Interleukins (IL)-1 and IL-2 control IL-2 receptor alpha and beta expression in immature thymocytes.

Functional high-affinity interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R) contain three transmembrane proteins, IL-2R alpha, beta and gamma. We have investigated the expression of IL-2R alpha and beta genes in immature mouse thymocytes. Previous work has shown that during differentiation these cells transiently express IL-2R alpha on their surface. Stimulation of IL-2R alpha+ and IL-2R alpha- immature thymocytes with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore induces synthesis of IL-2R alpha and IL-2R beta mRNA. Most of this response depends on autocrine stimulation by IL-2. IL-1 synergizes with IL-2 to induce a 120-fold increase in IL-2R alpha mRNA and a 14-fold increase in IL-2R beta mRNA levels. A large proportion of the stimulated cells contains both transcripts. These interleukins do not induce any differentiation to more mature phenotypes. Collectively, these results show that IL-2 plays a major role in the regulation of IL-2R expression in normal immature thymocyte. We suggest that this response to interleukins may be part of a homeostatic mechanism to increase the production of immature thymocytes during stress.

La reconnaissance du capital immatériel: quels enjeux pour l'évaluation d'entreprise?

Le capital immatériel a pris une importance croissante dans de nombreuses entreprises, mais les règles comptables ne permettent généralement pas de faire figurer ses composantes dans les états financiers publiés en fin d'année. Cet article se focalise sur les conséquences de la normalisation comptable actuelle sur l'évaluation des entreprises. Il discute également du rôle des informations extra comptables sur les actifs immatériels, divulguées volontairement par les entreprises pour aider les investisseurs à évaluer les entreprises. Enfin, le rôle des analystes financiers est évoqué : leur expertise devient essentielle pour apprécier l'impact du capital immatériel sur le devenir des entreprises et, par conséquent sur leur valeur.

The views of rich Europeans are more likely to be reflected by political parties than those of poorer citizens

How does income inequality affect political representation? Jan Rosset, Nathalie Giger and Julian Bernauer examine whether politicians represent the views of poorer and richer citizens equally. They find that in 43 out of the 49 elections included in their analysis, the preferences of low-income citizens are located further away from the policy positions of the closest political party than those with mid-range incomes. This suggests that income inequality may spill-over into political inequalities, although it is less clear whether this effect is likely to get better or worse as a result of the Eurozone crisis.

Do we fear tax competition among new and old European countries ?

The purpose of this paper is to study both theoretically and empirically tax competition in the enlarged EU and to provide some insights on ongoing reforms concerning business taxation. We support the idea that even if one can observe cuts in "new" members statutory business tax rates, this should not result in fiercer tax competition between the "core" and "the "periphery" since infrastructure endowments and the existence of agglomeration rents in the core of the EU may prevent (at least partially) activities to relocate to the "new" members.

What is the value of forensic science? : an overview of the effectiveness of forensic science in the Australian criminal justice system project

Forensic science is increasingly relied upon by law enforcement to assist in solvingcrime and gaining convictions, and by the judicial system in the adjudication ofspecific criminal cases. However, the value of forensic science relative to the workinvolved and the outcome of cases has yet to be established in the Australiancontext. Previous research in this area has mainly focused on the science andtechnology, rather than examining how people can use forensic services/science tothe best possible advantage to produce appropriate justice outcomes. This fiveyearproject entails an investigation into the effectiveness of forensic science inpolice investigations and court trials. It aims to identify when, where and howforensic science can add value to criminal investigations, court trials and justiceoutcomes while ensuring the efficient use of available resources initially in theVictorian and the ACT criminal justice systems and ultimately across Australiaand New Zealand. This paper provides an overview of the rationale and aims ofthe research project and discusses current work-in-progress.

AltitudeOmics: The Integrative Physiology of Human Acclimatization to Hypobaric Hypoxia and Its Retention upon Reascent.

An understanding of human responses to hypoxia is important for the health of millions of people worldwide who visit, live, or work in the hypoxic environment encountered at high altitudes. In spite of dozens of studies over the last 100 years, the basic mechanisms controlling acclimatization to hypoxia remain largely unknown. The AltitudeOmics project aimed to bridge this gap. Our goals were 1) to describe a phenotype for successful acclimatization and assess its retention and 2) use these findings as a foundation for companion mechanistic studies. Our approach was to characterize acclimatization by measuring changes in arterial oxygenation and hemoglobin concentration [Hb], acute mountain sickness (AMS), cognitive function, and exercise performance in 21 subjects as they acclimatized to 5260 m over 16 days. We then focused on the retention of acclimatization by having subjects reascend to 5260 m after either 7 (n = 14) or 21 (n = 7) days at 1525 m. At 16 days at 5260 m we observed: 1) increases in arterial oxygenation and [Hb] (compared to acute hypoxia: PaO2 rose 9±4 mmHg to 45±4 while PaCO2 dropped a further 6±3 mmHg to 21±3, and [Hb] rose 1.8±0.7 g/dL to 16±2 g/dL; 2) no AMS; 3) improved cognitive function; and 4) improved exercise performance by 8±8% (all changes p<0.01). Upon reascent, we observed retention of arterial oxygenation but not [Hb], protection from AMS, retention of exercise performance, less retention of cognitive function; and noted that some of these effects lasted for 21 days. Taken together, these findings reveal new information about retention of acclimatization, and can be used as a physiological foundation to explore the molecular mechanisms of acclimatization and its retention.

Le scaphandre et le papillon et l'adaptation filmique du "je" littéraire: l'oeil qui écrit

Lorsque le cinéaste Julian Schnabel propose, dix ans après la sortie du livre "Le scaphandre et le papillon" de Jean-Dominique Bauby (1997), une "adaptation" de cette autobiographie, il prend pour sujet sa création même, en plaçant au premier plan les éléments qui, dans le péritexte, thématisaient les conditions de l'écriture. Bauby a en effet écrit cette autobiographie alors qu'il souffrait de locked-in syndrome, étant entièrement paralysé à l'exception de son oeil gauche. C'est avec l'oeil qu'il écrivait, dictant chaque lettre d'un battement de cils tandis qu'une assistante récitait à voix haute un code alphabétique. L'acte d'écriture devenait ainsi une performance audiovisuelle, saisissable cinématographiquement. Or, cet article montre comment Schnabel complexifie ce dispositif en faisant "plonger" le spectateur dans l'univers intérieur de Bauby à l'aide de procédés filmiques (caméra subjective, voix over à la première personne, flashbacks, visions) qui permettent de transposer toute la poésie et la force du texte. Narrant au "je" la vie, la pensée et les sens qui vibrent derrière les battements d'"aile" de cet oeil-papillon, cette autobiographie traduit de fait un univers visionnaire que Bauby lui-même appelle son "cinéma personnel". Schnabel actualise cette métaphore avec son film qui repousse les limites de la focalisation interne et met en abyme les pouvoirs du cinéma.