A modernização da agricultura no Brasil e a produção do biocombustível como energia alternativa: uma reflexão crítica

This article discusses the policy implications of agricultural modernization implemented by the military - after 1964. This policy, which became known as the Green Revolution, on the one hand contributed to the development of big business, but another caused serious social and environmental impacts. Currently, not only in Brazil but all over the world, have been in a great debate about the need to find alternatives to contain the problems caused to the environment resulting from the use of high technology in the field. One alternative proposed by several researchers is to replace fossil fuels by biofuels. As we believe that the error is in the current model of agricultural production based on mass production, which serves the major markets, the attention in this article, the need to develop an agricultural model designed for small property, with the use of family work and agroecology.

Um olhar sobre o setor agrícola brasileiro: análise histórico-quantitativa dos governos FHC e Lula

This work aims to characterize and analyze the development and modernization of the Brazilian agricultural sector in the period from 1960 to the end of the Lula government, through the military dictatorship, the plans to combat inflation in the 1980s and 1990s and the programs social Lula's government. The performance of commercial agriculture is emphasized in the FHC and Lula administrations

Avaliação energética econômica do agroecossistema algodão: uma abordagem entre sistemas familiares de produção do Paraguai e do Brasil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy and economic efficiency indexes per unit of cotton agro-ecosystem area in family production systems of Paraguay and Brazil; and, to establish a relationship between the energy and economic. Typologies presented by the Program to Support Small Cotton Holdings (Paraguay), and by the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Brazil). Family systems of the two countries were identified; these are located from Paraguay (San Juan–CA) and from Brazil (Leme–SP). To construct the energy expenditure structure of the cotton agro-ecosystem, as well as to assess the economic efficiency, the mean values obtained were considered, when they presented similarities in production systems and they were within the typology proposed in this study. From the technical itinerary observed the Paraguayan agro-ecosystem depended (fossil fuel 56.76%) and industrial source (35.99%). Thus, the energy balance of the agricultural stage was established, which attained a value of 17,740.69 MJ ha-1; an energy efficiency of 5.28, and a cultural efficiency of 3.04. The Brazilian agro-ecosystem depended on energy from industrial source (insecticides 39.82%) and from fossil fuel (33.59%); it reached an energy balance of 19,547.88 MJ ha-1; an energy efficiency of 2.12, and a cultural efficiency index of 0.71. In the economic and energy indicator ratio, with regard to the months referring to the harvest time, that is to say, March, April, and May, the maximum economic efficiency indicator of paraguay was attained in the month of May (1,00), and from Brazil in the month of May (1,71). Both production systems analyzed were presented efficient, however, dependent of external circumstances and non-renewable energy sources.

Valiação energética e econômica do agroecossistema algodão: uma abordagem entre sistemas familiares de produção do Paraguai e Brasil

The objective of this work was to evaluate the energy and economic efficiency indexes per unit of cotton agro-ecosystem area in family production systems of Paraguay and Brazil; and, to establish a relationship between the energy and economic. Typologies presented by the Program to Support Small Cotton Holdings (Paraguay), and by the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Brazil). Family systems of the two countries were identified; these are located from Paraguay (San Juan–CA) and from Brazil (Leme–SP). To construct the energy expenditure structure of the cotton agro-ecosystem, as well as to assess the economic efficiency, the mean values obtained were considered, when they presented similarities in production systems and they were within the typology proposed in this study. From the technical itinerary observed the Paraguayan agro-ecosystem depended (fossil fuel 56.76%) and industrial source (35.99%). Thus, the energy balance of the agricultural stage was established, which attained a value of 17,740.69 MJ ha-1; an energy efficiency of 5.28, and a cultural efficiency of 3.04. The Brazilian agro-ecosystem depended on energy from industrial source (insecticides 39.82%) and from fossil fuel (33.59%); it reached an energy balance of 19,547.88 MJ ha-1; an energy efficiency of 2.12, and a cultural efficiency index of 0.71. In the economic and energy indicator ratio, with regard to the months referring to the harvest time, that is to say, March, April, and May, the maximum economic efficiency indicator of paraguay was attained in the month of May (1,00), and from Brazil in the month of May (1,71). Both production systems analyzed were presented efficient, however, dependent of external circumstances and non-renewable energy sources.

Agroecologia: aspectos comparativos Brasil-França

O artigo aborda alguns aspectos do desenvolvimento e do papel da Agroecologia, no Brasil e na França, com o objetivo de traçar um panorama comparativo da evolução recente considerando a polissemia do termo. Assim, a trajetória da Agroecologia foi comparada enquanto ciência, prática agrícola, movimento social e ética de vida. A pesquisa teve um caráter descritivo/qualitativo, utilizando documentos bibliográficos e investigação de sites específicos da Internet. Como conclusão podemos considerar que existem muitos pontos comuns entre os dois países, no que diz respeito aos princípios da Agroecologia, os objetivos e as instituições que fazem a mediação com a temática. A Agroecologia como ciência é vista pelos intelectuais dos dois países como um paradigma na direção de um desenvolvimento sustentável para o campo e também para a cidade. Porém, no Brasil a Agroecologia tem muito mais a ver com a questão social enquanto bandeira de luta pela diminuição das desigualdades sócio-econômicas do que como práticas agronômicas de bases ecológicas, significado mais difundido na França por conta da agricultura biologicamente intensiva. Como conclusão geral podemos dizer que as idéias podem ser as mesmas no Brasil e na França, mas as condições objetivas do desenvolvimento são muito diferentes.

Estudo diagnóstico e taxonômico de cochonilhas (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associadas às plantas cítricas no estado de Sâo Paulo, Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) pela pecuária: situação e perspectivas para criação de um mercado de crédito de carbono

O mercado mundial de carbono desenvolveu-se rapidamente com a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, sendo considerado como base para a implantação deste mercado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a situação e perspectivas da emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) pela pecuária, e a possível criação de um mercado de crédito de carbono. Pelos dados levantados, pode-se afirmar que o Brasil tem um grande potencial para a criação deste mercado, por possuir o maior rebanho bovino comercial do mundo e importante participação na emissão de GEE, principalmente o metano. Com um horizonte de crescimento para o setor, a melhora da eficiência técnica e a utilização dos preceitos de sustentabilidade são fatores importantes para quem almeja um desenvolvimento sólido e sustentável.

El cooperativismo y la financiación agrícola en Baja California, México (1930-1950) : Una aproximación inicial

Para la teoría neoclásica convencional el funcionamiento de los mercados de crédito soporta dos dificultades básicas: la información imperfecta o asimétrica y la selección adversa del prestatario aunada al riesgo del no pago. En el otro extremo, más heterodoxo, el colectivismo, el capital social y la formación de redes informales y sociedades de crédito suelen reducir los costes de transacción ligados al problema de la financiación. Este tipo de organización facilita el desenvolvimiento del cooperativismo en la economía. En México, después de la Revolución y la conformación de un régimen político autoritario y vertical, el cooperativismo se constituyó en uno de los referentes de la organización campesina para conseguir crédito de la banca pública y privada. En el noroeste del país y la península de Baja California, la existencia de cooperativas pesqueras, ganaderas, agrícolas y de transporte significó un despunte de la actividad económica y uno de los canales del desarrollo de la región. El propósito del artículo es perfilar qué tipo de cooperativismo se articuló en el Distrito Norte de la península de Baja California y qué tipo de relación guardó con el movimiento cooperativista nacional entre 1930 y 1950

Produçao e comercializaçao em assentamentos rurais : Estudo do caso do assentamento Sao Domingos dos Olhos D'Agua (Morrinhos, Goiás - Brasil)

The paper aims to diagnose obstacles to the commercialization of agricultural production of the settlement of São Domingos dos Olhos D'Água, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The research is characterized as exploratory, with qualitative approach and field research. The results show that the difficulties in the commercialization of production, especially those produced with the based on agribusiness and intermediaries, can be overcome with the expansion of public programs to support family farms. It follows that family farming can be a viable alternative to combat the expropriation of the wealth produced by resettled farmers, especially with the establishment of commercializationmechanisms that connect them directly with the final consumer, such as the Food Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos).

Configuraciones espaciales del comercio minorista en Brasil

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el crecimiento del comercio minorista en Brasil teniendo en vista la ampliación del mercado interno de consumo que ha sido impulsada por la ampliación del sistema de crédito y por políticas estatales de redistribución de renta y de exención de impuestos. La expansión del mercado implica una profunda reestructuración a nivel productivo que abarca el sector industrial, comercial y de servicios y que se realiza por medio de una constante reorganización espacial y de la transformación gradual de los patrones de consumo. Una de las características principales del crecimiento del mercado interno de consumo es la tendencia a exacerbar las contradicciones centro-periferia generadas por la consolidación de procesos de concentración y centralización espacial de las actividades económicas en determinadas regiones del territorio brasilero.

Os jovens agricultores familiares e a reproduçao geracional na agricultura familiar : Estudo de caso dos jovens residentes no município de Faxinal do Soturno - Brasil

This study examines how the youth's Professional projects in new generation of family farmers are prepared and the perspective of reproduction of the familiar mode of production. The sociological task is to specify the distinctive features of the situation of the youth in family farming, seeking to identify the elements considered in the preparation of their professional projects. Qualitative data were produced by a case study of young farmers who lives in the city of Faxinal do Soturno, a municipality belonging to the fourth colony of Italian immigration in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. We performed 36 interviews, consisting of open questions, adopting a semi-structured script, wich were examined by de method of content analysis. Among the results, were observed a context marked by professional projects that breaks with the succession of the family farm work. The negative ratings on agricultural work stand out, particularly on issues related to health, salubrity of work and conditions of aging in rural areas. Family and emotional issues, and also specific aspects of the juvenile condition, marked by the pursuit of autonomy and emancipation, permeate the professional projects in development and show a complex analytical framework, wich amplify the explanatory factors of migration of youth.

El cooperativismo y la financiación agrícola en Baja California, México (1930-1950) : Una aproximación inicial

Para la teoría neoclásica convencional el funcionamiento de los mercados de crédito soporta dos dificultades básicas: la información imperfecta o asimétrica y la selección adversa del prestatario aunada al riesgo del no pago. En el otro extremo, más heterodoxo, el colectivismo, el capital social y la formación de redes informales y sociedades de crédito suelen reducir los costes de transacción ligados al problema de la financiación. Este tipo de organización facilita el desenvolvimiento del cooperativismo en la economía. En México, después de la Revolución y la conformación de un régimen político autoritario y vertical, el cooperativismo se constituyó en uno de los referentes de la organización campesina para conseguir crédito de la banca pública y privada. En el noroeste del país y la península de Baja California, la existencia de cooperativas pesqueras, ganaderas, agrícolas y de transporte significó un despunte de la actividad económica y uno de los canales del desarrollo de la región. El propósito del artículo es perfilar qué tipo de cooperativismo se articuló en el Distrito Norte de la península de Baja California y qué tipo de relación guardó con el movimiento cooperativista nacional entre 1930 y 1950

Produçao e comercializaçao em assentamentos rurais : Estudo do caso do assentamento Sao Domingos dos Olhos D'Agua (Morrinhos, Goiás - Brasil)

The paper aims to diagnose obstacles to the commercialization of agricultural production of the settlement of São Domingos dos Olhos D'Água, municipality of Morrinhos, Goiás state. The research is characterized as exploratory, with qualitative approach and field research. The results show that the difficulties in the commercialization of production, especially those produced with the based on agribusiness and intermediaries, can be overcome with the expansion of public programs to support family farms. It follows that family farming can be a viable alternative to combat the expropriation of the wealth produced by resettled farmers, especially with the establishment of commercializationmechanisms that connect them directly with the final consumer, such as the Food Acquisition Program (Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos).

Configuraciones espaciales del comercio minorista en Brasil

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el crecimiento del comercio minorista en Brasil teniendo en vista la ampliación del mercado interno de consumo que ha sido impulsada por la ampliación del sistema de crédito y por políticas estatales de redistribución de renta y de exención de impuestos. La expansión del mercado implica una profunda reestructuración a nivel productivo que abarca el sector industrial, comercial y de servicios y que se realiza por medio de una constante reorganización espacial y de la transformación gradual de los patrones de consumo. Una de las características principales del crecimiento del mercado interno de consumo es la tendencia a exacerbar las contradicciones centro-periferia generadas por la consolidación de procesos de concentración y centralización espacial de las actividades económicas en determinadas regiones del territorio brasilero.

Os jovens agricultores familiares e a reproduçao geracional na agricultura familiar : Estudo de caso dos jovens residentes no município de Faxinal do Soturno - Brasil

This study examines how the youth's Professional projects in new generation of family farmers are prepared and the perspective of reproduction of the familiar mode of production. The sociological task is to specify the distinctive features of the situation of the youth in family farming, seeking to identify the elements considered in the preparation of their professional projects. Qualitative data were produced by a case study of young farmers who lives in the city of Faxinal do Soturno, a municipality belonging to the fourth colony of Italian immigration in Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. We performed 36 interviews, consisting of open questions, adopting a semi-structured script, wich were examined by de method of content analysis. Among the results, were observed a context marked by professional projects that breaks with the succession of the family farm work. The negative ratings on agricultural work stand out, particularly on issues related to health, salubrity of work and conditions of aging in rural areas. Family and emotional issues, and also specific aspects of the juvenile condition, marked by the pursuit of autonomy and emancipation, permeate the professional projects in development and show a complex analytical framework, wich amplify the explanatory factors of migration of youth.