Zinco para arroz e soja: doses, aproveitamento pelas culturas, fitodisponibilidade e formas desse elemento no solo

A deficiência de Zn no solo causa efeitos indesejáveis na produção agrícola, pois a baixa disponibilidade deste micronutriente para as plantas promove a diminuição da atividade enzimática, além da deficiência deste elemento na alimentação, que pode levar ao estado de subnutrição. Tendo em vista a problemática do Zn no sistema solo-planta e suas variações nos compartimentos do solo, é importante a avaliação de sua fitodisponibilidade e as frações do solo que este elemento está associado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fitodisponibilidade e a compartimentalização de Zn no solo, para as culturas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) e avaliar o efeito das doses de Zn sobre a nutrição e exportação deste nutriente pela cultura. Utilizou-se como plantas teste as culturas de arroz e soja para avaliar o efeito das doses de Zn sobre a nutrição e translocação deste nutriente até os grãos. Para tanto, uma amostra de um Latossolo Vermelho, textura argilosa da região de Piracicaba (SP) foi utilizada e ZnCl2 (marcado com 65Zn) como fonte. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em DIC, com cinco doses de Zn (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições. O experimento foi conduzido até a formação de grãos e foi realizada determinação de Zn por Espectrômetria de Absorção Atômica após digestão nitroperclórica e contagem do 65Zn nas partes da planta: parte aérea (PA) e panícula (P), para arroz e PA, vagem (V) e grão (G), para soja. Calculou-se a quantidade de Zn proveniente da fonte (Znpf) nas partes das plantas e o aproveitamento do Zn da fonte pelas culturas (Ap). Nas amostras de solo foram realizadas extrações por DTPA (ZnDTPA) e Mehlich-1 (ZnM1) em duas subamostragens (t1 e t2), antes da semeadura e florescimento, respectivamente. O fracionamento de Zn foi realizado em amostras de t2 nas frações: trocável (ZnTroc); ligado a carbonatos (ZnCarb); a matéria orgânica (ZnMO); a óxidos (ZnOxi) e residual (Znres). Adicionalmente, foi realizada análise do teor pseudo-total de Zn (ZnPST). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste-F a 95 % de probabilidade, ajuste das variáveis em função das doses por regressões e teste de média e análises de correlações entre as principais variáveis respostas. O Zn acumulado total na planta se ajustou à regressão linear em função do aumento das doses, entretanto ao analisar as partes separadamente, só houve diferença entre as doses para a variável PA em ambas as culturas. O Znpf total nas plantas apresentou incremento com a adição das doses crescentes de Zn ao solo, entretanto, eu aproveitamento foi baixo, 12 e 8,75 % para arroz e soja, respectivamente. As doses de ZnCl2 adicionadas ao solo, aumentaram a concentração de Zn presente nas frações ZnTroc > ZnMO > ZnCarb, em ordem decrescente. O Zn total acumulado nas plantas de arroz e soja apresentam correlações crescentes para os extratores DTPA e M1 nas duas subamostragens (t1 e t2), em função das doses avaliadas. O Zn extraído pelo DTPA ou M1, apresentaram correlação significativa com o Zn extraído nas frações, na ordem decrescente, ZnTroc > ZnCarb > ZnMO

Disponibilidade de níquel no sistema solo-planta: efeito de doses e saturações por bases

Por se tratar de um elemento essencial às plantas e um metal pesado ao mesmo tempo, o níquel requer atenção quanto aos aspectos da fisiologia de plantas e ambiental. Além disso, existe um intervalo estreito entre as exigências nutricionais e os teores tóxicos às plantas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do Ni no sistema solo-planta, com foco no ciclo do N e a disponibilidade do elemento no solo, por meio de experimento em condições controladas, utilizando vasos distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, utilizando-se esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com sete repetições cada tratamento. O primeiro fator foi constituído de duas saturações por base (50 e 70%) e o segundo de cinco doses de Ni (0; 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 10,0 mg dm-3 de solo). Os vasos foram preenchidos com 8 dm3 de terra e cultivados com soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] sucedida por girassol (Helianthus annuus L.). Os parâmetros qualitativos e quantitativos: altura de plantas (AP), diâmetro do caule (DC), número de nós (NN), estádio fenológico (EF), índice SPAD e, diâmetro do capítulo (DCap) (para girassol) foram avaliadas aos 30 e 60 dias após a emergência (d.a.e.) de cada cultivo. Plantas inteiras de soja, amostradas em quatro vasos de cada tratamento, foram coletadas no estádio R1. Na mesma ocasião foram coletadas amostras de solo da rizosfera. Em seguida, as plantas coletadas foram divididas em: folhas; raízes (nódulos na soja) e parte aérea. Foram determinados nas folhas utilizadas para diagnose em soja e girassol: os teores de macro e micronutrientes, as atividades da redutase do nitrato e da urease e as concentrações dos ácidos orgânicos: oxálico, malônico, succínico, málico, tartárico, fumárico, oxaloacético, cítrico e lático. Os mesmos ácidos orgânicos foram determinados em raízes secundárias de girassol e nódulos de soja. Foram realizadas avaliações ultraestruturais por meio de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) em raízes de girassol, e estruturais e de tonalidade em nódulos de soja, por meio de microscopia de luz. No solo, foram determinadas: atividade urease, desidrogenase, Ni total e fitodisponível pelos métodos: Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA. No período de maturidade fisiológica de cada cultura foi realizada a colheita das plantas dos vasos restantes para determinação de produção de grãos, teores de Ni na planta inteira e Ni e N nos grãos. Ao final dos dois experimentos foi realizada nova coleta de solo para extração sequencial de Ni. O índice SPAD em soja aos 60 d.a.e., a produção de massa seca da parte aérea da soja e da raiz de girassol foram influenciados pela saturação por bases, doses de níquel e pela a interação destes. Foram influenciados pelas saturações por base e doses de níquel (fatores isolados): para soja: AP aos 60 d.a.e., NN aos 30 e 60 d.a.e., SPAD aos 30 d.a.e.; para girassol: AP e NN aos 30 e 60 d.a.e., DC e SPAD aos 30 d.a.e. As demais variáveis avaliadas aos 30 e 60 d.a.e. foram influenciadas apenas pela saturação por bases, ou doses de Ni separadamente. As plantas de soja e girassol apresentaram maiores teores de Ni nos diferentes tecidos avaliados (exceto grãos) quando cultivadas sob V50%. A produção de grãos de soja e girassol não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos, porém o teor de N dos grãos de soja influenciado pelas doses de Ni na V70%. A atividade da enzima urease nas folhas de soja e girassol foi responsiva positivamente ao aumento das doses de Ni. Quatro dos ácidos orgânicos avaliados e o teor de N nas folhas e nos grãos foram maiores nas plantas cultivadas sob V70% com a dose de 0,5 mg dm-3 de Ni. As doses de Ni bem com as saturações por bases influenciaram diretamente o balanço de nutrientes das plantas. Os extratores Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA apresentaram elevado coefienciente de correlação entre a fração de Ni disponível no solo e a concentração do elemento nas plantas de soja e girassol, sendo o extrator DTPA o que apresentou maior coeficiente de correlação. O Ni apresentou distribuição variável entre as diferentes frações do solo em função dos tratamentos. Os solos dos tratamentos com saturação por bases de 70% apresentaram maior concentração de Ni ligado a carbonato, comparado aos tratamentos sob saturação por bases de 50%. A distribuição do Ni entre as frações do solo seguiu a seguinte orgem: ligado a carbonato < trocável < ligado a óxidos < matéria orgânica < residual. A saturação por bases exerceu efeito diferenciado para a atividade da urease no solo em função da cultura avaliada. Por sua vez, o Ni exerceu efeito diferenciado sobre a atividade de desidrogenase em função da cultura estudada

Lack of mycorrhizal autoregulation and phytohormonal changes in the supernodulating soybean mutant nts1007

Autoregulatory mechanisms have been reported in the rhizobial and the mycorrhizal symbiosis. Autoregulation means that already existing nodules or an existing root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus systemically suppress subsequent nodule formation/root colonization in other parts of the root system. Mutants of some legumes lost their ability to autoregulate the nodule number and thus display a supernodulating phenotype. On studying the effect of pre-inoculation of one side of a split-root system with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on subsequent mycorrhization in the second side of the split-root system of a wild-type soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Bragg and its supernodulating mutant nts1007, we observed a clear suppressional effect in the wild-type, whereas further root colonization in the split-root system of the mutant nts1007 was not suppressed. These data strongly indicate that the mechanisms involved in supernodulation also affect mycorrhization and support the hypothesis that the autoregulation in the rhizobial and the mycorrhizal symbiosis is controlled in a similar manner. The accumulation patterns of the plant hormones IAA, ABA and Jasmonic acid (JA) in non-inoculated control plants and split-root systems of inoculated plants with one mycorrhizal side of the split-root system and one non-mycorrhizal side, indicate an involvement of IAA in the autoregulation of mycorrhization. Mycorrhizal colonization of soybeans also resulted in a strong induction of ABA and JA levels, but on the basis of our data the role of these two phytohormones in mycorrhizal autoregulation is questionable.

Análise da variabilidade climática sobre a produtividade da soja no município de Bom Jesus (PI)

The climate is still main responsible for the variations soybean productivity (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), exerting a limiting action on these agricultural systems. The bomjesuense cerrado, this culture has proved, over the years, an increase of cultivated areas, however, productivity does not keep the same pace, going through periods of oscillations. Thus, although the crop is added to high technology, culture has great vulnerability to climatic adversities. Thus, the present study aims to analyze possible trends in meteorological variables, which can influence the soybean yield in Bom Jesus. For this purpose, different datasets were used, as follows: i) two periods of daily data (1984-2014 and 1974-2014), both obtained from the National Meteorological Institute (INMET); ii) climate normals from 1961-1990 as defined by INMET; iii) local agricultural production data of soybean-year (1997/1998 to 2012/2013) obtained from the Municipal Agricultural Production (PAM) dataset, which is management by Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The analysis procedures included calculations of climate normals for 1984 to 2014 period and some statistical applications, as follows: i) the Wilcoxon test, used to evaluate differences between climate normals (1961 to 1990 and 1984 to 2014); ii) the Mann-Kendall nonparametric test, in order to analyze the linear trend of agrometeorological variables (rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature and diurnal range of temperature; iii) cluster analysis by Ward method and the Spearman correlation test (rs) to identify the relationship between agrometeorological variable and soybean annual productivity. We adopted a statistical significance level of 5%. The results indicate changes in seasonality of the 1984-2014 climatology with respect to past climatology for all variables analyzed, except for insolation and precipitation. However, the monthly analysis of precipitation indicate negative trend during October and positive trend in December, causing a delay in start of rainy season. If this trend is persistent this result must be considered in futures definitions of the soybean crop sowing date over the region studied. With Mann-Kendall test was possible to identify positive trends with statistical significance in maximum temperature for all month forming part of soybean cycle (from November to April), which in turn tends to cause adverse effects on crop physiology, and consequently impacts on the final yield. Was identified a significant positive correlation between soybean yield and precipitation observed in March, thus precipitation deficit in this month is harmful to the soybean crop development. No statistically significant correlation was identified among maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and DTR with annual soybean productivity due these range of meteorological variables are not limiting factors in the final soybean yield in Bom Jesus (PI). It is expected that this study will contribute to propose planning strategies considering the role of climate variability on soybean crop final yield.

Fungicidas protetores no manejo da ferrugem da soja, processos fisiológicos e produtividade da cultura

Currently, the management recommendations for asian soybean rust (ASR) has been based on the application of protective fungicides mixed with triazoles and stronilurins. Thus, this study aimed at assessing whether the increased productivity provided by the application of protective fungicides is due solely to the fungicidal action of the product or some physiological changes in the plant and which the latter would be. The experiment was conducted from March to July 2015 at the experimental station of Udi Research and Development in Uberlândia-MG, with the cultivar 97Y07 RR. The experimental design chosen for this study was comprised of a randomized block with four replications and 16 treatments: check, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin (116.55 + 58.45 g ha-1), azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir (90 + 45 g ha-1), trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60 + 70 g ha-1), tebuconazole + picoxystrobin (100 + 60 g ha-1), picoxystrobin + cyproconazole (60 + 24 g ha-1), mancozeb (1125 g ha-1), azoxistrobina + tebuconazole + difenoconazole (60 + 75 + 120 g ha-1), azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole + chlorothalonil ( 60 + 120 + 75 + 1440 g ha-1), and mistures fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole + mancozeb, tebuconazole + picoxystrobin + mancozeb, picoxystrobin + cyproconazole + mancozeb, azoxystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole + mancozeb, and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir + chlorothalonil, from the aforesaid doses. The first application of the treatments occurred in R1, in the absence of symptoms. The number of applications, intervals and the use of adjuvants were performed according to the recommendations by manufacturers. The variables analyzed were: disease severity, concentration of chlorophylls and carotenoids, photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), internal carbon concentration (Ci), instantaneous efficiency in water use (A/E), intrinsic water use efficiency (A/gs), and carboxylation efficiency (A/C). With these data collected, this study set to date the progress curve of each variable (AUPC). At the end of the crop cycle, the average of pods per plant was quantified, grain per pod, productivity and weight of 1,000 grains. It was concluded that: the addition of mancozeb to fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole and tebuconazole + picoxystrobin potentiated the ASR control; adding mancozebe to the mixture azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupir provided better control of the disease compared to the addition of chlorothalonil; mancozeb amounts to AUPC concentration of photosynthetic pigments and when added to axozystrobin + tebuconazole + difenoconazole, increases the AUPC for total chlorophyll concentration, as well as when chlorothalonil was added; mancozeb added to the mix fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin raised the AUPC for A/Ci and A/gs, increasing the W1,000G and crop productivity; the addition of protectors similarly reflected on the productivity of culture.

Analyses of the community compositions of root rot pathogenic fungi in the soybean rhizosphere soil

Soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) root rot is an important disease of soybean under continuous cropping, and root rot is widely distributed throughout the world. This disease is extremely harmful, and it is difficult to prevent and control. The study aimed to elucidate the composition of root rot pathogenic fungal communities in the continuous cropping of soybean. In this study, we employed PCRDGGE technology to analyze the communities of root rot pathogenic fungi in soybean rhizosphere soil subjected to continuous cropping during a season with a high incidence of root rot in Heilongjiang province, China, the main soybean producing area in China. The results of 13 DGGE bands were analyzed by phylogenetic revealed that the predominant root rot pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere soil in the test area were Pythium ultimum and Fusarium species. The results of cluster analysis showed that the duration of continuous cropping, the soybean variety and the plant growth stage all had significant effects on the diversity of root rot pathogenic fungi in rhizosphere soil.

A pigeonpea gene confers resistance to Asian soybean rust in soybean.

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is one of the most economically important crop diseases, but is only treatable with fungicides, which are becoming less effective owing to the emergence of fungicide resistance. There are no commercial soybean cultivars with durable resistance to P. pachyrhizi, and although soybean resistance loci have been mapped, no resistance genes have been cloned. We report the cloning of a P. pachyrhizi resistance gene CcRpp1 (Cajanus cajan Resistance against Phakopsora pachyrhizi 1) from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and show that CcRpp1 confers full resistance to P. pachyrhizi in soybean. Our findings show that legume species related to soybean such as pigeonpea, cowpea, common bean and others could provide a valuable and diverse pool of resistance traits for crop improvement.

Nematóide (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) formador de cisto em soja.

O nematóide Heterodera glycines Ichinohe é considerado o parasita mais destrutivo da soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). A doença causada pela infestação desse nematóide, primeiramente obserada no Japão, recebeu a denominção de "nanismo amarelo", devido aos sintomas por ela produzidos nas plantas de soja infecatadas.

Parâmetros genéticos e obtenção de genótipos de soja com ausência de lipoxigenase e características agronômicas em baixas latitudes

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2016.

Agriculture and forest: A sustainable strategy in the Brazilian Amazon.

Large-scale agriculture is increasing in anthropogenically modified areas in the Amazon Basin. Crops such as soybean, maize, oil palm, and others are being introduced to supply the world demand for food and energy. However, the current challenge is to enhance the sustainability of these areas by increasing efficiency of production chains and to improve environmental services. The Amazon Basin has experienced a paradigm shift away from the traditional slash-and-burn agricultural practices, which offers decision makers the opportunity to make innovative interventions to enhance the productivity in previously degraded areas by using trees to ecological advantage. This study describes a successful experiment integrating the production of soybean and paricá (Glycine max L. and Schizolobium amazonicum) based on previous research that indicated potential topoclimatic zones for planting paricá in the Brazilian state of Pará. This paper shows that a no-tillage system reduces the effects of drought compared to conventional tillage still used by many farmers in the region. The integrated system was implemented during the 2014/2015 season in 234.6 ha in the high-potential zone in the municipality of Ulianópolis, Pará. Both soybean and paricá were planted simultaneously. Paricá was planted in 5 m x 2 m inter-tree spacing totaling 228x103 trees per hectare and soybean, in 4 m x 100 m spacing, distributed in nine rows with a 0.45 m inter-row distance, occupying 80% of the area. The harvested soybean production was 3.4 t ha-1, higher than other soybean monocultures in eastern Pará. Paricá benefited from soybean fertilization in the first year: It exhibited rapid development in height (3.26 m) and average diameter (3.85 cm). Trees and crop rotation over the following years is six years for forest species and one year for each crop. Our results confirm there are alternatives to the current production systems able to diminish negative impacts resulting from monoculture. In addition, the system provided environmental services such as reduced soil erosion and increased carbon stock by soil cover with no-tillage soybean cultivation. The soybean cover contributes to increased paricá thermal regulation and lower forestry costs. We concluded that innovative interventions are important to show local farmers that it is possible to adapt an agroforest system to large-scale production, thus changing the Amazon.

Acao antioxidante de extratos de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) em files de peixes da especie pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg)

The antioxidant effect of plant extract has been an interesting issue for many researchers in past few years. Spices have been identified as products with large amounts of antioxidants, and rosemary is one the most studied spice. Studies have shown evidences that population with high intake of these substances have less incidence of coronary heart disease. The objective of this work was verify the antioxidant action of the commercial rosemary oleoresin Herbalox® (used to feed the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fish. The juveniles pacu were fed with isocaloric and isoproteic diets, for two groups the lipid source was soybean oil and for the another it was corn oil. For each group of the different lipid sources, rosemary extract Herbalox® (were added in one lot and on the other which was used as control. The results showed that the addition of rosemary extracts to the ration protected them against peroxidation, when compared with the control, the lipid source also have influence on these protection.

Tocopherol content and fatty acid profile in soybean oil supplemented with salvia extract (Salvia officinalis L.) during heating

This paper aimed to assess the tocopherol content and evaluate the fatty acid profile in soybean oil supplemented with salvia extract during heating, so as to verify the isolated and synergistic effect of natural and synthetic antioxidants. In order to obtain the extract, the lyophilized and crushed salvia was subjected to extraction by ethyl alcohol for 30 min, with a 1:20 salvia:ethyl alcohol ratio, under continuous agitation. Afterwards, the mixture was filtered and the supernatant was subjected to the rotary evaporator at 40 °C. Later the control treatments, ES (3000 mg kg-1 salvia extract), TBHQ (50 mg kg-1), and mixture (ES+50 mg kg-1 TBHQ) were prepared and subjected to 180 °C for 20 h. Samples were taken in time intervals 0, 10, and 20 h and analysed in terms of tocopherol content and fatty acid profile. Regarding the tocopherol and fatty acid profile analysis, it was found that the extract proved efficient in oil protection, when added isolated to soybean oil subjected to thermo oxidation. According to the results, salvia extract is a viable alternative that might be applied in industrialized processing of oils as natural antioxidant.

Distribuição de inseticidas em frutos do cafeeiro (coffea arabica l.) e eficiência no controle da broca-do-cafeeiro (Hypothenemus Hampei F.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Establishing a soybean germplasm core collection

Core collections are of strategic importance as they allow the use of a small part of a germplasm collection that is representative of the total collection. The objective of this study was to develop a soybean core collection of the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection by comparing the results of random, proportional, logarithmic, multivariate proportional and multivariate logarithmic sampling strategies. All but the random sampling strategy used stratification of the entire collection based on passport data and maturity group classification. The multivariate proportional and multivariate logarithmic strategies made further use of qualitative and quantitative trait data to select diverse accessions within each stratum. The 18 quantitative trait data distribution parameters were calculated for each core and for the entire collection for pairwise comparison to validate the sampling strategies. All strategies were adequate for assembling a core collection. The random core collection best represented the entire collection in statistical terms. Proportional and logarithmic strategies did not maximize statistical representation but were better in selecting maximum variability. Multivariate proportional and multivariate logarithmic strategies produced the best core collections as measured by maximum variability conservation. The soybean core collection was established using the multivariate proportional selection strategy. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Action of growth regulators on flowering and pod production of soybean cultivar Davis

This research deals with the effects of growth regulators on flowering and pod formation in soybean plant (Glycine max cv. Davis). Under greenhouse conditions, soybean plants were sprayed with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 20 ppm, Agrostemmin (1g/10 ml/3 l) gibberellic acid (GA) 100 ppm, and (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) 2,000 ppm. Application of TIBA increased number of flowers. 'Davis' soybean treated with CCC and TIBA presented a tendency to produce a lower number of pods.