How to reconcile the EU border paradox? The concurrence of refugee reception and deterrence. IES Policy Brief 2015/4, November 2015

The refugee crisis that unfolded in Europe in the summer of 2015 questions the effectiveness of European border and refugee policies. The breakdown of the Dublin and Schengen rules due to chaotic situations at the borders in the Balkans marks a critical juncture for the EU. We consider this breakdown as a consequence of a long-lasting co-operation crisis among EU Member States. The most recent Council decision responds to this co-operation crisis (Council Decision 12098/15). This Policy Brief analyses EU policy and politics and argues that plans for refugee relocation and reception centres as well as the use of qualified majority voting in the Council can unfold a dynamic that helps to solve the co-operation crisis. However, underlying the problems of co-operation and effectiveness is the EU’s border paradox: while EU border policy works towards refugee deterrence, EU asylum policy aims at refugee protection. The EU’s approach in regulating borders and asylum can be understood in terms of ‘organised hypocrisy’ (Brunsson, 1993). Reconciling the paradox calls for overcoming such hypocrisy.

An Arginine Deprivation Response Pathway Is Induced in Leishmania during Macrophage Invasion

Amino acid sensing is an intracellular function that supports nutrient homeostasis, largely through controlled release of amino acids from lysosomal pools. The intracellular pathogen Leishmania resides and proliferates within human macrophage phagolysosomes. Here we describe a new pathway in Leishmania that specifically senses the extracellular levels of arginine, an amino acid that is essential for the parasite. During infection, the macrophage arginine pool is depleted due to its use to produce metabolites (NO and polyamines) that constitute part of the host defense response and its suppression, respectively. We found that parasites respond to this shortage of arginine by up-regulating expression and activity of the Leishmania arginine transporter (LdAAP3), as well as several other transporters. Our analysis indicates the parasite monitors arginine levels in the environment rather than the intracellular pools. Phosphoproteomics and genetic analysis indicates that the arginine-deprivation response is mediated through a mitogen-activated protein kinase-2-dependent signaling cascade.

Mexico, Aztec, Spanish and republican : a historical, geographical, political, statistical and social account of that country from the period of the invasion by the Spaniards to the present time : with a view of the ancient Aztec empire and civilization, a historical sketch of the late war, and notices of New Mexico and California /

Mode of access: Internet.

The invasion of 1910, with a full account of the siege of London, by William Le Queux; naval chapters by H.W. Wilson, introductory letter by Field-Marshal Earl Roberts ...

Mode of access: Internet.

A source book of mediæval history : documents illustrative of European life and institutions from the German invasion to the renaissance /

Mode of access: Internet.

Trail blazers for invasion.

Mode of access: Internet.

Études, ou Discours historiques sur la chute de l'empire romain, la naissance et les progrès du christianisme, et l'invasion des barbares; suivis dʻune analyse raisonnée de l'histoire de France.

Mode of access: Internet.

Events of a military life: being recollections after service in the Peninsular war, invasion of France, the East Indies, St. Helena, Canada, and elsewhere.

A new ed. of "Trifles from my portfolio," which "has been entirely rewritten, with some omissions and alterations, and much new matter."

The history of England from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the abdication of James the Second, 1688.

Mode of access: Internet.

A chronological abridgment of the history of Great-Britain, from the first invasion of the Romans, to the year 1763. With genealogical and political tables ...

Mode of access: Internet.

History of England from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the revolution in 1688 ...

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of England from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the revolution in 1688.

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of England, from the first invasion by the Romans to the accession of William and Mary in 1688.

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of England, from the invasion of Julius Caesar to the revolution in 1688.

Vol. 10 consists of notes and index to the first 9 vols.