944 resultados para Chesterman, Andrew: Memes of translation


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Small non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in controlling gene expression. The advantage of ncRNA regulators is their almost immediate availability since they act on the RNA level. The list of validated ncRNAs regulating translation, such as micro RNAs, is growing steadily, however, they almost exclusively target the mRNA rather than the ribosome. This is unexpected given the central position the ribosome plays. Here we show that an mRNA-derived 18 nucleotide long ncRNA is capable of down-regulating translation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by targeting the ribosome. This 18-mer ncRNA binds to polysomes upon salt stress and is crucial for efficient growth. Although the 18-mer RNA originates from the TRM10 locus, which encodes a tRNA methyltransferase, genetic analyses revealed the 18-mer RNA nucleotide sequence as the translation regulator. Our data reveal the ribosome as a target for a small regulatory ncRNA and demonstrate the existence of a yet unknown mechanism of translation regulation.

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DNA triple helix based approaches to control and modulate cellular functions on the level of genomic DNA (antigene technology) suffered in the past from a stepmother like treatment in comparison to the flourishing field of oligonucleotide based control of translation (antisense technology). This was mostly due to lack of affinity of triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) to their DNA target, to sequence restriciton constraints imposed by the triple helical recogniton motifs and by open questions to the accessibility of the target DNA. Recent developments in the area have brought about new bases that specifically recognize pyrimidine-purine inversion sites as well as sugar modifications, e.g. the 2'-aminoethoxy-oligonucleotides or oligonucleotides based on the locked nucleic acid (LNA) sugar unit, that greatly enhance triplex stability and alleviate in part the sequence restriction constraints. With this, sequence specific genomic DNA manipulation starts to become a useful tool in biotechnology

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In his famous final essay Franz Rosenzweig neglects to mention that he had referred to the expression “the Eternal” already in The Star of Redemp­tion. Through a comprehensive analysis of his writings, and in particular of his masterpiece, the article seeks to research thoroughly Rosenzweig’s use of this expression. The revelation of God’s name is a core issue in The Star of Redemption. While elaborating on the structure of the Star, Rosenzweig seeks to cap­ture the crucial meaning of God’s name by translating it as “the Eternal,” thereby enabling us to consider the thought of eternity as presenting the “synthesis” within the system of The Star of Redemption. Commonly perceived to convey an infinite progression of time, Rosenzweig’s understanding of the concept of eternity in The Star proves to be richer, including the idea of the everlasting as well as the notion of a constantly renewing presence. The article furthermore shows that the concept of the meaning of God’s name oriented at the present, as de­vised by Rosenzweig together with Martin Buber in their joint work of transla­tion, had already been articulated in The Star.

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Small non-protein-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules represent major contributors to regulatory networks in controlling gene expression in a highly efficient manner. All of the recently discovered regulatory ncRNAs that act on translation (e.g. microRNAs, siRNAs or antisense RNAs) target the mRNA rather than the ribosome. To address the question, whether small ncRNA regulators exist that are capable of modulating the rate of protein production by directly interacting with the ribosome, we have analyzed the small ncRNA interactomes of ribosomes Deep-sequencing and subsequent bioinformatic analyses revealed thousands of putative ribosome-associated ncRNAs in various model organisms (1,2). For a subset of these ncRNA candidates we have gathered experimental evidence that they associate with ribosomes in a stress-dependent manner and are capable of regulating gene expression by fine-tuning the rate of protein biosynthesis (3,4). Many of the investigated ribosome-bound small ncRNA appear to be processing products from larger functional RNAs, such as tRNAs (2,3) or mRNAs (3). Post-transcriptional cleavage of RNA molecules to generate smaller fragments is a widespread mechanism that enlarges the structural and functional complexity of cellular RNomes. Our data reveal the ribosome as a target for small regulatory ncRNAs and demonstrate the existence of a yet unknown mechanism of translation regulation. Ribosome-associated ncRNAs (rancRNAs) are found in all domains of life and represent a prevalent but so far largely unexplored class of regulatory molecules (5). Future work on the small ncRNA interactomes of ribosomes in a variety of model systems will allow deeper insight into the conservation and functional repertoire of this emerging class of regulatory ncRNA molecules.

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The ribosome is a highly conserved cellular complex and constitutes the center of protein biosynthesis. As the ribosome consists to about 2/3 of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), the rRNA is involved in most steps of translation. In order to investigate the role of some defined rRNA residues in different aspects of translation we use the atomic mutagenesis approach. This method allows the site-specific incorporation of unnatural nucleosides into the rRNA in the context of the complete 70S from Thermus aquaticus, and thereby exceeds the possibilities of conventional mutagenesis. We first studied ribosome-stimulated EF-G GTP hydrolysis. Here, we could show that the non-bridging phosphate oxygen of A2662, which is part of the Sarcin-Ricin-Loop, is required for EF-G GTPase activation by the ribosome. EF-G GTPase is a crucial step for tRNA translocation from the A- to the P-site, and from the P- to the E-site, respectively. We furthermore used the atomic mutagenesis approach to more precisely characterize the 23S rRNA functional groups involved in E-site tRNA binding. While the ribosomal A- and P-sites have been functionally well characterized in the past, the contribution of the E-site to protein biosynthesis is still poorly understood in molecular terms. Our data disclose the importance of the highly conserved E-site base pair G2421-C2395 for effective translation. Ribosomes with a disrupted G2421-C2395 base pair are defective in tRNA binding to the E-site. This results in an impaired translation of genuine mRNAs, while homo-polymeric templates are not affected. Cumulatively our data emphasize the importance of E-site tRNA occupancy and in particular the intactness of the 23S rRNA base pair G2421-C2395 for productive protein biosynthesis.

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The formation of triple helical, or triplex DNA has been suggested to occur in several cellular processes such as transcription, replication, and recombination. Our laboratory previously found proteins in HeLa nuclear extracts and in S. cerevisiae whole cell extracts that avidly bound a Purine-motif (Pu) triplex probe in gel shift assays, or EMSA. In order to identify a triplex DNA-binding protein, we used conventional and affinity chromatography to purify the major Pu triplex-binding protein in yeast. Peptide microsequencing and data base searches identified this protein as the product of the STM1 gene. Confirmation that Stm1p is a Pu triplex-binding protein was obtained by EMSA using both recombinant Stm1p and whole cell extracts from stm1Δ yeast. Stm1p had previously been identified as G4p2, a G-quartet DNA- and RNA-binding protein. To study the cellular role and identify the nucleic acid ligand of Stm1p in vivo, we introduced an HA epitope at either the N- or C-terminus of Stm1p and performed immunoprecipitations with the HA.11 mAb. Using peptide microsequencing and Northern analysis, we positively identified a subset of both large and small subunit ribosomal proteins and all four rRNAs as associating with Stm1p. DNase I treatment did not affect the association of Stm1p with ribosomal components, but RNase A treatment abolished the association with all ribosomal proteins and RNA, suggesting this association is RNA-dependent. Sucrose gradient fractionation followed by Western and EMSA analysis confirmed that Stm1p associates with intact 80S monosomes, but not polysomes. The presence of additional, unidentified RNA in the Stm1p-immunoprecipitate, and the absence of tRNAs and elongation factors suggests that Stm1p binds RNA and could be involved in the regulation of translation. Immunofluorescence microscopy data showed Stm1p to be located throughout the cytoplasm, with a specific movement to the bud during the G2 phase of the cell cycle. A dramatically flocculent, large cell phenotype is observed when Stm1p has a C-terminal HA tag in a protease-deficient strain background. When STM1 is deleted in this background, the same phenotype is not observed and the deletion yeast grow very slowly compared to the wild-type. These data suggest that STM1 is not essential, but plays a role in cell growth by interacting with an RNP complex that may contain G*G multiplex RNA. ^

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La ponencia aborda la cuestión del origen inmediato del poder político en Francisco Suárez, a partir de un análisis de su formulación de la teoría de la traslación. Tras plantear dicha teoría, dominante en la segunda escolástica, el trabajo intenta una aproximación al problema de en qué medida la filosofía política del Eximio –y en particular su teoría de la traslación- expresa continuidad o ruptura respecto de la tradición política de la escolástica aristotélica.

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Este trabajo se propone presentar la transformación de la Traductología desde la perspectiva de los Estudios de Género, dos campos del conocimiento que reconocen una impronta multi e interdisciplinaria. En cuanto a la primera, el giro cultural de los ochenta marca el momento en que se incluye a la traducción dentro del conjunto de subsistemas culturales con intereses competitivos y sujetos a las ideologías predominantes (Molina Martínez, 2006: 37). Paralelamente se instala en Canadá un terreno de estudio que vincula los desarrollos transculturales y translingüísticos surgidos de los movimientos feministas de los años setenta con la producción y recepción de textos, temas que son abarcados por la investigación sobre género y traducción. En ese contexto surge la noción de traducción en femenino o reescritura en femenino cuya finalidad es subvertir el lenguaje patriarcal y reivindicar las ideas feministas (Lotbinière-Harwood, 1991). Las estrategias discursivas y textuales utilizadas para resolver los problemas de traducción relacionados con el género "suplementación o compensación, la metatextualidad, el secuestro y el pacto especular" suelen recurrir al empleo de un lenguaje con alteraciones semánticas, neologismos o innovaciones lingüísticas, cuyo propósito es cuestionar la lengua actual y, a su vez, visibilizar la presencia femenina (Castro Vázquez, 2008: 296-298). En esta ponencia, nos detendremos en discutir y ejemplificar las estrategias citadas

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En la Argentina, el siglo XIX -fundante en cuanto a traducción literaria- resulta también pródigo en reflexiones sobre la praxis traslativa. Entre 1899 y 1900, Matías Calandrelli instaura la polémica acerca de las versiones de Horacio y la enseñanza misma del latín en la Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras. El análisis focaliza la valoración de la controversia como generadora de traductología, el carácter performativo de las publicaciones periódicas que operan en la construcción de un conocimiento pedagógico y disciplinar de la lengua latina, y, asimismo, la resignificación de la tradición clásica en el campo letrado

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La importancia de la traducción y de la versión en la actividad intelectual del escritor mexicano José Emilio Pacheco (1939) cobra mayor relevancia en cuanto ambas constituyeron la sección final de sus poemarios, con el título de 'Aproximaciones'. Por otra parte, todos sus libros acuden a fuertes relaciones intertextuales, homenajes, citas y textos 'a la manera de', además del uso de heterónomos, conformando una red que respalda su concepción de que 'la poesía se hace entre todos, concepción que le posibilita, por momentos, confiar en la permanencia de la palabra poética ante la convicción del futuro como destrucción y ruina

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Fundamento epistemológico de la antropología cultural y social, la relación establecida entre un conjunto de manifestaciones culturales indígenas y nuestra propia cultura académica puede verse en términos de traducción. Gracias a la mirada crítica que la antropología dirige actualmente hacia sus procedimientos, podemos interrogarnos sobre el papel que juegan las categorías semi-empíricas, las frases retóricas y las posturas enunciativas en la discursivización que depende del triángulo semiótico.

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El objeto de este trabajo es reconstruir las políticas comerciales y culturales desarrolladas por la editorial Seix Barral para recolocar la edición española en un espacio internacional de circulación de libros e impresos. Luego de trazar un breve panorama de la política de expansión del libro español en Hispanoamérica se indagarán las estrategias de la editorial catalana para levantar un puente entre España y América a partir de una audaz política de traducciones

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En la Argentina, el siglo XIX -fundante en cuanto a traducción literaria- resulta también pródigo en reflexiones sobre la praxis traslativa. Entre 1899 y 1900, Matías Calandrelli instaura la polémica acerca de las versiones de Horacio y la enseñanza misma del latín en la Revista de Derecho, Historia y Letras. El análisis focaliza la valoración de la controversia como generadora de traductología, el carácter performativo de las publicaciones periódicas que operan en la construcción de un conocimiento pedagógico y disciplinar de la lengua latina, y, asimismo, la resignificación de la tradición clásica en el campo letrado

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La importancia de la traducción y de la versión en la actividad intelectual del escritor mexicano José Emilio Pacheco (1939) cobra mayor relevancia en cuanto ambas constituyeron la sección final de sus poemarios, con el título de 'Aproximaciones'. Por otra parte, todos sus libros acuden a fuertes relaciones intertextuales, homenajes, citas y textos 'a la manera de', además del uso de heterónomos, conformando una red que respalda su concepción de que 'la poesía se hace entre todos, concepción que le posibilita, por momentos, confiar en la permanencia de la palabra poética ante la convicción del futuro como destrucción y ruina