulate the status of the infected cell. Indeed, HCF-1 regulates human cell proliferation and the cell cycle at different steps. In human, HCF-1 is unusual in that it undergoes a process of proteolytic maturation that results from cleavages at six centrally located 26 amino acid repeats called HCF-1pro repeats. This generates a heterodimeric complex of stably associated amino- (HCF-1n) and carboxy- (HCF-1c) terminal subunits. The absence of the HCF-1 N or HCF-1; subunit leads predominantly to either G1 or M phase defects, respectively. We have hypothesized that HCF-1 forms a heterodimeric complex to permit communication between the two subunits of HCF-1 involved in regulating different phases of the cell cycle. Indeed, there is evidence for such inter-subunit communication because a point mutation called P134S in the HCF-1N subunit in the temperature-sensitive hamster cell line tsBN67 causes, addition to G1- phase defects associated with the HCF-1n subunit, M-phase defects similar to the defects seen upon loss of HCF-1 function. Furthermore, inhibition of the proteolytic maturation of HCF-1 by deletion of the six HCF-1pro repeats (HCF-1Aimo) also leads to M-phase defects, specifically cytokinesis defects leading to binucleation, indicating that there is loss of HCF-15 function in the absence of HCF-1 maturation. I demonstrate that individual point mutations in each of the six HCF-1pro repeats that prevent HCF-1 proteolytic maturation also lead to binucleation; however, this defect can be latgely rescued by the presence of just one HCF-1pRO sequence in I-ICF»1. These results argue that processing itself is important for the HCF-1g function. In fact, until now, the hypothesis was that the proteolytic processing per se is more important for HCF-1C function than the proteolytic processing region. But I show that processing per se is not sufticient to rescue multinucleation, but that the HCF-lpm sequence itself is crucial. This discovery leads to the conclusion that the I-ICF-1pRO repeats have an additional function important for HCF-le function. From the studies of others, one potential function of the HCF-lrxo tepeats is as a binding site for O-link NAcetyl glycosamine tansferase (OGT) to glycosylate an HCF-1n-sunbunit region called the Basic region. This new function suggests the Basic region of HCF-1n is also implicated in the communication between the two subunits. This inter-subunit communication was analyzed in more detail with the studies of the Pl34S mutation and the residues 382-450 region of HCF-l that when removed prevents HCF-l subunit association. I demonstrate that the point mutation also leads to a binucleation defect in Hela cells as well as in the tsBN67 cells. In addition, the effect of this mutation on the regulation of HCF-1c activity seems to interfere with that of the HCF-lpgg repeats because the sum of the deletion of the proteolytic processing region and the point mutation surprisingly leads to re-establishment of correct cytokinesis. The study of the 382-450 HCF-lN region also yielded surprising results. This region important for the association of the two subunits is also important for both HCF-1c function in M phase and G1 phase progression. Thus, I have discovered two main functions of this region: its role in the regulation of HCF-lc function in M phase and its involvement in the regulation of G1/S phase ?- an HCF-1n function. These results support the importance of inter-subunit communication in HCF-1 functions. My research illuminates the understanding of the interaction of the two subunits by showing that the whole HCF-1n subunit is involved in the inter-subunit communication in order to regulate HCF-1c function. For this work, I was concentrated on the study of cytokinesis; the first phenotype showing the role of HCF-1c in the M phase. Then, I extended the study of the M phase with analysis of steps earlier to cytokinesis. Because some defects in the chromosome segregation was already described in the absence of HCF-1, I decided to continue the study of M phase by checking effects on the chromosome segregation. I showed that the HCF-1n subunit and HCF-1pro repeats are both important for this key step of M phase. I show that the binucleation phenotype resulting from deletion or mutation in HCF-1pro repeats, Pl34S point mutation or the lack of the region 382-450 are correlated with micronuclei, and chromosome segregation and alignment defects. This suggests that HCF«lç already regulates M phase during an early step and could be involved in the complex regulation of chromosome segregation. Because one of the major roles of HCF-1 is to be a transcription regulator, I also checked the capacity of HCF-1 to bind to the chromatin in my different cell lines. All my recombinant proteins can bind the chromatin, except for, as previously described, the HCF-1 with the P134S point mutation, This suggests that the binding of HCF-1 to the chromatin is not dependant to the Basic and proteolytic regions but more to the Kelch domain. Thus, if the function of HCF-ig in M phase is dependant to its chromatin association, the intercommunication and the proteolytic region are not involved in the ability to bind to the chromatin but more to bind to the right place of the chromatin or to be associated with the co-factors. Résumé : L'étude de l'infection par le virus Herpes Simplex (HSV) a permis la découverte de la protéine HCF-1 (Host-Cell Factor). HCF-1 est une des protéines cellulaires qui font partie du complexe induit par VP16 ; ce complexe est la clef pour l'activation de la phase lytique de HSV. Afin de manipuler les cellules infectées, le complexe induit pas le VPIG devrait donc cibler les protéines importantes pour la régulation cellulaire, telles que la protéine HCF-1. Cette dernière s'avère donc être un senseur pour la cellule et devrait également jouer un rôle de régulation lors des différentes phases du cycle cellulaire. Chez l'humain, HCF-1 a la particularité de devoir passer par une phase de maturation pour devenir active. Lors de cette maturation, la protéine subit une coupure protéolytique au niveau de six répétitions composées de 26 acides aminés, appelé HCF-1pro repeats. Cette coupure engendre la formation d'un complexe formé de deux sous-unités, HCF-1n et HCF-1c, associées l'une à l'autre de façon stable. Enlever la sous-unité HCF-IN ou C entraîne respectivement des défauts dans la phase G1 et M. Nous pensons donc que HCF-1 forme un complexe hétérodimérique afin de permettre la communication entre les molécules impliquées dans la régulation des différentes phases du cycle cellulaire. Cette hypothèse est déduite suite à deux études: l'une réalisée sur la lignée cellulaire tsBN67 et l'autre portant sur l'inhibition de la maturation protéolytique. La lignée cellulaire tsBN67, sensible à la température, porte la mutation Pl 345 dans la sous-unité HCF-1n. Cette mutation, en plus d'occasionner des défauts dans la phase G1 (défauts liés à la sous-unité HCF-1N), a aussi pour conséquence d'entrainer des défauts dans la phase M, défauts similaires à ceux dus a la perte de la sous-unité HCF-1c. Quant à la maturation protéolytique, l'absence de la région de la protéolyse provoque la binucléation, défaut lié à la cytokinèse, indiquant la perte de la fonction de la sous-unité HCF-1c. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai démontré que des mutations dans les HCF-1=no repeats, qui bloquent la protéolyse, engendrent la binucléation ; cependant ce défaut peut être corrigé pas l'ajout d'un HCF-1pro repeat dans un HCF-1 ne contenant pas la région protéolytique. Ces résultats soutiennent l'idée que la région protéolytique est importante pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1c. En réalité jusqu'a maintenant on supposait que le mécanisme de coupure était plus important que la région impliquée pour la régulation de la fonction de HCF-1;. Mais mon étude montre que la protéolyse n'est pas suffisante pour éviter la binucléation ; en effet, les HCF-1pro repeats semblent jouer le rôle essentiel dans le cycle cellulaire. Cette découverte conduit à la conclusion que les HCF-1pro repeats ont sûrement une fonction autre qui serait cruciale pour la foncton de HCF-1c. Une des fonctions possibles est d'être le site de liaison de l'O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transférase (OGT) qui glycosylerait la région Basique de HCF-1n. Cette nouvelle fonction suggère que la région Basique est aussi impliquée dans la communication entre les deux sous- unités. L'intercommunication entre les deux sous-unités ai été d'ailleurs analysée plus en détail dans mon travail à travers l'étude de la mutation Pl34S et de la région 382-450, essentielle pour l'association des deux sous»unités. J'ai ainsi démontré que la mutation P134S entraînait aussi des défauts dans la cytokinése dans la lignée cellulaire Hela, de plus, son influence sur HCF-1c semble interférer avec celle de la région protéolytique. En effet, la superposition de ces deux modifications dans HCF-1 conduit au rétablissement d'une cytokinése correcte. Concernant la région 382 à 450, les résultats ont été assez surprenants, la perte de cette région provoque l'arrêt du cycle en G1 et la binucléation, ce qui tend à prouver son importance pour le bon fonctionnement de HCF-1n et de HCF-1c. Cette découverte appuie par conséquent l'hypotl1èse d'une intercommunicatzion entre les deux sous-unités mettant en jeu les différentes régions de HCF-1n. Grâce à mes recherches, j'ai pu améliorer la compréhension de l'interaction des deux sous-unités de HCF-1 en montrant que toutes les régions de HCF-1n sont engagées dans un processus d'intercommunication, dont le but est de réguler l'action de HCF-1c. J'ai également mis en évidence une nouvelle étape de la maturation de HCF-1 qui représente une phase importante pour l'activation de la fonction de HCF-1c. Afin de mettre à jour cette découverte, je me suis concentrée sur l'étude de l'impact de ces régions au niveau de la cytokinése qui fut le premier phénotype démontrant le rôle de HCF-1c dans la phase M. A ce jour, nous savons que HCF-1c joue un rôle dans la cytokinèse, nous ne connaissons pas encore sa fonction précise. Dans le but de cerner plus précisément cette fonction, j'ai investigué des étapes ultérieures ai la cytokinèse. Des défauts dans la ségrégation des chromosomes avaient déjà été observés, ai donc continué l'étude en prouvant que HCF-1n et les HCF-1pro repeats sont aussi importants pour le bon fonctionnement de cette étape clef également régulée par HCF-1c. J' ai aussi montré que la région 382-450 et la mutation P134S sont associées à un taux élevé de micronoyaux, de défauts dans la ségrégation des chromosomes. L'une des fonctions principales de HCF-1 étant la régulation de la transcription, j'ai aussi contrôlé la capacité de HCF-1 à se lier à la chromatine après insertion de mutations ou délétions dans HCF-1n et dans la région protéolytique. Or, à l'exception des HCF-1 contenant la mutation P134S, la sous-unité HCF-1c des HCF-1 tronquées se lie correctement à la chromatine. Cette constatation suggère que la liaison entre HCF-1c et chromatine n'est pas dépendante de la région Basique ou Protéolytique mais peut-être vraisemblablement de la région Kelch. Donc si le rôle de HCF-1c est dépendant de sa capacité â activer la transcription, l'intercommunication entre les deux sous-unités et la région protéolytique joueraient un rôle important non pas dans son habileté à se lier à la chromatine, mais dans la capacité de HCF-1 à s'associer aux co-facteurs ou à se placer sur les bonnes régions du génome.

Diverse population dynamics of three Anopheles species belonging to the Triannulatus Complex (Diptera: Culicidae)

The Triannulatus Complex of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) consists of at least three sibling species, namely Anopheles triannulatus s.s., Anopheles halophylus and a third undescribed member herein referred to as An. triannulatus "C". Sympatric anophelines belonging to species complexes, even though closely related, may exploit different environments such as larval habitats. In this paper we hypothesize that rainfall and seasonal flooding would distinctly influence the availability of larval habitats and consequently the seasonal population dynamics of sympatric members of the Triannulatus Complex. A reflection of this is distinct seasonal biting frequencies exhibited by three members of the Triannulatus Complex at a site in Central Brazil. Population dynamics seem to be influenced by the water level in the local rivers, although biting frequency of all three species was negatively influenced by rainfall. An. triannulatus s.s. was more abundant following the end of the rainy season, but notably 30 to 60 days after flooding. On the other hand, An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C peaked during the middle of the dry season, when water impoundments have no inflow, are somewhat reduced in size and the water becomes brackish. Differences in population dynamics were greater between An. triannulatus s.s. and An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C than between An. halophylus and An. triannulatus C. This might reflect differences in larval habitat exploitation and therefore spatial segregation among these members of the complex.

Notch signaling is required for normal prostatic epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation.

Notch pathway is crucial for stem/progenitor cell maintenance, growth and differentiation in a variety of tissues. Using a transgenic cell ablation approach, we found in our previous study that cells expressing Notch1 are crucial for prostate early development and re-growth. Here, we further define the role of Notch signaling in regulating prostatic epithelial cell growth and differentiation using biochemical and genetic approaches in ex vivo or in vivo systems. Treatment of developing prostate grown in culture with inhibitors of gamma-secretase/presenilin, which is required for Notch cleavage and activation, caused a robust increase in proliferation of epithelial cells co-expressing cytokeratin 8 and 14, lack of luminal/basal layer segregation and dramatically reduced branching morphogenesis. Using conditional Notch1 gene deletion mouse models, we found that inactivation of Notch1 signaling resulted in profound prostatic alterations, including increased tufting, bridging and enhanced epithelial proliferation. Cells within these lesions co-expressed both luminal and basal cell markers, a feature of prostatic epithelial cells in predifferentiation developmental stages. Microarray analysis revealed that the gene expression in a number of genetic networks was altered following Notch1 gene deletion in prostate. Furthermore, expression of Notch1 and its effector Hey-1 gene in human prostate adenocarcinomas were found significantly down-regulated compared to normal control tissues. Taken together, these data suggest that Notch signaling is critical for normal cell proliferation and differentiation in the prostate, and deregulation of this pathway may facilitate prostatic tumorigenesis.

Chromosome variability in the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius pallescens (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Rhodniini)

Rhodnius pallescens is the main vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in Panama and one of the most relevant secondary vectors in Colombia. Despite the importance of this species, there is limited knowledge about the genetic variability along its geographical distribution. In order to evaluate the degree of karyotype variability we analyzed the meiotic behavior and banding pattern of the chromosomes of 112 males of R. pallescens coming from different regions of Colombia and Panama. Using the C-banding technique we identified two chromosomal patterns or cytotypes characterized by differences in the amount, size and distribution of constitutive heterochromatic regions in the chromosome complement (2n = 20 autosomes plus XY in males). The individuals can be easily classified in each cytotype by the analysis of the chromosomes during first meiotic prophase. The frequencies of the cytotypes are variable according to the geographic origin of the populations. This chromosomal divergence together with morphological data supports the existence of three genetically different populations of R. pallescens and provides new information to understand the distribution dynamics of this species.

Biological and genetic aspects of experimental hybrids from species of the Phyllosoma complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)

The present work is a thorough investigation of the degree of reproductive isolation between Meccus mazzottii and Meccus longipennis, Meccus picturatus, Meccus pallidipennis and Meccus bassolsae, as well as between M. longipennis and M. picturatus. We examined fertility and segregation of morphological characteristics in two generations of hybrids derived from crosses between these species. The percentage of pairs with (fertile) offspring was highest in the set of crosses between M. longipennis and M. picturatus, and lowest between M. mazzottii and M. picturatus. Most first-generation (F1) individuals from crosses involving M. mazzottii were morphologically similar to this species, while only F1 x F1 progeny of parental crosses between M. mazzottii and M. longipennis had offspring second generation that looked like M. mazzottii. The results indicate that different degrees of reproductive isolation apparently exist among the species of the Phyllosoma complex examined in this study. The biological evidence obtained in this study does not support the proposal that M. longipennis and M. picturatus are full species. It could indicate on the contrary, that both could be considered as subspecies of a single polytypic species. On the other hand, biological evidence supports the proposal that M. mazzottii is a full species.

Auditory spatial deficits following hemispheric lesions: Dissociation of explicit and implicit processing.

Auditory spatial deficits occur frequently after hemispheric damage; a previous case report suggested that the explicit awareness of sound positions, as in sound localisation, can be impaired while the implicit use of auditory cues for the segregation of sound objects in noisy environments remains preserved. By assessing systematically patients with a first hemispheric lesion, we have shown that (1) explicit and/or implicit use can be disturbed; (2) impaired explicit vs. preserved implicit use dissociations occur rather frequently; and (3) different types of sound localisation deficits can be associated with preserved implicit use. Conceptually, the dissociation between the explicit and implicit use may reflect the dual-stream dichotomy of auditory processing. Our results speak in favour of systematic assessments of auditory spatial functions in clinical settings, especially when adaptation to auditory environment is at stake. Further, systematic studies are needed to link deficits of explicit vs. implicit use to disability in everyday activities, to design appropriate rehabilitation strategies, and to ascertain how far the explicit and implicit use of spatial cues can be retrained following brain damage.