VARIABILIDAD CLÍNICA DE LA MIOCARDIOPATÍA CHAGÁSICA: INFLUENCIA DE LA COMPOSICIÓN GENÉTICA DEL TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI

El descubrimiento de técnicas más sensibles para la detección del T. cruzi en el enfermo chagásico rescató el rol primordial del parásito en la patogenia y actualmente se considera a la enfermedad como el producto de la interacción de los genomas del parásito y el humano. Sin embargo aún queda por responder por qué el 30% de las personas infectadas evolucionan hacia una enfermedad cardíaca y el 70% permanece asintomático aunque con serología persistente; así como también la amplia variabilidad clínica, que puede resultar desde una cardiopatía sin consecuencias hasta producir muerte súbita. En este sentido, se ha descripto que la variabilidad genética del parásito debe estar relacionada con el tropismo del mismo a los diferentes órganos del huésped y, por lo tanto, con la forma clínica de la enfermedad y con las diferencias observadas luego del tratamiento específico de la enfermedad. Es por ello que proponemos determinar la importancia que tiene la composición genética del aislamiento de T. cruzi que infectó al huésped y/o la de los clones diferentes que pueden aparecer en sangre para explicar la amplia variabilidad de síntomas y signos que manifiestan los pacientes con cardiopatía chagásica crónica. Estos resultados contribuirán al entendimiento de la fisiopatogenia de la miocardiopatía chagásica y sus variabilidades clínicas y facilitarán establecer el pronóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad. Pacientes que concurran al Hospital Materno Infantil de la Provincia de Córdoba, al Hospital Nacional de Clínicas y a la Clínica Sucre serán tratados de acuerdo con la declaración de Helsinki y firmarán consentimiento informado. Se seguirá la evolución clínico-cardiológica por radiografía, electrocardiografía y ecocardiografía. La serología para Chagas se determinará por HAI-ELISA. Se obtendrán muestras de sangre de estos pacientes que se clasificarán con serología positiva para Chagas sin cardiopatía, con cardiopatía leve y con cardiopatía severa. Extracción del ADN: las muestras de sangre periférica de cada paciente se mezclarán con igual volumen de guanidina 6M/EDTA 0,5M. El ADN se extraerá por técnicas convencionales con fenol:cloroformo:alcohol isoamílico y luego se precipitará con etanol. Finalmente la solución se resuspenderá en agua estéril libre de nucleasas. Se conservará a -4º C hasta su uso para la amplificación del contenido de ADN del parásito por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). PCR: la detección de los parásitos en cada muestra se determinará mediante la amplificación por PCR de un fragmento de la región variable correspondiente al minicírculo del ADN del kinetoplasto (kADN), utilizando primers específicos para dicha región. Análisis de la región variable del kADN por enzimas de restricción: la caracterización de los parásitos de cada muestra se realizará además mediante el análisis de los fragmentos producidos luego de la digestión con enzimas de restricción (RFLP). El amplificado producto de la PCR se utilizará para la digestión con las enzimas de restricción y los fragmentos obtenidos serán separados por electroforesis en geles de agarosa 2% teñidos con bromuro de etidio. Análisis de los resultados: Los perfiles de bandas obtenidos luego de la digestión con las enzimas de restricción de las muestras de sangre de los pacientes se correlacionarán con la sintomatología clínica de cada uno de ellos para determinar si existe relación entre la variabilidad genética del parásito infectante y la variedad clínica presentada. Los perfiles de bandas obtenidos luego de la RFLP de las muestras de sangre se analizarán cualitativamente por observación de los geles.

Influencia de la comorbilidad sobre la evolución nutricional de pacientes internados.

“Malnutrición” se define como disbalance entre ingesta y requerimiento de nutrientes. Si este balance es negativo se denomina “Desnutrición”. Las enfermedades pueden provocar desnutrición. El problema de la desnutrición hospitalaria es de distribución mundial. Afecta a países del primer mundo y a nuestra región. En Argentina hay estudios que describen el problema. Utilizando el método de Valoración Global Subjetiva (VGS) se constató 47.3% de desnutrición (11.2% severa y 35.1% moderada). En nuestra institución, en 2004 se encontró una prevalencia 60,1% que aumenta con la edad. Estos pacientes fueron más graves, permanecieron internados más tiempo, tuvieron mayores complicaciones y mayor mortalidad. Debido a ello se implementó un protocolo de trabajo que condujo a la creación de una unidad soporte nutricional. Es de esperarse que la detección de pacientes en riesgo y la consecuente indicación de soporte nutricional adecuado hayan mejorado. Creemos necesario actualizar la información de prevalencia de la desnutrición, la necesidad de soporte nutricional artificial (enteral y/o parenteral) y la influencia de la comorbilidad, medida con el Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson, SAPS II y SOFA, sobre el estado nutricional al ingreso y los resultados del soporte nutricional. Para ello se llevará a cabo un estudio observacional prospectivo, de cohorte, de pacientes adultos internados por más de dos días en la Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Córdoba, Argentina.

O pré-condicionamento isquêmico influencia a contratilidade ventricular na cirurgia sem extracorpórea

FUNDAMENTO: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico é um método que prepara e protege a célula para suportar um período de isquemia prolongada com menor dano celular possível. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do pré-condicionamento isquêmico na contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. MÉTODO: Quarenta pacientes com indicação para revascularização do miocárdio foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pré-condicionamento isquêmico. O pré-condicionamento isquêmico foi obtido realizando a oclusão coronária por dois minutos e liberação do fluxo sanguíneo por um minuto, sendo realizados dois ciclos. A contratilidade ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio de Doppler pulsado da aorta torácica descendente (Hemosonic 100). As medidas da aceleração do fluxo sanguíneo na aorta foram obtidas antes do início do procedimento, após o posicionamento do coração e com cinco e dez minutos de oclusão coronária. RESULTADOS: No início do procedimento, a aceleração do fluxo foi de 9,37 ± 2,9m/s² no grupo com pré-condicionamento, e de 12,5 ± 3,1 m/s² no grupo sem pré-condicionamento (p = 0,23). Após o posicionamento do coração foi de 8,47 ± 3,3 e 8,31 ± 3,6 m/s² (p=0,96); com cinco minutos foi de 8,7 ± 4,1 e 7,94 ± 2,9 m/s² (p = 0,80); e com dez minutos foi de 9,2 ± 4,5 e 7,98 ± 3,4 m/s² (p=0,71), respectivamente. No entanto, o comportamento da contratilidade ventricular foi diferente ao longo do tempo. No grupo pré-condicionado houve manutenção da contratilidade ventricular em relação ao início do procedimento (p = 0,52), enquanto que no grupo sem pré-condicionamento houve redução da contratilidade ventricular (p = 0,0034). CONCLUSÕES: O Pré-condicionamento isquêmico evitou a redução da contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a realização da revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea.

Archaeology of Santa Marta, Colombia; the Tairona culture. -- / by J. Alden Mason --

v.20:no.2(1936)

Influencia do tempo de exposicao a obesidade induzida por dieta hiperlipidica sobre os colagenos tipo I e III miocardico

FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade é um fator de risco para muitas complicações médicas; a pesquisa médica demonstrou que as alterações hemodinâmicas, morfológicas e funcionais estão correlacionadas com a duração e gravidade da obesidade. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo determinou a influência do tempo de exposição à obesidade induzida por dieta com alto teor de gordura no colágenos tipo I e III miocárdico. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos com trinta dias de idade, da raça Wistar, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: um grupo de controle (C) alimentado com ração padrão e um grupo de ratos obesos (Ob) alternadamente alimentados com uma de quatro dietas palatáveis ricas em gordura. Cada dieta foi mudada diariamente, e os ratos foram mantidos em suas respectivas dietas por 15 (C15 e Ob15) e 30 (C30 e Ob30) semanas consecutivas. A obesidade foi determinada pelo índice de adiposidade. RESULTADOS: O grupo Ob15 foi similar ao grupo C15 em relação à expressão de colágeno miocárdico tipo I; contudo, a expressão no grupo Ob30 foi menor do que no grupo C30. O tempo de exposição à obesidade foi associado com uma redução de colágeno do tipo I no grupo Ob30, quando comparado com o Ob15. A obesidade não afetou a expressão do colágeno tipo III. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo mostrou que o tempo de exposição à obesidade por 30 semanas induzida por uma dieta rica em gordura insaturada causou uma redução na expressão do colágeno miocárdico tipo I em ratos obesos. No entanto, nenhum efeito foi observado em relação à expressão do colágeno miocárdico tipo III

Reverse Cardiac Remodeling: A Marker of Better Prognosis in Heart Failure

In heart failure syndrome, myocardial dysfunction causes an increase in neurohormonal activity, which is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism in response to the reduction in cardiac output. Neurohormonal activity is initially stimulated in an attempt to maintain compensation; however, when it remains increased, it contributes to the intensification of clinical manifestations and myocardial damage. Cardiac remodeling comprises changes in ventricular volume as well as the thickness and shape of the myocardial wall. With optimized treatment, such remodeling can be reversed, causing gradual improvement in cardiac function and consequently improved prognosis.

Estudos experimentais sôbre a origem do milho

1) It may seem rather strange that, in spite of the efforts of a considerable number of scientists, the problem of the origin of indian corn or maize still has remained an open question. There are no fossil remains or archaeological relics except those which are quite identical with types still existing. (Fig. 1). The main difficulty in finding the wild ancestor- which may still exist - results from the fact that it has been somewhat difficult to decide what it should be like and also where to look for it. 2) There is no need to discuss the literature since an excellent review has recently been published by MANGELSDORF and REEVES (1939). It may be sufficient to state that there are basically two hypotheses, that of ST. HILAIRE (1829) who considered Brazilian pod corn as the nearest relative of wild corn still existing, and that of ASCHERSON (1875) who considered Euchlaena from Central America as the wild ancestor of corn. Later hypotheses represent or variants of these two hypotheses or of other concepts, howewer generally with neither disproving their predecessors nor showing why the new hypotheses were better than the older ones. Since nearly all possible combinations of ideas have thus been put forward, it har- dly seems possible to find something theoretically new, while it is essential first to produce new facts. 3) The studies about the origin of maize received a new impulse from MANGELSDORF and REEVES'S experimental work on both Zea-Tripsacum and Zea-Euchlaena hybrids. Independently I started experiments in 1937 with the hope that new results might be obtained when using South American material. Having lost priority in some respects I decided to withold publication untill now, when I can put forward more concise ideas about the origin of maize, based on a new experimental reconstruction of the "wild type". 4) The two main aspects of MANGELSDORF and REEVES hypothesis are discussed. We agree with the authors that ST. HILAIRE's theory is probably correct in so far as the tunicata gene is a wild type relic gene, but cannot accept the reconstruction of wild corn as a homozygous pod corn with a hermaphroditic tassel. As shown experimentally (Fig. 2-3) these tassels have their central spike transformed into a terminal, many rowed ear with a flexible rachis, while possessing at the same time the lateral ear. Thus no explanation is given of the origin of the corn ear, which is the main feature of cultivated corn (BRIEGER, 1943). The second part of the hypothesis referring to the origin of Euchlaena from corn, inverting thus ASCHERSON's theory, cannot be accepted for several reasons, stated in some detail. The data at hand justify only the conclusion that both genera, Euchlaena and Zea, are related, and there is as little proof for considering the former as ancestor of the latter as there is for the new inverse theory. 5) The analysis of indigenous corn, which will be published in detail by BRIEGER and CUTLER, showed several very primitive characters, but no type was found which was in all characters sufficiently primitive. A genetical analysis of Paulista Pod Corn showed that it contains the same gene as other tunicates, in the IV chromosome, the segregation being complicated by a new gametophyte factor Ga3. The full results of this analysis shall be published elsewhere. (BRIEGER). Selection experiments with Paulista Pod Corn showed that no approximation to a wild ancestor may be obtained when limiting the studies to pure corn. Thus it seemed necessary to substitute "domesticated" by "wild type" modifiers, and the only means for achieving this substitution are hybridizations with Euchlaena. These hybrids have now been analysed init fourth generation, including backcrosses, and, again, the full data will be published elsewhere, by BRIEGER and ADDISON. In one present publication three forms obtained will be described only, which represent an approximation to wild type corn. 6) Before entering howewer into detail, some arguments against ST. HILAIRE's theory must be mentioned. The premendelian argument, referring to the instability of this character, is explained by the fact that all fertile pod corn plants are heterozygous for the dominant Tu factor. But the sterility of the homozygous TuTu, which phenotypically cannot be identified, is still unexplained. The most important argument against the acceptance of the Tunicata faetor as wild type relic gene was removed recently by CUTLER (not yet published) who showed that this type has been preserved for centuries by the Bolivian indians as a mystical "medicine". 7) The main botanical requirements for transforming the corn ear into a wild type structure are stated, and alternative solutions given. One series of these characters are found in Tripsacum and Euchlaena : 2 rows on opposite sides of the rachis, protection of the grains by scales, fragility of the rachis. There remains the other alternative : 4 rows, possibly forming double rows of female and male spikelets, protection of kernels by their glumes, separation of grains at their base from the cob which is thin and flexible. 8) Three successive stages in the reconstruction of wild corn, obtained experimentally, are discussed and illustrated, all characterized by the presence of the Tu gene. a) The structure of the Fl hybrids has already been described in 1943. The main features of the Tunicata hybrids (Fig. -8), when compared with non-tunicate hybrids (Fig. 5-6), consist in the absence of scaly protections, the fragility of the rachis and finally the differentiation of the double rows into one male and one female spikelet. As has been pointed out, these characters represent new phenotypic effects of the tunicate factor which do not appear in the presence of pure maize modifiers. b) The next step was observed among the first backcross to teosinte (Fig. 9). As shown in the photography, Fig. 9D, the features are essencially those of the Fl plants, except that the rachis is more teosinte like, with longer internodes, irregular four-row-arrangement and a complete fragility on the nodes. c) In the next generation a completely new type appeared (Fig. 10) which resembles neither corn nor teosinte, mainly in consequence of one character: the rachis is thin and flexible and not fragile, while the grains have an abscission layer at the base, The medium sized, pointed, brownish and hard granis are protected by their well developed corneous glumes. This last form may not yet be the nearest approach to a wild grass, and I shall try in further experiments to introduce other changes such as an increase of fertile flowers per spikelet, the reduction of difference between terminal and lateral inflorescences, etc.. But the nature of the atavistic reversion is alveadwy such that it alters considerably our expectation when looking for a still existing wild ancestor of corn. 9) The next step in our deductions must now consist in an reversion of our question. We must now explain how we may obtain domesticated corn, starting from a hypothetical wild plant, similar to type c. Of the several changes which must have been necessary to attract the attention of the Indians, the following two seem to me the most important: the disappearance of all abscission layers and the reduction of the glumes. This may have been brought about by an accumulation of mutations. But it seems much more probable to assume that some crossing with a tripsacoid grass or even with Tripsacum australe may have been responsible. In such a cross, the two types of abscission layer would be counterbalanced as shown by the Flhybrids of corn, Tripsacum and Euchlaena. Furthermore in later generations a.tu-allele of Tripsacum may become homozygous and substitute the wild tunicate factor of corn. The hypothesis of a hybrid origin of cultivated corn is not completely new, but has been discussed already by HARSHBERGER and COLLINS. Our hypothesis differs from that of MANGELSDORF and REEVES who assume that crosses with Tripsacum are responsible only for some features of Central and North American corn. 10) The following arguments give indirects evidence in support of our hypothesis: a) Several characters have been observed in indigenous corn from the central region of South America, which may be interpreted as "tripsacoid". b) Equally "zeoid" characters seem to be present in Tripsacum australe of central South-America. c) A system of unbalanced factors, combined by the in-tergeneric cross, may be responsible for the sterility of the wild type tunicata factor when homozygous, a result of the action of modifiers, brought in from Tripsacum together with the tuallele. d) The hybrid theory may explain satisfactorily the presence of so many lethals and semilethals, responsible for the phenomenon of inbreeding in cultivated corn. It must be emphasized that corn does not possess any efficient mechanism to prevent crossing and which could explain the accumulation of these mutants during the evolutionary process. Teosinte which'has about the same mechanism of sexual reproduction has not accumulated such genes, nor self-sterile plants in spite of their pronounced preference for crossing. 11) The second most important step in domestication must have consisted in transforming a four rowed ear into an ear with many rows. The fusion theory, recently revived byLANGHAM is rejected. What happened evidently, just as in succulent pXants (Cactus) or in cones os Gymnosperms, is that there has been a change in phyllotaxy and a symmetry of longitudinal rows superimposed on the original spiral arrangement. 12) The geographical distribution of indigenous corn in South America has been discussed. So far, we may distinguish three zones. The most primitive corn appears in the central lowlands of what I call the Central Triangle of South America: east of the Andies, south of the Amazone-Basin, Northwest of a line formed by the rivers São Prancisco-Paraná and including the Paraguay-Basin. The uniformity of the types found in this extremely large zone is astonishing (BRIEGER and CUTLER). To the west, there is the well known Andian region, characterized by a large number of extremely diverse types from small pop corn to large Cuszco, from soft starch to modified sweet corn, from large cylindrical ears to small round ears, etc.. The third region extends along the atlantic coast in the east, from the Caribean Sea to the Argentine, and is characterized by Cateto, an orange hard flint corn. The Andean types must have been obtained very early, and undoubtedly are the result of the intense Inca agriculture. The Cateto type may be obtained easily by crosses, for instance, of "São Paulo Pointed Pop" to some orange soft corn of the central region. The relation of these three South American zones to Central and North America are not discussed, and it seems essential first to study the intermediate region of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela. The geograprical distribution of chromosome knobs is rapidly discussed; but it seems that no conclusions can be drawn before a large number of Tripsacum species has been analysed.

The Rubiaceae of Colombia, by Paul C. Standley.

v.7:no.1(1930)

Estudo sobre o processamento do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.). por apertização: III. Influencia de soluções de espera e tempos de esterilização

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a influência da composição da solução de espera e de tempos de esterilização na qualidade do palmito (Euterpe edulis Mart.) processado por apertização. Os resultados mostraram que, de um modo geral, o melhor método de processamento foi o que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl + 1% K2S2O5 Combinada com os tempos de esterilização de 50 minutos para os três primeiros cortes e de 60 minutos para os últimos cortes. Para os três primeiros cortes, em particular, o método que empregou a solução de espera 5% NaCl+1% ácido cítrico combinada com o tempo de esterilização de 45 minutos, foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados para todos os atributos de qualidade, exceto para "flavor", em que a solução de espera 1% ácido cítrico+0,25% ácido ascórbico com 40 minutos de esterilização foi superior.

The cassava mite complex: III - new distribution records, mainly from Colombia and Africa. References to other plants

Uma lista de novas referências e ocorrências para ácaros tetraniquídeos da mandioca é apresentada.

Mammals from western Venezuela and eastern Colombia, by Wilfred H. Osgood.

v.10:no.5(1912)

Birds of the Sierra Macarena, eastern Colombia.

v.44:no.11(1962)

Coral snakes of the genus Micrurus in Colombia / Karl P. Schmidt.

v.34:no.34(1955)

Dos especies nuevas de Rhabdepyris (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) de Colombia

Rhabdepyris (Chlorepyris) humboldti sp. nov. and R. (C.) tarapachensis sp. nov. from Colombia are described and illustrated. These species are specially peculiar by having pectinate antennae, which is the first report of this character for the genus.