Cerebral organization for language in deaf and hearing subjects: Biological constraints and effects of experience

Cerebral organization during sentence processing in English and in American Sign Language (ASL) was characterized by employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 4 T. Effects of deafness, age of language acquisition, and bilingualism were assessed by comparing results from (i) normally hearing, monolingual, native speakers of English, (ii) congenitally, genetically deaf, native signers of ASL who learned English late and through the visual modality, and (iii) normally hearing bilinguals who were native signers of ASL and speakers of English. All groups, hearing and deaf, processing their native language, English or ASL, displayed strong and repeated activation within classical language areas of the left hemisphere. Deaf subjects reading English did not display activation in these regions. These results suggest that the early acquisition of a natural language is important in the expression of the strong bias for these areas to mediate language, independently of the form of the language. In addition, native signers, hearing and deaf, displayed extensive activation of homologous areas within the right hemisphere, indicating that the specific processing requirements of the language also in part determine the organization of the language systems of the brain.

Citation Methodologies in Eusebius’ Historia ecclesiastica and Other Ancient Historiography

This dissertation examines ancient historiographic citation methodologies in light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s dichotomy between polyphony and monologization. In particular, this dissertation argues that Eusebius of Caesarea’s Historia ecclesiastica (HE) abandons the monologic citation methodology typical of previous Greek and Hellenistic historiography and introduces a polyphonic citation methodology that influences subsequent late-ancient Christian historiography to varying degrees. Whereas Pre-Eusebian Greek and Hellenistic historiographers typically use citations to support the single authorial consciousness of the historiographer, Eusebius uses citations to counterbalance his own shortcomings as a witness to past events. Eusebius allows his citations to retain their own voice, even when they conflict with his. The result is a narrative that transcends the point of view of any single individual and makes multiple witnesses, including the narrator, available to the reader. Post-Eusebian late-ancient Christian historiographers exhibit the influence of Eusebius’ innovation, but they are not as intentional as Eusebius in their use of citation methodologies. Many subsequent Christian historiographers use both monologic and polyphonic citation methodologies. Their tendency to follow Eusebius’ practice of citing numerous lengthy citations sometimes emphasizes points of view that oppose the author’s point of view. When an opposing viewpoint surfaces in enough citations, a polyphonic citation methodology emerges. The reader holds the two different narrative strands in tension as the author continues to give voice to opposing viewpoints. After illustrating the citation methodologies with passages from numerous Greek, Hellenistic, and late ancient Christian historiographers, this dissertation concludes with a short computational analysis that uses natural language processing to reveal some broad trends that highlight the previous findings and suggest a possibility for future research.

The exhaustive concordance of the Bible : showing every word of the text of the common English version : together with a comparative concordance of the Authorized and Revised versions : also brief dictionaries of the Hebrew and Greek words of the original, with references to the English words /

Mode of access: Internet.

An historical Greek grammar, chiefly of the Attic dialect as written and spoken from classical antiquity down to the present time : founded upon the ancient texts, inscriptions, papyri and present popular Greek /

"Principal modern works consulted": p. xxiii-xxxii.

Greek prosody; containing rules for the structure of iambic, trochaic, anapaestic , and dactylic verse;

Mode of access: Internet.

Exercises in translation from English poetry into Greek and Latin verse /

Mode of access: Internet.

Handbook to the grammar of the Greek Testament. Together with a complete vocabulary, and an examination of the chief New Testament synonyms.

Preface signed: Samuel G. Green.

Iambica; an English-Greek and Greek-English vocabulary for writers of iambic verse,

Mode of access: Internet.

Hellas and Hesperia ; or, The vitality of Greek studies in America ; three lectures,

Series title also at head of t.-p.

An inquiry into the structure and affinity of the Greek and Latin languages : with occasional comparisons of the Sanskrit and Gothic, and an appendix, in which the derivation of the Sanskrit from the Greek is endeavoured to be established /

Includes bibliographical references.

The Principles of Greek grammar; comprising the substance of the most approved Greek grammars extant, for the use of schools and colleges.

Mode of access: Internet.

A Greek grammar, for schools and colleges,

Mode of access: Internet.

Lessons in Greek parsing, or, Outlines of the Greek grammar : divided into short portions, and illustrated by appropriate exercises in parsing /

Mode of access: Internet.

A system of Greek prosody and metre : for the use of schools and colleges : together with the choral scanning of the Prometheus vinctus of Aeschylus, and the Ajax and Oedipus tyrannus of Sophocles : to which are appended remarks on Indo-Germanic analogies /

Mode of access: Internet.