Economic theories of the family and discrimination in a social context: Entitlements of Kondh tribal females in India

Economic theories of the family and gender discrimination within the family are examined in the context of Kondh dominated tribal villages in rural western Orissa, India, drawing on results from a survey of 106 wives. The survey involved direct interviews using a structured questionnaire. This article examines the relevance of economic unitary and bargaining theories of the family in this social context, drawing on background literature. Using the survey results, socioeconomic influences on the status of wives within their families are analyzed and the entitlements of female and male children are compared and analyzed. Because of cultural embedding, it is suggested that the relevance of economic theories of the family depend significantly on cultural context. In many cases, it seems that poverty has a negative influence on the social empowerment of females but it is not the only influence nor always a sufficient condition for discrimination against females.

Determinants of hepato- and spleno-megaly in Hunan, China: cross-sectional survey data from areas endemic for schistosomiasis

In order to understand the determinants of schistosome-related hepato- and spleno-megaly better, 14 002 subjects aged 3-60 years (59% male; mean age =32 years) were randomly selected from 43 villages, all in Hunan province, China, where schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum is endemic. The abdomen of each subject was examined along the mid-sternal (MSL) and mid-clavicular lines, for evidence of current hepato- and/or spleno-megaly, and a questionnaire was used to collect information on the medical history of each individual. Current infections with S. japonicum were detected by stool examination. Almost all (99.8%) of the subjects were ethnically Han by descent and most (77%) were engaged in farming. Although schistosomiasis appeared common (42% of the subjects claiming to have had the disease), only 45% of the subjects said they had received anti-schistosomiasis drugs. Overall, 1982 (14%) of the subjects had S. japonicum infections (as revealed by miracidium-hatching tests and/or Katon Katz smears) when examined and 22% had palpable hepatomegaly (i.e. enlargement of at least 3 cm along the MSL), although only 2.5% had any form of detectable splenomegaly (i.e. a Hackett's grade of at least 1). Multiple logistic regression revealed that male subjects, fishermen, farmers, subjects aged greater than or equal to 25 years, subjects with a history of schistosomiasis, and subjects who had had bloody stools in the previous 2 weeks were all at relatively high risk of hepato- and/or spleno-megaly. In areas moderately endemic for Schistosoma japonicum, occupational exposure and disease history appear to be good predictors of current disease status among older residents. These results reconfirm those reported earlier in the same region.

IBD sharing around the PPARG locus is not increased in dizygotic twins or their mothers

We observe no evidence of linkage to the region around the PPARG locus in several samples of DZ twins who have been genotyped at multiple markers on chromosome 3 (Fig. 1). Among 199 Australian DZ twins ascertained for a history of wheezing2, mean identity by descent (IBD) sharing at the position of PPARG is 0.463 (99% bootstrapped confidence interval=0.412−0.516). We obtained a similar result with 232 pairs of Australian adolescent DZ twins taking part in a longitudinal study of naevus development3 (0.444, 0.390−0.499), and a set of 125 Australian adult DZ twin pairs assessed for anxiety4 (0.508, 0.435−0.580). A Dutch scan of 160 DZ twin pairs5 obtained slightly more encouraging results (0.553, 0.482−0.587, peak maximum lod score (MLS)=0.57). Pooling all these samples gives 0.477 (0.454−0.512) at the position of PPARG. The test for heterogeneity of sharing between studies was not significant (P=0.10). In the combined dataset, the peak IBD sharing (MLS=0.70) is 50 cM closer to the centromere than PPARG. Finally, in a sample of 203 Australian and New Zealand sister pairs where each had given birth to DZ twins6, sharing across the region is also not increased (0.433). We do not replicate linkage in the populations we study to survival of a twin pregnancy or polyovulation.

Genetics of brain function and cognition

There is overwhelming evidence for the existence of substantial genetic influences on individual differences in general and specific cognitive abilities, especially in adults. The actual localization and identification of genes underlying variation in cognitive abilities and intelligence has only just started, however. Successes are currently limited to neurological mutations with rather severe cognitive effects. The current approaches to trace genes responsible for variation in the normal ranges of cognitive ability consist of large scale linkage and association studies. These are hampered by the usual problems of low statistical power to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of small effect. One strategy to boost the power of genomic searches is to employ endophenotypes of cognition derived from the booming field of cognitive neuroscience This special issue of Behavior Genetics reports on one of the first genome-wide association studies for general IQ. A second paper summarizes candidate genes for cognition, based on animal studies. A series of papers then introduces two additional levels of analysis in the ldquoblack boxrdquo between genes and cognitive ability: (1) behavioral measures of information-processing speed (inspection time, reaction time, rapid naming) and working memory capacity (performance on on single or dual tasks of verbal and spatio-visual working memory), and (2) electrophyiosological derived measures of brain function (e.g., event-related potentials). The obvious way to assess the reliability and validity of these endophenotypes and their usefulness in the search for cognitive ability genes is through the examination of their genetic architecture in twin family studies. Papers in this special issue show that much of the association between intelligence and speed-of-information processing/brain function is due to a common gene or set of genes, and thereby demonstrate the usefulness of considering these measures in gene-hunting studies for IQ.

Genetics of cognition: Outline of a collaborative twin study

Amultidisciplinary collaborative study examining cognition in a large sample of twins is outlined. A common experimental protocol and design is used in The Netherlands, Australia and Japan to measure cognitive ability using traditional IQ measures (i.e., psychometric IQ), processing speed (e.g., reaction time [RT] and inspection time [IT]), and working memory (e.g., spatial span, delayed response [DR] performance). The main aim is to investigate the genetic covariation among these cognitive phenotypes in order to use the correlated biological markers in future linkage and association analyses to detect quantitativetrait loci (QTLs). We outline the study and methodology, and report results from our preliminary analyses that examines the heritability of processing speed and working memory indices, and their phenotypic correlation with IQ. Heritability of Full Scale IQ was 87% in the Netherlands, 83% in Australia, and 71% in Japan. Heritability estimates for processing speed and working memory indices ranged from 33–64%. Associations of IQ with RT and IT (−0.28 to −0.36) replicated previous findings with those of higher cognitive ability showing faster speed of processing. Similarly, significant correlations were indicated between IQ and the spatial span working memory task (storage [0.31], executive processing [0.37]) and the DR working memory task (0.25), with those of higher cognitive ability showing better memory performance. These analyses establish the heritability of the processing speed and working memory measures to be used in our collaborative twin study of cognition, and support the findings that individual differences in processing speed and working memory may underlie individual differences in psychometric IQ.

The nature and evolution of the association among digeneans, molluscs and fishes

Patterns of association of digenean families and their mollusc and vertebrate hosts are assessed by way of a new database containing information on over 1000 species of digeneans for lift-cycles and over 5000 species from fishes. Analysis of the distribution of digenean families in molluscs suggests that the group was associated primitively with gastropods and that infection of polychaetes, bivalves and scaphopods are all the results of host-switching. For the vertebrates. infections of agnathans and chondrichthyans are apparently the result of host-switching from teleosts. For digenean families the ratio of orders of fishes infected to superfamilies of molluscs infected ranges from 0.5 (Mesometridae) to 16 (Bivesiculidae) and has a mean of 5.6. Individual patterns of host association of 13 dipenean families and superfamilies are reviewed. Two, Bucephalidae and Sanguinicolidae. are exceptional in infecting a range of first intermediate hosts qualitatively as broad as their range of definitive hosts. No well-studied taxon shows narrower association with vertebrate than with mollusc clades. The range of definitive hosts of digeneans is characteristically defined by eco-physiological similarity rather than phylogenetic relationship. The range of associations of digenean families with mollusc taxa is generally much narrower. These data are considered in the light of ideas about the significance of different forms of host association. If Manter's Second Rule (the longer the association with a host group, the mure pronounced the specificity exhibited by the parasite group) is invoked, then the data may suggest that the Digenea first parasitised molluscs before adopting vertebrate hosts. This interpretation is consistent with most previous ideas about the evolution of the Digenea but contrary to current interpretations based on the monophyly of the Neodermata. The basis of Manter's Second Rule is. however, considered too flimsy for this interpretation to be robust. Problems of the inference of the evolution of patterns of parasitism in the Neodermata al-e discussed and considered so intractable that the truth may be presently unknowable. (C) 2001 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Technical, allocative, cost and scale efficiencies in Bangladesh rice cultivation: A non-parametric approach

Applying programming techniques to detailed data for 406 rice farms in 21 villages, for 1997, produces inefficiency measures, which differ substantially from the results of simple yield and unit cost measures. For the Boro (dry) season, mean technical efficiency was efficiency was 56.2 per cent and 69.4 per cent, allocative efficiency was 81.3 per cent, cost efficiency was 56.2 per cent and scale efficiency 94.9 per cent. The Aman (wet) season results are similar, but a few points lower. Allocative inefficiency is due to overuse of labour, suggesting population pressure, and of fertiliser, where recommended rates may warrant revision. Second-stage regressions show that large families are more inefficient, whereas farmers with better access to input markets, and those who do less off-farm work, tend to be more efficient. The information on the sources of inter-farm performance differentials could be used by the extension agents to help inefficient farmers. There is little excuse for such sub-optimal use of survey data, which are often collected at substantial costs.

Alterations in Plasmodium falciparum genotypes during sequential infections suggest the presence of strain specific immunity

Many of the asexual stage Plasmodium falciparum proteins that are the targets of host protective responses are markedly polymorphic. The full repertoire of diversity is not defined for any antigen. Most studies have focused on the genes encoding merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (MSP1, MSP2). We explored the extent of diversity of some of the less studied merozoite surface antigens and analyzed the degree of complexity of malaria field isolates by deriving nucleotide sequences of several antigens. We have determined the genotype of apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) in a group of 30 field samples, collected over 29 months, from individuals living in an area of intense malaria transmission in Irian Jaya, identifying 14 different alleles. AMA1 genotyping was combined with previously determined MSP2 typing. AMA1 had the greatest power in distinguishing between isolates but methodological problems, especially when mixed infections are present, suggest it is not an ideal typing target. MSP1, MSP3, and glutamate-rich protein genotypes were also determined from a smaller group of samples, and all results were combined to derive an extended antigenic haplotype. Within this subset of 10 patients, nine different genotypes could be discerned; however, five patients were all infected with the same strain. This strain was present in individuals from two separate villages and was still present 12 months later. This strain was predominant at the first time point but had disappeared at the fourth time point. This significant change in malaria genotypes could be due to strain-specific immunity developing in this population.

Control of Aedes vectors of dengue in three provinces of Vietnam by use of Mesocyclops (Copepoda) and community-based methods validated by entomologic, clinical, and serological surveillance

We describe remarkable success in controlling dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), in 6 communes with 11,675 households and 49,647 people in the northern provinces of Haiphong, Hung Yen, and Nam Dinh in Vietnam. The communes were selected for high-frequency use of large outdoor concrete tanks and wells. These were found to be the source of 49.6-98.4% of Ae. aegypti larvae, which were amenable to treatment with local Mesocyclops, mainly M. woutersi Van der Velde, M. aspericornis (Daday) and M. thermocyclopoides Harada. Knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys were performed to determine whether the communities viewed dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever as a serious health threat; to determine their knowledge of the etiology, attitudes, and practices regarding control methods including Mesocyclops; and to determine their receptivity to various information methods. On the basis of the knowledge, attitude, and practice data, the community-based dengue control program comprised a system of local leaders, health volunteer teachers, and schoolchildren, supported by health professionals. Recycling of discards for economic gain was enhanced, where appropriate, and this, plus 37 clean-up campaigns, removed small containers unsuitable for Mesocyclops treatment. A previously successful eradication at Phan Boi village (Hung Yen province) was extended to 7 other villages forming Di Su commune (1,750 households) in the current study. Complete control was also achieved in Nghia Hiep (Hung Yen province) and in Xuan Phong (Nam Dinh province); control efficacy was greater than or equal to 99.7% in the other 3 communes (Lac Vien in Haiphong, Nghia Dong, and Xuan Kien in Nam Dinh). Although tanks and wells were the key container types of Ae. aegypti productivity, discarded materials were the source of 51% of the standing crop of Ae. albopictus. Aedes albopictus larvae were eliminated from the 3 Nam Dinh communes, and 86-98% control was achieved in the other 3 communes. Variable dengue attack rates made the clinical and serological comparison of control and untreated communes problematic, but these data indicate that clinical surveillance by itself is inadequate to monitor dengue transmission.

Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves

Several schemes have been developed to help select the locations of marine reserves. All of them combine social, economic, and biological criteria, and few offer any guidance as to how to prioritize among the criteria identified. This can imply that the relative weights given to different criteria are unimportant. Where two sites are of equal value ecologically; then socioeconomic criteria should dominate the choice of which should be protected. However, in many cases, socioeconomic criteria are given equal or greater weight than ecological considerations in the choice of sites. This can lead to selection of reserves with little biological value that fail to meet many of the desired objectives. To avoid such a possibility, we develop a series of criteria that allow preliminary evaluation of candidate sites according to their relative biological values in advance of the application of socioeconomic criteria. We include criteria that,. while not strictly biological, have a strong influence on the species present or ecological processes. Out scheme enables sites to be assessed according to their biodiversity, the processes which underpin that diversity, and the processes that support fisheries and provide a spectrum of other services important to people. Criteria that capture biodiversity values include biogeographic representation, habitat representation and heterogeneity, and presence of species or populations of special interest (e.g., threatened species). Criteria that capture sustainability of biodiversity and fishery values include the size of reserves necessary to protect viable habitats, presence of exploitable species, vulnerable life stages, connectivity among reserves, links among ecosystems, and provision of ecosystem services to people. Criteria measuring human and natural threats enable candidate sites to be eliminated from consideration if risks are too great, but also help prioritize among sites where threats can be mitigated by protection. While our criteria can be applied to the design of reserve networks, they also enable choice of single reserves to be made in the context of the attributes of existing protected areas. The overall goal of our scheme is to promote the development of reserve networks that will maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at large scales. The values of eco-system goods and services for people ultimately depend on meeting this objective.

The genetics of coronary heart disease: the contribution of twin studies

Despite the decline in coronary heart disease in many European countries, the disease remains an enormous public health problem. Although we know a great deal about environmental risk factors for coronary heart disease, a heritable component was recognized a long time ago. The earliest and best known examples of how our genetic constitution may determine cardiovascular risk relate to lipoprotein(a), familial hypercholesterolaemia and apolipoprotein E. In the past 20 years a fair number of polymorphisms assessed singly have shown strong associations with the disease but most are subject to poor repeatability. Twins constitute a compelling natural experiment to establish the genetic contribution to coronary heart disease and its risk factors. GenomEUtwin, a recently funded Framework 5 Programme of the European Community, affords the opportunity of comparing the heritability of risk factors in different European Twin Registries. As an illustration we present the heritabilities of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, based on data from over 4000 twin pairs from six different European countries and Australia. Heritabilities for systolic blood pressure are between 52 and 66% and for diastolic blood pressure between 44 and 66%. There is no evidence of sex differences in heritability estimates and very little to no evidence for a significant contribution of shared family environment. A non-twin based prospective case/cohort study of coronary heart disease and stroke (MORGAM) will allow hypotheses relating to cardiovascular disease, generated in the twin cohorts, to be tested prospectively in adult populations. Twin studies have also contributed to our understanding of the life course hypothesis, and GenomEUtwin has the potential to add to this.

Cidadania e civiliza????o tecnol??gica: a mudan??a de quadros conceptuais em forma????o e educa????o

O modelo conceptual e pr??tico com que, durante s??culos, a nossa civiliza????o se regeu era insepar??vel da distin????o entre ???ci??ncia??? e ???t??cnica???. O momento em que nos encontramos, momento em que, por um lado, ???ci??ncia??? e ???t??cnica??? vieram a constituir uma unidade indissol??vel e em que, por outro lado (que ??, talvez, apenas um outro aspecto do mesmo acontecimento), tal unidade fez com que a civiliza????o deixasse de ser ???nossa??? e se tornasse global, obriga necessariamente a repensar os t??poi da ???ci??ncia??? e da ???t??cnica??? e da nossa rela????o com elas. Ci??ncia e t??cnica, com os seus pap??is diferentes, tinham tamb??m ???tempos??? diferentes. Ali??s, e porque se trata de repensar os t??poi da ci??ncia e da t??cnica, ?? preciso ter em conta que o t??pos n??o ??, em grego cl??ssico, um conceito meramente espacial, mas sim um conceito ???eco-l??gico???. O t??pos de uma coisa ?? o seu ???lugar??? de implanta????o na exist??ncia, isto ??, num espa??o/tempo do todo do mundo. O t??pos ?? um conceito ???eco-l??gico???, porque assinala que o logos de uma coisa, a sua raz??o de ser, coloca-a num ???lugar??? espa??o/temporal que lhe ?? pr??prio, a sua ???casa-no-mundo??? (oikos).

Educação escolar Tupinikim e Guarani : experiências de interculturalidade em aldeias de Aracruz, no Estado do Espírito Santo

A pesquisa analisa as relações entre interculturalidade, práxis e educação escolar indígena Tupinikim e Guarani do município de Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Investiga a práxis da educação intercultural no espaço da educação escolar indígena como meio de revitalização das culturas Tupinikim e Guarani. Objetiva problematizar a formação inicial e continuada dos professores indígenas; discutir a práxis da interculturalidade no contexto da educação escolar indígena; e, identificar outros espaços educativos da cultura e educação indígena. Analisa aspectos teóricos e práticos sobre cultura (WILLIAMS, 2008; BRANDÃO, 1989; FORQUIN, 1993; CANDAU, 2011; GEERTZ, 1989), interculturalidade (D‘AMBROSIO,1996; FLEURI, 2002; 2003; SCANDIUZZI, 2009;), identidade e alteridade (MELIÁ, 2000; FREIRE, 1981; 1987; LITAIFF, 2004) e práxis (FREIRE, 1989; VÁSQUEZ, 2011; SEMERARO, 2006) e educação (escolar) indígena de acordo com a legislação vigente. Realiza pesquisa interpretativa (GEERTZ, 1989) na educação escolar indígena junto aos professores indígenas Guarani das Aldeias de Boa Esperança e Três Palmeiras (2009-2010) e professores indígenas Tupinikim da Aldeia de Comboios (2011-2013) na perspectiva de um diálogo intercultural. Contribuem nos processos investigativos para produção, sistematização e análise de dados a realização de observações, entrevistas semiestruturadas, registros no caderno de campo, fotografias, gravações em áudio e em vídeo e análise documental sobre a educação escolar indígena de Aracruz. (ANDRÉ, 2007; GIL, 1999; 2004). Os resultados deste trabalho levantam questões relativas a duas realidades de educação escolar nas comunidades indígenas pesquisadas que se constituem em aspectos de sobrevivência e desencadeia formas para interagir e reagir em defesa de sua identidade e dignidade. Nesse sentido, a escola é um local de vivências e de encontro, vista e sentida pelas lideranças e pela comunidade como uma possibilidade real para desenvolver um elo entre as formas tradicionais de vida e as formas contemporâneas. O desafio de garantir uma escola nestes termos significa concretizar a proposta de um projeto de educação escolar para os povos indígenas, constituído por especificidades de como trabalhar a terra, pelo reconhecimento de suas tradições, das línguas e da memória coletiva. Distante de apresentar respostas conclusivas propõe uma educação escolar, coletiva e participativa, que critica e dialoga com todos os envolvidos no processo educativo.

Sentidos da formação docente para a profissionalização - Na voz do professor do campo

O trabalho discute os sentidos da formação docente na profissionalização de professores do campo. Nasce do desassossego que interroga a prática da formação continuada, sobretudo, a especialização em educação do campo e os sentidos que são produzidos pelos sujeitos em interface com o trabalho docente nas experiências da Escola Família Agrícola, Escola do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Sem Terra e Escola Multisseriada. Têm nos estudos de Vigotski (2005), Benjamin (1994) e Larrosa (2002) as contribuições que fundamentam a compreensão de sentidos e experiência, estes como produção subjetiva, temporal e singular que ecoam das vozes dos sujeitos. As narrativas como perspectiva metodológica da pesquisa são aqui adotadas como as histórias de práticas em situação (BERTAUX, 2010) ou histórias de vida que pensam um projeto (JOSSO, 2002) e que por assim se constituírem tem como ponto motivador nos diálogos a formação e a profissão docente no campo. Trata-se, de uma narrativa de vida situada, a partir de um impulso que proporciona ao narrador e seu interlocutor o adentrar de uma história que se faz em meio a pessoas, memórias, sentimentos, conflitos, práticas e todo um contexto acerca do impulso de suas experiências de vida, formação e profissão. A partir da escuta em diálogo com as questões da pesquisa registramos a escrita dos sentidos produzidos, não como universais, mas como heterogêneos e simultaneamente singulares aos sujeitos. Nessa perspectiva, os sujeitos produzem diferentes sentidos na relação formação e profissionalização, estes amalgamados e relacionados às suas aspirações com a formação continuada e a carreira docente, imbricados nas itinerâncias dos movimentos sociais nos quais militam, bem como, nas memórias e trajetórias na educação. Pensar, portanto, em processos de formação continuada de professores do campo, à luz dessa discussão, é abrir-se aos diferentes contornos que esta assume a partir dos sentidos produzidos pelos sujeitos, desafiando-nos à construção de projetos que dialoguem com a diversidade da educação do campo e que se colocam como espaçostempos da reflexão do ser e/ou estar professor (a)-monitor (a)-educador (a) do campo.

A recepção da obra de Paulo Coelho pela crítica literária e pelo leitor

Propõe-se um estudo acerca da recepção da obra de Paulo Coelho pela crítica literária e pelo leitor, envolvendo a indústria cultural, sob a perspectiva da Sociologia da Literatura. A pesquisa justifica-se pela grande proporção de leitores que a obra atinge: traduzida para 81 idiomas e lida em 168 países, tendo boa aceitação por diferentes perfis de leitores e por muitos críticos literários de outros países. No Brasil, a produção do escritor é recebida com uma certa reserva pela crítica literária. As intervenções da indústria cultural são discutidas por meio de um diálogo estabelecido entre Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, Pierre Bourdieu, Umberto Eco, Luiz Costa Lima e Muniz Sodré. Em seguida, estabelece-se uma discussão sobre valor estético em relação à literatura contemporânea. Posteriormente, são mostradosos elementos temáticos recorrentes e a proximidade da narrativa coelhana com a oralidade, a partir da influência das canções compostas em parceria com Raul Seixas e da operação dos gêneros parábola e fábula.A recepção da crítica é analisada, baseando-se em estudos de Mário Maestri, Eloésio Paulo, teses e dissertações, artigos, entre outros. A recepção do leitor tem como aporte teórico Antonio Candido e Roger Chartier, dentre outros, apoiando-se na Estética da Recepção, especificamente nos estudos de Hans Robert Jauss e Regina Zilberman. É analisada a recepção da obra de Paulo Coelho pelos leitores da rede social Skoob, a fim de verificar o gênero, a idade,o nível de escolaridade, a condição socioeconômica e cultural e as impressões de leitura destes. Compreendendo esses sujeitos-leitores, historicamente, e valendo-se de outros aspectos (em vez dos estéticos) apontados pela Sociologia da Literatura, é possível estabelecer diálogos entre as preferências desses leitores com obras já legitimadas pela teoria e crítica literárias, ampliando o repertório destes e contribuindo para a mediação e a promoção da leitura, no Brasil.