Defence of Agaricus bisporus against toxic secondary metabolites from Trichoderma aggressivum.

Trichoderma spp are effective competitors against other fungi because they are mycoparasitic and produce hydrolytic enzymes and secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of their competitors. Inhibitory compounds produced by Trichoderma aggressivum, the causative agent of green mold disease, are more toxic to the hybrid off-white strains of Agaricus bisporus than the commercial brown strains, consistent with the commercial brown strain’s increased resistance to the disease. This project looked at the response of hybrid off-white and commercial brown strains of A. bisporus to the presence of T. aggressivum metabolites with regard to three A. bisporus genes: laccase 1, laccase 2, and manganese peroxidase. The addition of T. aggressivum toxic metabolites had no significant effect on MnP or lcc1 transcript abundance. Alternatively, laccase 2 appears to be involved in resistance to T. aggressivum because the presence of T. aggressivum metabolites results in higher lcc2 transcript abundance and laccase activity, especially in the commercial brown strain. The difference in laccase expression and activity between A. bisporus strains was not a result of regulatory or coding sequence differences. Alteration of laccase transcription by RNAi resulted in transformants with variable levels of laccase transcript abundance. Transformants with a low number of lcc transcripts were very sensitive to T. aggressivum toxins, while those with a high number of lcc transcripts had increased resistance. These results indicated that laccase activity, in particular that encoded by lcc2, serves as a defense response of A. bisporus to T. aggressivum toxins and contributes to green mold disease resistance in commercial brown strains.

Canadian Advertising Requirements and Restrictions, by Province for the Distilled Spirits Industry as of September 23, 1976

A document outlining the rules and regulations for advertising liquor in Canada. The document is sorted by province and outlines the details for advertising, when allowed, in each province. The description of the contents reads "The purpose of this document is to provide a summary of Canadian advertising requirements and restrictions, by province for the distilled spirits industry as of September 23, 1976".

HG 303.85-303.95

This is a dark grey, coarse grained sediment with inclusions of fine grained sand. Lineations and grains stacking are the most common features seen, along with grain crushing (mainly edge-to-edge). A few minor rotation structures can also be observed with comet structures.

HG 305.15-305.30

Dark grey sediment with medium to small sized grains. The grains are sub-angular in shape. Rotation structures and grain crushing are the most common microstructures seen. Dark organic material and lineations can also be seen.

HG 312.30-312.40

Grey sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. Edge-to-edge grain crushing is abundant, with some lineations. Minor amounts of rotation structures can also be seen.

HG 354.65-354.75

Grey sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. Clasts are sub-angular to sub-rounded. Rotation structures can be seen throughout. Some clasts have multiple rotation structures surrounding them. Comet structures and lineations are also present.

HG 362.70-362.80

Multiple domains are present. Clasts range from small to large in size and sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape. The fine grained domain is dark brown with some lineations and organic material. The coarse grained domain is grey in colour and contains mainly lineations and rotation structures. Some comet structures can also be seen.

HG 364.45-364.55

Dark grey sediment with clasts that are large in size. The shape of the clasts range from angular to sub-rounded. Grain stacking can be seen throughout the sample. Minor amounts of rotation structures can also be seen.

HG 367.80-367.90

Dark grey sediment with clasts that range from small to medium. The clasts are mainly sub-rounded. Lineations are abundant with minor amounts of rotation structures and comet structures. Grain crushing can also be seen throughout the sample.

DE # 10 341.20-341.40

Grey sample with clasts that range from small to medium in size. The clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. It mainly contains lineations and grain crushing. A few comet structures are also visible throughout the sample.

11 PTA0011

Dark grey sediment with clasts ranging from small to large size. Grain shape ranges from angular to rounded. Many grains are fractured and weathered. Necking structures, along with rotation structures, are very common in this sample. They can be seen between many of the larger aggregates. Lineations and grain crushing are also present throughout.

11 PTA0012

Dark grey sediment with clasts ranging from small to large in size. Grain shape ranges from angular to rounded. Many grains are fractured and/or weathered. Edge-to-edge grain crushing is abundant in this sample, and some crushed grains can also be seen. It also contains lineations and rotation structures throughout. Minor amounts of comet structures can also be seen.

11 PTA0013H

Dark grey sediment sample with clasts ranging from small to large in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to rounded. Lineations and grain crushing are the most abundant. Necking structures and rotation structures can also be seen throughout the sample mainly between/surrounding larger aggregates. A few comet structures can also be seen.

8AUG 6-D

Dark grey ground mass, with one other lighter domain. Both domains are extremely fine grained.

9 AUG B-2-B

This sample contains multiple domains. One domain is a fine grained greyish-brown ground mass, with some small clasts. Another domain is a dark grey, structure-less ground mass. Another domain is a light greyish-brown domain that is generally fine grained with clay inclusions.