Twentieth Century Increase of Atmospheric Ammonia Recorded in Mount Everest Ice Core

An NH4+ record covering the period A.D. 1845-1997 was reconstructed using an 80.4 m ice core from East Rongbuk Glacier at an elevation of 6450 m on the northern slope of Mount Everest. Variations in NH4+ are characterized by a dramatic increase since the 1950s. The highest NH4+ concentrations occur in the 1980s. They are about twofold more than those in the first half of twentieth century. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the eight major ion (Na+,K+,Mg2+,NH4+,Ca2+,NO3-,SO42- and Cl-) series from this core indicates that NH4+ is loaded mainly on EOF3 (60% of NH4+ variance), suggesting that NH4+ has a unique signature. Instrumental sea level pressure (SLP) and regional temperatures are used to explore the relationship between NH4+ variations and both atmospheric circulation and natural source strength over Asia. Higher NH4+ concentrations are associated with an enhanced winter Mongolian High and a deepened summer Mongolian Low. A positive relationship also exists between NH4+ concentrations and regional temperature changes of the GIS Box 36 (Indian subcontinent), indicating that an increase in temperature may contribute to the strengthening of natural ammonia emissions (e. g., from plants and soils). A close positive correlation between NH4+ and acidic species (SO42- plus NO3-) concentrations suggests that a portion of the increase in NH4+ concentrations could be contributed by enhanced atmospheric acidification. Anthropogenic ammonia emissions from enhanced agricultural activities and energy consumption over Asia in concert with population increase since the 1950s appear also to be a significant factor in the dramatic increase of NH4+ concentrations during the last few decades.

NADPH oxidase-independent formation of extracellular DNA traps by basophils

Basophils are primarily associated with a proinflammatory and immunoregulatory role in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Recent studies have shown that basophils can also bind various bacteria both in the presence and the absence of opsonizing Abs. In this report, we show that both human and mouse basophils are able to produce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and to form extracellular DNA traps upon IL-3 priming and subsequent activation of the complement factor 5 a receptor or FcεRI. Such basophil extracellular traps (BETs) contain mitochondrial, but not nuclear DNA, as well as the granule proteins basogranulin and mouse mast cell protease 8. BET formation occurs despite the absence of any functional NADPH oxidase in basophils. BETs can be found in both human and mouse inflamed tissues, suggesting that they also play a role under in vivo inflammatory conditions. Taken together, these findings suggest that basophils exert direct innate immune effector functions in the extracellular space.

Culturgeschichte zur neueren Geschichte der Israeliten : von 1815 bis 1845

von I. M. Jost

Microbiota-derived compounds drive steady-state granulopoiesis via MyD88/TICAM signaling.

Neutropenia is probably the strongest known predisposition to infection with otherwise harmless environmental or microbiota-derived species. Because initial swarming of neutrophils at the site of infection occurs within minutes, rather than the hours required to induce "emergency granulopoiesis," the relevance of having high numbers of these cells available at any one time is obvious. We observed that germ-free (GF) animals show delayed clearance of an apathogenic bacterium after systemic challenge. In this article, we show that the size of the bone marrow myeloid cell pool correlates strongly with the complexity of the intestinal microbiota. The effect of colonization can be recapitulated by transferring sterile heat-treated serum from colonized mice into GF wild-type mice. TLR signaling was essential for microbiota-driven myelopoiesis, as microbiota colonization or transferring serum from colonized animals had no effect in GF MyD88(-/-)TICAM1(-/-) mice. Amplification of myelopoiesis occurred in the absence of microbiota-specific IgG production. Thus, very low concentrations of microbial Ags and TLR ligands, well below the threshold required for induction of adaptive immunity, sets the bone marrow myeloid cell pool size. Coevolution of mammals with their microbiota has probably led to a reliance on microbiota-derived signals to provide tonic stimulation to the systemic innate immune system and to maintain vigilance to infection. This suggests that microbiota changes observed in dysbiosis, obesity, or antibiotic therapy may affect the cross talk between hematopoiesis and the microbiota, potentially exacerbating inflammatory or infectious states in the host.

Die Verhandlungen der Bundesversammlung von den geheimen Wiener Ministerial-Conferenzen bis zum Jahre 1845 : ihrem wesentlichen Inhalte nach mitgetheilt aus den Protocollen des Bundes

Boberach: Die Dokumente belegen die Aufsicht über die Presse, die Maßnahmen gegen die Universitäten, Polizeiaufsicht über Handwerksgesellen, die Reaktion auf den Frankfurter Wachensturm, die Tätigkeit der Bundeszentralbehörde 1833 bis 1842, die auswärtigen Beziehungen des Deutschen Bundes und die Verhandlungen über die Spielbanken

Die Judenfrage auf den Posener Provinziallandtagen von 1827 und 1845

Manfred Laubert

Grabfigur Mrs. Andrew D. White [Illustration]

Moses Jakob Ezekiel

Jakob Guttmann : (12. April 1845 - 29. September 1919)

A. Hebräus

Ein Judenstaatsplan aus den Jahren 1832 - 1845 : Vorbemerkung der Redaktion

E. S.

[Ärztliches und nicht-ärztliches Tagebuch: 1766 - Juni 1767]

Handschrift

[Ärztliches und nicht-ärztliches Tagebuch: Juli 1767 - Februar 1768]

Handschrift

Rede bei der Einweihungsfeier der mosaischen Freischule für Knaben zu Kopenhagen den 4ten May 1845

gehalten von A. A. Wolff

Zur Vorgeschichte des Zionismus : Judenstaatsprojekte in den Jahren 1695 - 1845

N. M. Gelber. Hrsg. im Auftrage der Exekutive der Zionistischen Weltorganisation London