Essays on firm efficiency with imperfectly competitive input markets: an empirical analysis

In the thesis I exploit an empirical analysis on firm'’s productivity. I relate the efficiency at plant level with the input market features and I suggest an estimation technique for production function that takes into account firm'’s liquidity constraints. The main results are three. When I consider services as inputs for manufacturing firm’'s production process, I find that more competition in service sector affects positively plant’s productivity and export decision. Secondly liquidity constraints are important for the calculation of firm'’s productivity because they are a second source of firm's heterogeneity. Third liquidity constraints are important for firm'’s internationalization

Risposta del Meiobenthos all'input di detrito da barriere artificiali

Le aree costiere hanno un ruolo fondamentale nello sviluppo economico, sociale e politico della maggior parte dei paesi; esse supportano infatti diversi ecosistemi produttivi che rendono disponibili beni e servizi. L'importanza economica delle aree costiere è destinata a una considerevole crescita a causa del costante aumento delle popolazioni, delle industrie e delle attività  ricreazionali che si concentrano sempre di più sulle coste e ciò può provocare un'alterazione delle linee di costa, imputabile a più fattori e un deterioramento delle condizioni naturali. E' necessario anche tenere da conto dei processi erosivi, sia imputabili a cause naturali (correnti oceaniche, movimenti di marea; azione del vento) sia a cause antropiche (subsidenza del terreno indotta dall'uomo, dragaggio al largo, riduzione del rifornimento di sedimento dai fiumi, distruzione di letti algali, paludi e dune sabbiose). A questo panorama va poi aggiunto il problema dell'innalzamento del livello del mare e dell'aumento delle frequenze di tempeste, come conseguenza del cambiamento climatico globale. In questo contesto quindi, le strutture rigide di difesa contro l'erosione e le mareggiate sono diventate molto comuni nelle aree costiere, coinvolgendo in alcune regioni più della metà della linea di costa. Il meccanismo di difesa attuato dalle barriere consiste nel provocare una riduzione dell'energia delle onde e conseguentemente in una limitazione della quantità di sedimento che viene da loro rimosso dalla spiaggia. La presenza di strutture rigide di difesa generalmente comporta una perdita di habitat di fondale molle e, a causa delle variazioni idrodinamiche che la loro presenza comporta, anche delle comunità ad esso associate, sia su scala locale, che su scala regionale. Uno dei problemi che tali strutture possono indurre è l'eccessiva deposizione di detrito prodotto dalle specie che si insediano sul substrato duro artificiale, che normalmente non fanno parte delle comunità "naturali" di fondo molle circostanti le strutture. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di cercare di evidenziare gli effetti che la deposizione di tale detrito potesse avere sulle comunita meiobentoniche di fondale molle. A tale fine è stata campionata un'area antistante la località di Lido di Dante (RA), la quale è protetta dal 1996 da una struttura artificiale, per fronteggiare il problema dell'erosione della zona, in aumento negli ultimi decenni. La struttura è costituita da una barriera semisoffolta e tre pennelli, di cui uno completamente collegato alla barriera. A circa 50 m dalla barriera, e alla profondità di 4 m circa, è stato allestito un esperimento manipolativo in cui è stato valutato l'effetto della deposizione delle due specie dominanti colonizzanti la barriera, Ulva sp. e Mitili sp. sull'ambiente bentonico, e in particolare sulla comunità  di meiofauna. Ulva e Mitili sono stati posti in sacche di rete che sono state depositate sul fondo al fine di simulare la deposizione naturale di detrito, e tali sacche hanno costituito i trattamenti dell'esperimento, i quali sono stati confrontati con un Controllo, costituito da sedimento non manipolato, e un Controllo Procedurale, costituito da una sacca vuota. Il campionamento è stato fatto in tre occasioni nel giugno 2009 (dopo 2 giorni, dopo 7 giorni e dopo 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento) per seguire la dinamica temporale degli effetti del detrito. Per ogni combinazione tempo/trattamento sono state prelevate 4 repliche, per un totale di 48 campioni. Successivamente sono stati prelevati ulteriori campioni di meiofauna in condizioni naturali. In particolare sono stati raccolti in due Posizioni diverse, all'Interno e all'Esterno del pennello posto più a Sud, e su due substrati differenti, rispettivamente Ulva proveniente dalle barriere e sedimento privo di detrito. Per ogni combinazione Posizione/Substrato sono state prelevate 3 repliche, ottenendo un totale di 12 campioni. Tutti i campioni prelevati sono stati poi trattati in laboratorio tramite la procedura di filtratura, pulizia e centrifuga indicata dal protocollo. A questa fase è seguito il sorting al microscopio, durante il quale la meiofauna è stata identificata ed enumerata a livello di taxa maggiori. Per quanto riguarda il taxon più abbondante, quello dei Nematodi, si è proceduto anche all'analisi della distribuzione della biomassa per classi di taglia, in quanto descrittore funzionale delle comunità. Per la costruzione degli spettri di biomassa per classi di taglia sono state misurate la lunghezza e larghezza dei primi 100 Nematodi presenti nei campioni. A partire da tali valori dimensionali è stata calcolata la biomassa di ogni individuo, usata poi per la costruzione dei size spectra, tramite tre metodiche messe a confronto: "Nematode Biomass Spectra" (NBS), "Normalised Nematode Biomass Spectra"(NNBS), "Mean Cumulative Biomass Spectra" (MC-NBS). Successivamente la composizione e la struttura della comunità meiobentonica, in termini di consistenza numerica e di rapporti reciproci di densità degli organismi che la compongono e variabili dimensionali, sono state analizzate mediante tecniche di analisi univariate e multivariate. Ciò che emerge generalmente dai risultati dell'esperimento è la mancanza di interazione significativa tra i due fattori, tempi e trattamenti, mentre sono risultati significativi i due fattori principali, considerati singolarmente. Tali esiti sono probabilmente imputabili all'elevata variabilità fra campioni dei trattamenti e delle patches di controllo. Nonostante ciò l'analisi dei risultati ottenuti permette di effettuare alcune considerazioni interessanti. L'analisi univariata ha mostrato che nel confronto tra trattamenti non ci sono differenze significative nel numero medio di taxa rinvenuti, mentre il livello di diversità e di equidistribuzione degli individui nei taxa differisce in maniera significativa, indicando che la struttura delle comunità varia in funzione dei trattamenti e non in funzione del tempo. Nel trattamento Ulva si osservano le densità più elevate della meiofauna totale imputabile prevalentemente alla densità dei Nematodi. Tuttavia, i valori di diversità e di equiripartizione non sono risultati più elevati nei campioni di Ulva, bensì in quelli di Mitili. Tale differenza potrebbe essere imputabile all'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni di Mitili. Questo andamento è stato giustificato dai differenti tempi di degradazione di Mitili e Ulva posti nelle sacche durante l'esperimento, dai quali emerge una più rapida degradazione di Ulva; inoltre la dimensione ridotta della patch analizzata, i limitati tempi di permanenza fanno sì che l'Ulva non rappresenti un fattore di disturbo per la comunità analizzata. Basandosi su questo concetto risulta dunque difficile spiegare l'inferiorità numerica dei Nematodi nei campioni del trattamento Mitili, in quanto i tempi di degradazione durante l'esperimento sono risultati più lenti, ma è anche vero che è nota l'elevata resistenza dei Nematodi ai fenomeni di ipossia/anossia creata da fenomeni di arricchimento organico. E' possibile però ipotizzare che la presenza delle valve dei Mitili aumenti la complessità dell'habitat e favorisca la colonizzazione da parte di più specie, tra cui specie predatrici. Tale effetto di predazione potrebbe provocare la riduzione dell'abbondanza media dei Nematodi rispetto a Ulva e al Controllo, in quanto i Nematodi costituiscono circa l'85% della meiofauna totale rinvenuta nei campioni. A tale riduzione numerica, però, non corrisponde un decremento dei valori medi di biomassa rilevati, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'arricchimento organico dovuto ai Mitili stessi favorisca la permanenza degli individui più facilmente adattabili a tali condizioni e di dimensioni maggiori, oppure, la colonizzazione in tempi successivi delle patches a Mitili da parte di individui più grandi. Anche i risultati dell'analisi multivariata sono in accordo con quanto rilevato dall'analisi univariata. Oltre alle differenze tra tempi si evidenzia anche un'evoluzione della comunità nel tempo, in particolar modo dopo 7 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento, quando si registrano il maggior numero di individui meiobentonici e il maggior numero di taxa presenti. Il taxon che ha risentito maggiormente dell'influenza dei tempi è quello degli Anfipodi, con densità maggiori nei campioni prelevati al secondo tempo e sul trattamento Ulva. E'importante considerare questo aspetto in quanto gli Anfipodi sono animali che comprendono alcune specie detritivore e altre carnivore; le loro abitudini detritivore potrebbero quindi aumentare il consumo e la degradazione di Ulva, spiegando anche la loro abbondanza maggiore all'interno di questo trattamento, mentre le specie carnivore potrebbero concorrere al decremento del numero medio di Nematodi nei Mitili. Un risultato inatteso della sperimentazione riguarda l'assenza di differenze significative tra trattamenti e controlli, come invece era lecito aspettarsi. Risultati maggiormente significativi sono emersi dall'analisi del confronto tra sedimento privo di detrito e sedimento contenente Ulva provenienti dal contesto naturale. Relativamente all'area esterna alla barriera, sono stati confrontati sedimento privo di detrito e quello sottostante l'Ulva, nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali. Globalmente notiamo che all'esterno della barriera gli indici univariati, le densità totali di meiofauna, di Nematodi e il numero di taxa, si comportano in maniera analoga nelle condizioni sperimentali e naturali, riportando valori medi maggiori nei campioni prelevati sotto l'Ulva, rispetto a quelli del sedimento privo di detrito. Differente appare invece l'andamento delle variabili e degli indici suddetti riguardanti i campioni prelevati nell'area racchiusa all'interno della barriera, dove invece i valori medi maggiori si rilevano nei campioni prelevati nel sedimento privo di detrito. Tali risultati possono essere spiegati dall'alterazione dell'idrodinamismo esercitato dalla barriera, il quale provoca maggiori tempi di residenza del detrito con conseguente arricchimento di materia organica nell'area interna alla barriera. Le comunità dei sedimenti di quest'area saranno quindi adattate a tale condizioni, ma la deposizione di Ulva in un contesto simile può aggravare la situazione comportando la riduzione delle abbondanze medie dei Nematodi e degli altri organismi meiobentonici sopracitata. Per quel che riguarda i size spectra la tecnica che illustra i risultati in maniera più evidente è quella dei Nematode Biomass Spectra. I risultati statistici fornitici dai campioni dell'esperimento, non evidenziano effetti significativi dei trattamenti, ma a livello visivo, l'osservazione dei grafici evidenzia valori medi di biomassa maggiori nei Nematodi rilevati sui Mitili rispetto a quelli rilevati su Ulva. Differenze significative si rilevano invece a livello dei tempi: a 21 giorni dall'allestimento dell'esperimento infatti, le biomasse dei Nematodi misurati sono più elevate. Relativamente invece ai size spectra costruiti per l'ambiente naturale, mostrano andamento e forma completamente diversi e con differenze significative tra l'interno e l'esterno della barriera; sembra infatti che la biomassa nella zona interna sia inibita, portando a densità maggiori di Nematodi, ma di dimensioni minori. All'esterno della barriera troviamo invece una situazione differente tra i due substrati. Nel sedimento prelevato sotto l'Ulva sembra infatti che siano prevalenti le classi dimensionali maggiori, probabilmente a causa del fatto che l'Ulva tende a soffocare le specie detritivore, permettendo la sopravvivenza delle specie più grosse, composte da predatori poco specializzati, i quali si cibano degli organismi presenti sull'Ulva stessa. Nel sedimento privo di detrito, invece, la distribuzione all'interno delle classi segue un andamento completamente diverso, mostrando una forma del size spectra più regolare. In base a questo si può ipotizzare che la risposta a questo andamento sia da relazionarsi alla capacità di movimento dei Nematodi: a causa della loro conformazione muscolare i Nematodi interstiziali di dimensioni minori sono facilitati nel movimento in un substrato con spazi interstiziali ridotti, come sono nel sedimento sabbioso, invece Nematodi di dimensioni maggiori sono più facilitati in sedimenti con spazi interstiziali maggiori, come l'Ulva. Globalmente si evidenzia una risposta della comunità  bentonica all'incremento di detrito proveniente dalla struttura rigida artificiale, ma la risposta dipende dal tipo di detrito e dai tempi di residenza del detrito stesso, a loro volta influenzati dal livello di alterazione del regime idrodinamico che la struttura comporta. Si evince inoltre come dal punto di vista metodologico, le analisi univariate, multivariate e dei size spectra riescano a porre l'accento su diverse caratteristiche strutturali e funzionali della comunità. Rimane comunque il fatto che nonostante la comunità scientifica stia studiando metodiche "taxonomic free" emerge che, se da un lato queste possono risultare utili, dall'altro, per meglio comprendere l'evoluzione di comunità, è necessaria un'analisi più specifica che punti all'identificazione almeno delle principali famiglie. E'importante infine considerare che l'effetto riscontrato in questo studio potrebbe diventare particolarmente significativo nel momento in cui venisse esteso alle centinaia di km di strutture artificiali che caratterizzano ormai la maggior parte delle coste, la cui gestione dovrebbe tenere conto non soltanto delle esigenze economico-turistiche, e non dovrebbe prescindere dalla conoscenza del contesto ambientale in cui si inseriscono, in quanto, affiancati a conseguenze generali di tali costruzioni, si incontrano molti effetti sitospecifici.

Language and Embodiment: sensory-motor and linguistic-social experience. Evidence on sentence comprehension

In this work I address the study of language comprehension in an “embodied” framework. Firstly I show behavioral evidence supporting the idea that language modulates the motor system in a specific way, both at a proximal level (sensibility to the effectors) and at the distal level (sensibility to the goal of the action in which the single motor acts are inserted). I will present two studies in which the method is basically the same: we manipulated the linguistic stimuli (the kind of sentence: hand action vs. foot action vs. mouth action) and the effector by which participants had to respond (hand vs. foot vs. mouth; dominant hand vs. non-dominant hand). Response times analyses showed a specific modulation depending on the kind of sentence: participants were facilitated in the task execution (sentence sensibility judgment) when the effector they had to use to respond was the same to which the sentences referred. Namely, during language comprehension a pre-activation of the motor system seems to take place. This activation is analogous (even if less intense) to the one detectable when we practically execute the action described by the sentence. Beyond this effector specific modulation, we also found an effect of the goal suggested by the sentence. That is, the hand effector was pre-activated not only by hand-action-related sentences, but also by sentences describing mouth actions, consistently with the fact that to execute an action on an object with the mouth we firstly have to bring it to the mouth with the hand. After reviewing the evidence on simulation specificity directly referring to the body (for instance, the kind of the effector activated by the language), I focus on the specific properties of the object to which the words refer, particularly on the weight. In this case the hypothesis to test was if both lifting movement perception and lifting movement execution are modulated by language comprehension. We used behavioral and kinematics methods, and we manipulated the linguistic stimuli (the kind of sentence: the lifting of heavy objects vs. the lifting of light objects). To study the movement perception we measured the correlations between the weight of the objects lifted by an actor (heavy objects vs. light objects) and the esteems provided by the participants. To study the movement execution we measured kinematics parameters variance (velocity, acceleration, time to the first peak of velocity) during the actual lifting of objects (heavy objects vs. light objects). Both kinds of measures revealed that language had a specific effect on the motor system, both at a perceptive and at a motoric level. Finally, I address the issue of the abstract words. Different studies in the “embodied” framework tried to explain the meaning of abstract words The limit of these works is that they account only for subsets of phenomena, so results are difficult to generalize. We tried to circumvent this problem by contrasting transitive verbs (abstract and concrete) and nouns (abstract and concrete) in different combinations. The behavioral study was conducted both with German and Italian participants, as the two languages are syntactically different. We found that response times were faster for both the compatible pairs (concrete verb + concrete noun; abstract verb + abstract noun) than for the mixed ones. Interestingly, for the mixed combinations analyses showed a modulation due to the specific language (German vs. Italian): when the concrete word precedes the abstract one responses were faster, regardless of the word grammatical class. Results are discussed in the framework of current views on abstract words. They highlight the important role of developmental and social aspects of language use, and confirm theories assigning a crucial role to both sensorimotor and linguistic experience for abstract words.

Microrganismi probiotici per le piante: una strategia di riduzione degli input nella coltura del pomodoro col metodo biologico

In the recent years, consumers became more aware and sensible in respect to environment and food safety matters. They are more and more interested in organic agriculture and markets and tend to prefer ‘organic’ products more than their traditional counterparts. To increase the quality and reduce the cost of production in organic and low-input agriculture, the 6FP-European “QLIF” project investigated the use of natural products such as bio-inoculants. They are mostly composed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and other microorganisms, so-called “plant probiotic” microorganisms (PPM), because they help keeping an high yield, even under abiotic and biotic stressful conditions. Italian laws (DLgs 217, 2006) have recently included them as “special fertilizers”. This thesis focuses on the use of special fertilizers when growing tomatoes with organic methods in open field conditions, and the effects they induce on yield, quality and microbial rhizospheric communities. The primary objective was to achieve a better understanding of how plant-probiotic micro-flora management could buffer future reduction of external inputs, while keeping tomato fruit yield, quality and system sustainability. We studied microbial rhizospheric communities with statistical, molecular and histological methods. This work have demonstrated that long-lasting introduction of inoculum positively affected micorrhizal colonization and resistance against pathogens. Instead repeated introduction of compost negatively affected tomato quality, likely because it destabilized the ripening process, leading to over-ripening and increasing the amount of not-marketable product. Instead. After two years without any significant difference, the third year extreme combinations of inoculum and compost inputs (low inoculum with high amounts of compost, or vice versa) increased mycorrhizal colonization. As a result, in order to reduce production costs, we recommend using only inoculum rather than compost. Secondly, this thesis analyses how mycorrhizal colonization varies in respect to different tomato cultivars and experimental field locations. We found statistically significant differences between locations and between arbuscular colonization patterns per variety. To confirm these histological findings, we started a set of molecular experiments. The thesis discusses preliminary results and recommends their continuation and refinement to gather the complete results.

Peer and group relationships in preschoolers: the role of social and linguistic skills

Being able to positively interact and build relationships with playmates in preschool years is crucial to achieve positive adjustment. An update review and two studies on such topics were provided. Study 1 is observational; it investigates the type of social experience in groups (N = 443) of children (N = 120) at preschool age in child-led vs. teacher-led contexts. The results revealed that in child-led contexts children were more likely to be alone, in dyads, and in small peer groups; groups were mostly characterized by same-gender playmates who engaged in joint interactions, with few social interactions with teachers. In teacher-led contexts, on the other hand, children were more likely to be involved in small, medium and large groups; groups were mostly characterized by other-gender playmates, involved in parallel interactions, with teachers playing a more active role. The purpose of Study 2 was to describe the development of socio-emotional competence, temperamental traits and linguistic skill. It examined the role of children’s reciprocated nominations (=RNs) with peers, assessed via sociometric interview, in relation to socio-emotional competence, temperamental traits and linguistic skill. Finally, the similarity-homophily tendency was investigated. Socio-emotional competence and temperamental traits were assessed via teacher ratings, linguistic skill via test administration. Eighty-four preschool children (M age = 62.53) were recruited within 4 preschool settings. Those children were quite representative of preschool population. The results revealed that children with higher RNs showed higher social competence (tendency), social orientation, positive emotionality, motor activity and linguistic skill. They exhibited lower anxiety-withdrawal. The results also showed that children prefer playmates with similar features: social competence, anger-aggression (tendency), social orientation, positive emotionality, inhibition to innovation, attention, motor activity (tendency) and linguistic skill. Implications for future research were suggested.

Assessment of Daily Life Mobility Levels using Wearable Inertial Sensors and Minimun Measured Input Models

Tracking activities during daily life and assessing movement parameters is essential for complementing the information gathered in confined environments such as clinical and physical activity laboratories for the assessment of mobility. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are used as to monitor the motion of human movement for prolonged periods of time and without space limitations. The focus in this study was to provide a robust, low-cost and an unobtrusive solution for evaluating human motion using a single IMU. First part of the study focused on monitoring and classification of the daily life activities. A simple method that analyses the variations in signal was developed to distinguish two types of activity intervals: active and inactive. Neural classifier was used to classify active intervals; the angle with respect to gravity was used to classify inactive intervals. Second part of the study focused on extraction of gait parameters using a single inertial measurement unit (IMU) attached to the pelvis. Two complementary methods were proposed for gait parameters estimation. First method was a wavelet based method developed for the estimation of gait events. Second method was developed for estimating step and stride length during level walking using the estimations of the previous method. A special integration algorithm was extended to operate on each gait cycle using a specially designed Kalman filter. The developed methods were also applied on various scenarios. Activity monitoring method was used in a PRIN’07 project to assess the mobility levels of individuals living in a urban area. The same method was applied on volleyball players to analyze the fitness levels of them by monitoring their daily life activities. The methods proposed in these studies provided a simple, unobtrusive and low-cost solution for monitoring and assessing activities outside of controlled environments.

Wheat and low-input agriculture: agronomic, nutritional and nutraceutical implications

Recently, the increasing interest in organic food products and environmental friendly practices has emphasized the importance of selecting crop varieties suitable for the low-input systems. Additionally, in recent years the relationship between diet and human health has gained much attention among consumers, favoring the investigations on food nutraceutical properties. Among cereals, wheat plays an important role in human nutrition around the world and contributes to the daily intake of essential nutrients such as starch and protein. Moreover, whole grain contains several bioactive compounds that confer to wheat-derived products unique nutraceutical properties (dietary fibre, antioxidants). The present research provided interesting insights for the selection of wheat genotypes suitable for low-input systems and the development of specific breeding programs dedicated to organic farming. The investigation involved 5 old not dwarf genotypes (Andriolo, Frassineto, Gentil rosso, Inallettabile, Verna) and 1 modern dwarf variety (Palesio), grown under biodynamic management, over two consecutive growing seasons (2009/2010, 2010/2011). Results evidenced that under low-input farming some investigated old wheat genotypes (Frassineto, Inallettabile) were comparable to the modern cultivar in terms of whole agronomic performance. As regards the nutritional and nutraceutical properties, some old genotypes (Andriolo, Gentil rosso, Verna) emerged for their relevant content of several investigated phytochemicals (such as insoluble dietary fibre, polyphenols, flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity) and nutrients (protein, lipid, minerals). Despite of the low technological features, the six wheat varieties grown under low-input management may efficiently provide raw material for the preparation of traditionally processed bread with valuable sensory and nutritional properties. Results highlighted that old wheat varieties have peculiar phytochemical composition and may be a valuable source of nutraceutical compounds. Some of the genetic material involved in the present study may be used in breeding programs aimed at selecting varieties suitable for low-input farming and rich in health-promoting compounds.

Design, development and first evaluation of a client/server system for managing and querying linguistic corpora

This thesis is concerned with the role played by software tools in the analysis and dissemination of linguistic corpora and their contribution to a more widespread adoption of corpora in different fields. Chapter 1 contains an overview of some of the most relevant corpus analysis tools available today, presenting their most interesting features and some of their drawbacks. Chapter 2 begins with an explanation of the reasons why none of the available tools appear to satisfy the requirements of the user community and then continues with technical overview of the current status of the new system developed as part of this work. This presentation is followed by highlights of features that make the system appealing to users and corpus builders (i.e. scholars willing to make their corpora available to the public). The chapter concludes with an indication of future directions for the projects and information on the current availability of the software. Chapter 3 describes the design of an experiment devised to evaluate the usability of the new system in comparison to another corpus tool. Usage of the tool was tested in the context of a documentation task performed on a real assignment during a translation class in a master's degree course. In chapter 4 the findings of the experiment are presented on two levels of analysis: firstly a discussion on how participants interacted with and evaluated the two corpus tools in terms of interface and interaction design, usability and perceived ease of use. Then an analysis follows of how users interacted with corpora to complete the task and what kind of queries they submitted. Finally, some general conclusions are drawn and areas for future work are outlined.

Comparing genetic and linguistic diversity in African populations with a focus on the Khoisan of southern Africa

The interaction between disciplines in the study of human population history is of primary importance, profiting from the biological and cultural characteristics of humankind. In fact, data from genetics, linguistics, archaeology and cultural anthropology can be combined to allow for a broader research perspective. This multidisciplinary approach is here applied to the study of the prehistory of sub-Saharan African populations: in this continent, where Homo sapiens originally started his evolution and diversification, the understanding of the patterns of human variation has a crucial relevance. For this dissertation, molecular data is interpreted and complemented with a major contribution from linguistics: linguistic data are compared to the genetic data and the research questions are contextualized within a linguistic perspective. In the four articles proposed, we analyze Y chromosome SNPs and STRs profiles and full mtDNA genomes on a representative number of samples to investigate key questions of African human variability. Some of these questions address i) the amount of genetic variation on a continental scale and the effects of the widespread migration of Bantu speakers, ii) the extent of ancient population structure, which has been lost in present day populations, iii) the colonization of the southern edge of the continent together with the degree of population contact/replacement, and iv) the prehistory of the diverse Khoisan ethnolinguistic groups, who were traditionally understudied despite representing one of the most ancient divergences of modern human phylogeny. Our results uncover a deep level of genetic structure within the continent and a multilayered pattern of contact between populations. These case studies represent a valuable contribution to the debate on our prehistory and open up further research threads.

An Input-Process-Output Approach to Interorganizational Teams: The Influence of Work Group Diversity, Trust and Shared Leadership on Communication Network and Team Outputs.

The market’s challenges bring firms to collaborate with other organizations in order to create Joint Ventures, Alliances and Consortia that are defined as “Interorganizational Networks” (IONs) (Provan, Fish and Sydow; 2007). Some of these IONs are managed through a shared partecipant governance (Provan and Kenis, 2008): a team composed by entrepreneurs and/or directors of each firm of an ION. The research is focused on these kind of management teams and it is based on an input-process-output model: some input variables (work group’s diversity, intra-team's friendship network density) have a direct influence on the process (team identification, shared leadership, interorganizational trust, team trust and intra-team's communication network density), which influence some team outputs, individual innovation behaviors and team effectiveness (team performance, work group satisfaction and ION affective commitment). Data was collected on a sample of 101 entrepreneurs grouped in 28 ION’s government teams and the research hypotheses are tested trough the path analysis and the multilevel models. As expected trust in team and shared leadership are positively and directly related to team effectiveness while team identification and interorganizational trust are indirectly related to the team outputs. The friendship network density among the team’s members has got positive effects on the trust in team and on the communication network density, and also, through the communication network density it improves the level of the teammates ION affective commitment. The shared leadership and its effects on the team effectiveness are fostered from higher level of team identification and weakened from higher level of work group diversity, specifically gender diversity. Finally, the communication network density and shared leadership at the individual level are related to the frequency of individual innovative behaviors. The dissertation’s results give a wider and more precise indication about the management of interfirm network through “shared” form of governance.

Automatic induction of lexical features

This thesis concerns artificially intelligent natural language processing systems that are capable of learning the properties of lexical items (properties like verbal valency or inflectional class membership) autonomously while they are fulfilling their tasks for which they have been deployed in the first place. Many of these tasks require a deep analysis of language input, which can be characterized as a mapping of utterances in a given input C to a set S of linguistically motivated structures with the help of linguistic information encoded in a grammar G and a lexicon L: G + L + C → S (1) The idea that underlies intelligent lexical acquisition systems is to modify this schematic formula in such a way that the system is able to exploit the information encoded in S to create a new, improved version of the lexicon: G + L + S → L' (2) Moreover, the thesis claims that a system can only be considered intelligent if it does not just make maximum usage of the learning opportunities in C, but if it is also able to revise falsely acquired lexical knowledge. So, one of the central elements in this work is the formulation of a couple of criteria for intelligent lexical acquisition systems subsumed under one paradigm: the Learn-Alpha design rule. The thesis describes the design and quality of a prototype for such a system, whose acquisition components have been developed from scratch and built on top of one of the state-of-the-art Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) processing systems. The quality of this prototype is investigated in a series of experiments, in which the system is fed with extracts of a large English corpus. While the idea of using machine-readable language input to automatically acquire lexical knowledge is not new, we are not aware of a system that fulfills Learn-Alpha and is able to deal with large corpora. To instance four major challenges of constructing such a system, it should be mentioned that a) the high number of possible structural descriptions caused by highly underspeci ed lexical entries demands for a parser with a very effective ambiguity management system, b) the automatic construction of concise lexical entries out of a bulk of observed lexical facts requires a special technique of data alignment, c) the reliability of these entries depends on the system's decision on whether it has seen 'enough' input and d) general properties of language might render some lexical features indeterminable if the system tries to acquire them with a too high precision. The cornerstone of this dissertation is the motivation and development of a general theory of automatic lexical acquisition that is applicable to every language and independent of any particular theory of grammar or lexicon. This work is divided into five chapters. The introductory chapter first contrasts three different and mutually incompatible approaches to (artificial) lexical acquisition: cue-based queries, head-lexicalized probabilistic context free grammars and learning by unification. Then the postulation of the Learn-Alpha design rule is presented. The second chapter outlines the theory that underlies Learn-Alpha and exposes all the related notions and concepts required for a proper understanding of artificial lexical acquisition. Chapter 3 develops the prototyped acquisition method, called ANALYZE-LEARN-REDUCE, a framework which implements Learn-Alpha. The fourth chapter presents the design and results of a bootstrapping experiment conducted on this prototype: lexeme detection, learning of verbal valency, categorization into nominal count/mass classes, selection of prepositions and sentential complements, among others. The thesis concludes with a review of the conclusions and motivation for further improvements as well as proposals for future research on the automatic induction of lexical features.

Periodicities in the Hodgkin-Huxley model and versions of this model with stochastic input

A field of computational neuroscience develops mathematical models to describe neuronal systems. The aim is to better understand the nervous system. Historically, the integrate-and-fire model, developed by Lapique in 1907, was the first model describing a neuron. In 1952 Hodgkin and Huxley [8] described the so called Hodgkin-Huxley model in the article “A Quantitative Description of Membrane Current and Its Application to Conduction and Excitation in Nerve”. The Hodgkin-Huxley model is one of the most successful and widely-used biological neuron models. Based on experimental data from the squid giant axon, Hodgkin and Huxley developed their mathematical model as a four-dimensional system of first-order ordinary differential equations. One of these equations characterizes the membrane potential as a process in time, whereas the other three equations depict the opening and closing state of sodium and potassium ion channels. The membrane potential is proportional to the sum of ionic current flowing across the membrane and an externally applied current. For various types of external input the membrane potential behaves differently. This thesis considers the following three types of input: (i) Rinzel and Miller [15] calculated an interval of amplitudes for a constant applied current, where the membrane potential is repetitively spiking; (ii) Aihara, Matsumoto and Ikegaya [1] said that dependent on the amplitude and the frequency of a periodic applied current the membrane potential responds periodically; (iii) Izhikevich [12] stated that brief pulses of positive and negative current with different amplitudes and frequencies can lead to a periodic response of the membrane potential. In chapter 1 the Hodgkin-Huxley model is introduced according to Izhikevich [12]. Besides the definition of the model, several biological and physiological notes are made, and further concepts are described by examples. Moreover, the numerical methods to solve the equations of the Hodgkin-Huxley model are presented which were used for the computer simulations in chapter 2 and chapter 3. In chapter 2 the statements for the three different inputs (i), (ii) and (iii) will be verified, and periodic behavior for the inputs (ii) and (iii) will be investigated. In chapter 3 the inputs are embedded in an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to see the influence of noise on the results of chapter 2.

The role of language in tv shows and its impact on the audience: A linguistic analysis of Game of Thrones

Through the analysis of American TV show Game of Thrones, this dissertation will focus on the linguistic issues concerning the adaptation from books to television, the power of language over the audience, and the creation of two languages, with all the linguistic and cultural implications related to this phenomenon.