First dice your dill – new methods and techniques in sample handling

This book is dedicated to celebrate the 60th birthday of Professor Rainer Huopalahti. Professor Rainer “Repe” Huopalahti has had, and in fact is still enjoying a distinguished career in the analysis of food and food related flavor compounds. One will find it hard to make any progress in this particular field without a valid and innovative sample handling technique and this is a field in which Professor Huopalahti has made great contributions. The title and the front cover of this book honors Professor Huopahti’s early steps in science. His PhD thesis which was published on 1985 is entitled “Composition and content of aroma compounds in the dill herb, Anethum graveolens L., affected by different factors”. At that time, the thesis introduced new technology being applied to sample handling and analysis of flavoring compounds of dill. Sample handling is an essential task that in just about every analysis. If one is working with minor compounds in a sample or trying to detect trace levels of the analytes, one of the aims of sample handling may be to increase the sensitivity of the analytical method. On the other hand, if one is working with a challenging matrix such as the kind found in biological samples, one of the aims is to increase the selectivity. However, quite often the aim is to increase both the selectivity and the sensitivity. This book provides good and representative examples about the necessity of valid sample handling and the role of the sample handling in the analytical method. The contributors of the book are leading Finnish scientists on the field of organic instrumental analytical chemistry. Some of them are also Repe’ s personal friends and former students from the University of Turku, Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry. Importantly, the authors all know Repe in one way or another and are well aware of his achievements on the field of analytical chemistry. The editorial team had a great time during the planning phase and during the “hard work editorial phase” of the book. For example, we came up with many ideas on how to publish the book. After many long discussions, we decided to have a limited edition as an “old school hard cover book” – and to acknowledge more modern ways of disseminating knowledge by publishing an internet version of the book on the webpages of the University of Turku. Downloading the book from the webpage for personal use is free of charge. We believe and hope that the book will be read with great interest by scientists working in the fascinating field of organic instrumental analytical chemistry. We decided to publish our book in English for two main reasons. First, we believe that in the near future, more and more teaching in Finnish Universities will be delivered in English. To facilitate this process and encourage students to develop good language skills, it was decided to be published the book in English. Secondly, we believe that the book will also interest scientists outside Finland – particularly in the other member states of the European Union. The editorial team thanks all the authors for their willingness to contribute to this book – and to adhere to the very strict schedule. We also want to thank the various individuals and enterprises who financially supported the book project. Without that support, it would not have been possible to publish the hardcover book.

Seeder-fertilizer machine: energetic demand as a function of vegetal covering handling and manure deposition shank depth in no-tillage system

The purpose of this work was evaluating the energetic demand of a seeder-fertilizer machine as a function of the type and handling of vegetal covering culture and of the fertilizer deposition shank depth. A Valtra BM100 tractor was used implemented to pull a high precision seeder-fertilizer machine with four ranks of seeding, spaced 0.9 m for maize culture. Experiment was conducted with design in randomized blocks in factorial plots, in the Laboratory of Machines and Agricultural Mechanization experimental area (LAMMA) of UNESP-Jaboticabal, using two covering cultures (black-mucuna and crotalaria), three handlings of this covering, two mechanical (straw crusher and roller knife) and one chemical (pulverization of herbicide), performed 120 days after seeding of covering cultures and three depths of fertilizer deposition shank, completing 18 treatments, with four repetitions, totaling 72 observations. Parameters of displacement speed, gliding, force on traction bar, peak force, power on pulling bar and fuel consumption were evaluated. It was possible to conclude that force on traction bar was less for depths of 0.11 and 0.14 m of fertilizer plough shank, the same occurring for peak force, power on traction bar and volumetric consumption. The specific consumption was lower at a depth of 0.17 m of fertilizer plough shank. Covering cultures and their handlings did not interfere in the performance of machines under inquiry.

Operational characteristics of four metering systems for agricultural fertilizers and amendments

The use of fertilizers and solid amendments in agriculture generates special interest for their effect on crop productivity, as well as for their environmental impact. The efficient use of these products demands knowing their physical and mechanical properties, the storing conditions effect and the operational characteristics of the metering systems used in the fertilizing equipment. In this context, the present study was developed with the purpose of evaluating the operational characteristics of different fertilizing metering systems and to determine the adequate metering system-product operational parameters, using powder lime, powder gypsum, granular 10-30-10 (N-P-K), and granular urea. Operational differences were established among four types of commercial fertilizer metering systems, including wire auger, star-shaped feed wheel, feed screw and ridged traction wheel. The study found that the unloading rate depends directly on the fertilizer metering system's rotating speed and is affected by particle size, repose angle, bulk density and moisture content of the applied product. The wire auger and star-shaped feed wheel metering systems were adequate for the distribution of powder products and the feed screw for granulated fertilizers. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental characteristic equations were established, defining curves for calibration and handling of the products plus the rotating speed range in which a better distributing behavior was achieved.

Integrated multivariate analysis to evaluate effects of pre-slaughter handling on pork quality

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-slaughter handling on the occurrence of PSE (Pale, Soft, and Exudative) meat in swine slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse located in the metropolitan region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Based on the database (n=1,832 carcasses), it was possible to apply the integrated multivariate analysis for the purpose of identifying, among the selected variables, those of greatest relevance to this study. Results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the first five components explained 89.28% of total variance. In the Factor Analysis, the first factor represented the thermal stress and fatiguing conditions for swine during pre-slaughter handling. In general, this study indicated the importance of the pre-slaughter handling stages, evidencing those of greatest stress and threat to animal welfare and pork quality, which are transport time, resting period, lairage time before unloading, unloading time, and ambience.

Coverage mobilization by different no-tillage in-line handling mechanisms

Vegetation cover on soil acts positively in maintaining temperature and soil moisture, yet, it has been imposing specific operational conditions on seeders. The objective of this study was to evaluate performance of different mechanisms regarding straw mobilization, employed in a no-till seeder. The experimental area was conducted on clayey soil under no-tillage with a large quantity of sorghum residue. The experiment was established in a randomized block design, as the treatments consisted of a combination of two mechanisms at front of the furrow opener composed of cutting disc and row cleaners, and three mechanisms behind the seed furrower, covering discs prototype model M1, Spider and commercial model, with the combination of cutting disc and Spider model not being evaluated. We assessed the coverage permanence on soil index, vegetation mass on surface and inside the line. The treatment containing the row cleaner mechanism efficiently removed straw from the surface of sowing line as well as the return one acted on straw replacement. It was identified that use of the cutting disc at the front of seeder contributed to the increase of straw installation inside the line, three times more than in the row cleaner system when operating individually. Covering mechanism with row cleaners reduced straw inside the line and kept line covering similar to treatment of cutting disc operating alone.

Financial losses in pork supply chain: a study of the pre-slaughter handling impacts

Brazil is amongst the world’s largest swine producers. However, its competitiveness has been vulnerable due to a lack of cooperation between the supply chain players. This condition makes the financial losses to be evaluated taking into account only an individual node, and most of the time, these damages are imputed by swine breeders. Living weight losses occur between the farm to slaughterhouses, and the main cause of these losses is the pre-slaughter handling, especially during animal transportation. In this research, we analyzed the pre-slaughter handling in a swine farm in Brasilândia, MS, Brazil. Analyzed data were provided by five slaughterhouses (farm clients) from the studied region, in which it was considered living weight losses, carcass bruising, animal injury, and death rate. The results indicated that total financial losses represent 160 thousand dollars per year, when taking into account the supply chain management.

Effects of maintenance management procedures in sugarcane mechanic harvesting system equipment

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of modifying the maintenance programming of equipment used in sugarcane mechanical harvesting, by transferring actions that can be planned to periods when machines are inactive due to meal breaks and other working shift transitions stoppages. A simulation model was developed to represent the maintenance procedures of combines, haulouts, and other vehicles used by a harvest team. Scenarios were tested using alternatives for interventions such as refueling, lubrication and harvester blade replacement, enabling strategies to be focused towards better utilization of cutting, loading, and transport (CLT) system equipment. As a result, it was possible to remove one combine and two haulouts, while maintaining current daily production. The maintenance time for harvesters, which refers to corrective maintenance and the transfer of remaining interventions for periods of inactivity, was reduced from 10.0% to 3.5% over the useful period. This study indicates that maintenance management in the sugarcane sector enables the expanded use of equipment, leading to the greater productivity of the CLT system.

Isquemia e reperfusão hepática total associada ao estado de choque hemorrágico controlado: efeitos no seqüestro de neutrófilos no íleo terminal e cólon sigmóide do rato

OBJETIVO: Estudar os efeitos da isquemia e reperfusão hepática total sobre acúmulo de neutrófilos no íleo terminal e cólon sigmóide de ratos, em condições de normalidade e submetidos ao estado de choque hemorrágico controlado. MÉTODO: 32 ratos Wistar, machos, foram divididos em quatro grupos de oito animais cada: grupo Sham, submetido aos procedimentos padrões com um período de 60 minutos de observação; grupo Choque, submetido a choque hemorrágico controlado (PAM = 40mmHg, 20min) seguido de reposição volêmica (Ringer lactato + sangue, 3:1) e reperfusão (60min); grupo Pringle, submetido à isquemia hepática total (15min.) e reperfusão (60min); grupo Total submetido a choque hemorrágico controlado (20min) seguido de reposição volêmica (Ringer lactato + sangue, 3:1), isquemia hepática (15min) e reperfusão (60min). Após o sacrifício dos animais, procedeu-se à contagem de neutrófilos nos segmentos intestinais. RESULTADOS: Na contagem de neutrófilos no íleo terminal, apenas o grupo Choque diferiu dos demais (p<0.001) os quais não diferiram entre si (Sham 1.33 ± 0.55, Choque 5.48 ± 2.65, Pringle 2.47 ± 1.38, Total 2.44 ± 0.56) e, no cólon sigmóide, o grupo Choque diferiu apenas do grupo Sham (p = 0.021), sem diferença entre os demais (Sham 0.66 ± 0.44, Choque 2.08 ± 1.11, Pringle 1.04 ± 0.71, Total 1.21 ± 1.03). CONCLUSÃO: Diferentemente do estado de choque hemorrágico controlado, a isquemia hepática de 15 minutos, seguida de 60 minutos de reperfusão, não causou acúmulo significativo de neutrófilos no íleo terminal e cólon sigmóide.

Confecção de piloros artificiais em íleo terminal sem secção de musculatura em ratos: estudo anátomo-patológico

OBJETIVO: Estudar, experimentalmente, a diminuição do trânsito intestinal através de piloros artificiais no íleo terminal de ratos, sem secção da musculatura entérica. MÉTODO: O estudo foi realizado em 40 ratos distribuídos em dois grupos de 20 animais cada. Foram confeccionados quatro piloros no íleo terminal de cada animal, com pontos sero-musculares separados, distribuídos circunferencialmente na alça intestinal. O Grupo 1 foi morto com 15 dias e o Grupo 2, com 30 dias. Aferimos as medidas da circunferência do intestino no transoperatório e no momento da necrópsia. RESULTADOS: No Grupo 1 houve dilatação média de 3mm no nível do primeiro piloro e de 4,15mm no quarto piloro. No Grupo 2 a dilatação média foi de 7,50mm no primeiro piloro e de 5,75mm no quarto piloro. No estudo anátomo-patológico ficou evidente a formação bem definida dos piloros. CONCLUSÃO: Não é necessário remover ou seccionar a musculatura do intestino delgado, nem a secção do plexo nervoso próprio do intestino, para promover a dilatação intestinal com esse método e, como consequência, diminuir o trânsito intestinal.

Biopolttoaineiden leijutusominaisuuksien karakterisointi

Tässä diplomityössä selvitettiin biopolttoaineiden ominaisuuksia leijutuksen kannalta. Ensiksi tutkittavat biopolttoaineet, hake ja turve, seulottiin ja seulotut näytteet analysoitiin. Seuraavaksi turvetta ja haketta leijutettiin eri nopeuksilla ja eri leijutusnopeuksilla saadut näytteet analysoitiin kuva-analysilla. Partikkeleista selvitettiin runsaasti mittoja, kuten keskihalkaisija, pinta-ala ja muotokerroin. Kirjallisuudesta löytyvien korrelaatioiden avulla laskettiin leijutettujen partikkelien vastuskertoimet ja terminaalinopeudet. Korrelaatioiden tuloksia verrattiin mittaustuloksiin. Tässä työssä myös laskettiin kyseisiin biopolttoaineisiin vaikuttavat ominaisvoimat leijutuksessa sekä laskettiin korjauskerroin, jota käytettiin ominaisvoimien korjaamiseen. Referenssiaineina käytettiin hiekkaa ja lasikuulia.

Efeito da ressecção do íleo terminal na fibrose hepática secundária à ligadura do ducto hepático comum em ratas

OBJETIVO: A evolução para fibrose hepática e, posteriormente, para cirrose são fatos bem estabelecidos na colestase extra-hepática prolongada. A despeito dos avanços nos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, essas complicações continuam de difícil solução, principalmente, quando não é possível reverter a causa da colestase. Neste trabalho, procurou-se verificar, em modelo experimental de colestase pela ligadura do ducto hepático comum, se a exclusão do íleo terminal reduziria o desenvolvimento de fibrose hepática. Não houve abordagem direta da causa da colestase, mas atuou-se nos mecanismos de secreção e regulação do fluxo biliar êntero-hepático. MÉTODO: Foram utilizadas trinta e cinco ratas Wistar, distribuídas em três grupos: Grupo 1, apenas laparotomia e laparorrafia; Grupo 2, ligadura do ducto hepático comum; Grupo 3, ligadura do ducto hepático comum associada a ressecção do íleo terminal, com reconstrução do trânsito intestinal, por meio de anastomose íleo-cólon ascendente. Após trinta dias, os animais foram mortos e o fígado de cada rata foi retirado, para a análise histológica. RESULTADOS: Os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística pelo teste de Kuskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 95 % (p < 0,05). Verificou-se que houve fibrose hepática nos grupos 2 e 3, porém sem cirrose. O Grupo 3 apresentou fibrose menos acentuada que o Grupo 2. CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que a ressecção do íleo terminal associa-se a menor alteração histológica, no fígado de ratas, decorrente de colestase obstrutiva.

Estudo comparativo entre as anastomoses cervicais esofagogástrica término-terminal com e sem invaginação após esofagectomia para câncer

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência de fístula e estenose da anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação do coto esofágico no interior do estômago na esofagectomia para tratamento do carcinoma do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados dois grupos de doentes com carcinoma do esôfago torácico ou abdominal submetidos à esofagectomia subtotal e esofagogastroplastia. O grupo I (estudo) foi constituído por 29 doentes operados no período de 1998 a 2007, no qual foi realizada a anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação de segmento do coto esofágico no interior do estômago. O grupo II (controle) foi constituído por 36 doentes operados no período de 1989 a 1997 submetidos à anastomose esfagogástrica cervical término-terminal sem invaginação. RESULTADOS: No grupo I, 3 (10,3%) doentes apresentaram fístula da anastomose esofagogástrica com repercussão clínica mínima. No grupo II observou-se fístula com franca saída de saliva em 11 (30,5%) doentes. A freqüência de fístula nos doentes do grupo I foi significantemente menor (p=0,04) do que nos do grupo II. No grupo I, estenose fibrótica da anastomose ocorreu em 7 (24,1%) enfermos, ao passo que no grupo II 10 (27,7%) evoluíram com estenose, não se constatando diferença significante (p=0,72) entre esses grupos. CONCLUSÃO: No tratamento do carcinoma do esôfago, a esofagectomia com anastomose esofagogástrica cervical com invaginação do coto esofágico no interior do estômago determina menor ocorrência de fístula esofagogástrica quando comparado à anastomose sem invaginação. A incidência de estenose da anastomose esofagogástrica não diferiu em ambos os grupos.

Aspectos endoscópicos no diagnóstico de doenças que acometem o íleo terminal

O íleo compreende cerca de 3/5 distais do intestino delgado, sendo responsável pela digestão e absorção de alimentos. O diagnóstico de doenças que afetam esse segmento pode ser feito por meio de avaliação clínica e exames complementares. A colonoscopia, além da possibilidade de análise macroscópica, permite realização de biópsias para avaliação histológica. Apenas três publicações sobre a descrição das características endoscópicas do íleo terminal foram encontradas na literatura. Ainda assim, não foram encontradas descrições ou classificação em publicações que mencionavam o aspecto endoscópico do íleo terminal, sendo reportados apenas como íleo normal. Isso reforça a idéia do desconhecimento ou não aceitação dessas pela comunidade científica. Os aspectos endoscópicos desse segmento, quando afetado por diversas doenças variam de íleo endoscopicamente normal a casos que o exame macroscópico demonstra características especificas dessas doenças. Nesse estudo, existem dúvidas quanto à necessidade de biópsias desse segmento em pacientes com ileoscopia normal. Além disso, foram encontrados poucos estudos com critérios para caracterização macro e microscópica do íleo.

Proactive and Preventive Student Welfare Activities in Finnish Preschool and Elementary School: Handling of Transition to Formal Schooling and a National Anti-Bullying Program as Examples

Prerequisites and effects of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish preschool and elementary school were of interest in the present thesis. So far, Finnish student welfare work has mainly focused on interventions and individuals, and the voluminous possibilities to enhance well-being of all students as a part of everyday school work have not been fully exploited. Consequently, in this thesis three goals were set: (1) To present concrete examples of proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities in Finnish basic education; (2) To investigate measurable positive effects of proactive and preventive activities; and (3) To investigate implementation of proactive and preventive activities in ecological contexts. Two prominent phenomena in preschool and elementary school years—transition to formal schooling and school bullying—were chosen as examples of critical situations that are appropriate targets for proactive and preventive psycho-social student welfare activities. Until lately, the procedures concerning both school transitions and school bullying have been rather problem-focused and reactive in nature. Theoretically, we lean on the bioecological model of development by Bronfenbrenner and Morris with concentric micro-, meso-, exo- and macrosystems. Data were drawn from two large-scale research projects, the longitudinal First Steps Study: Interactive Learning in the Child–Parent– Teacher Triangle, and the Evaluation Study of the National Antibullying Program KiVa. In Study I, we found that the academic skills of children from preschool–elementary school pairs that implemented several supportive activities during the preschool year developed more quickly from preschool to Grade 1 compared with the skills of children from pairs that used fewer practices. In Study II, we focused on possible effects of proactive and preventive actions on teachers and found that participation in the KiVa antibullying program influenced teachers‘ self-evaluated competence to tackle bullying. In Studies III and IV, we investigated factors that affect implementation rate of these proactive and preventive actions. In Study III, we found that principal‘s commitment and support for antibullying work has a clear-cut positive effect on implementation adherence of student lessons of the KiVa antibullying program. The more teachers experience support for and commitment to anti-bullying work from their principal, the more they report having covered KiVa student lessons and topics. In Study IV, we wanted to find out why some schools implement several useful and inexpensive transition practices, whereas other schools use only a few of them. We were interested in broadening the scope and looking at local-level (exosystem) qualities, and, in fact, the local-level activities and guidelines, along with teacherreported importance of the transition practices, were the only factors significantly associated with the implementation rate of transition practices between elementary schools and partner preschools. Teacher- and school-level factors available in this study turned out to be mostly not significant. To summarize, the results confirm that school-based promotion and prevention activities may have beneficial effects not only on students but also on teachers. Second, various top-down processes, such as engagement at the level of elementary school principals or local administration may enhance implementation of these beneficial activities. The main message is that when aiming to support the lives of children the primary focus should be on adults. In future, promotion of psychosocial well-being and the intrinsic value of inter- and intrapersonal skills need to be strengthened in the Finnish educational systems. Future research efforts in student welfare and school psychology, as well as focused training for psychologists in educational contexts, should be encouraged in the departments of psychology and education in Finnish universities. Moreover, a specific research centre for school health and well-being should be established.

Depressão e ansiedade nos cuidadores de mulheres em fase terminal de câncer de mama e ginecológico

OBJETIVO: avaliar a freqüencia de ansiedade e depressão em cuidadores principais de mulheres em fase terminal de câncer de mama ou genital. MÉTODOS: para este estudo de corte transversal foram incluídos 133 cuidadores de pacientes sem possibilidades curativas, internadas no Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da Mulher, entre agosto de 2002 e maio de 2004. Das pacientes incluídas, 71 apresentavam câncer de mama e 62, câncer ginecológico. Foi aplicada a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão e realizada entrevista para obter outras informações como idade, sexo, religião, parentesco com a paciente, profissão, se cuidava de outras pessoas, se a rotina dele mudou e se outras pessoas ajudavam a cuidar da paciente. Utilizou-se a regressão logística para cálculo do odds ratio (OR) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC), para avaliar a relação entre os diagnósticos de ansiedade e depressão entre os cuidadores informais. Para a análise múltipla foi considerado o critério de seleção de variáveis passo a passo. RESULTADOS: observou-se que 43% das pacientes indicaram como cuidador principal a filha e 24% o marido. A maioria dos cuidadores tinha idade superior a 35 anos (63%), 68% eram do sexo feminino, 59% estavam desempregados ou aposentados, 47% cuidavam de outra pessoa e 84% referiram mudança na rotina pelo fato de cuidar. A ansiedade foi detectada em 99 cuidadores principais (74,4%) e a depressão em 71 (53,4%), sendo estes estados fortemente relacionados entre si (OR=5,6; IC 95%: 2,2 a 15,9). Na análise bivariada, o marido apresentou menos ansiedade e, após regressão logística, apenas o fato de ser homem esteve relacionado com menor ansiedade. CONCLUSÃO: o processo de cuidar de paciente na fase terminal levou a altas taxas de ansiedade e depressão. Os homens e maridos despontaram neste estudo como cuidadores menos ansiosos.