Aspectos de manejo de solos frágeis em perímetros irrigados da região Nordeste: ênfase em Neossolo Quartzarênico.

Os solos arenosos apresentam fragilidade estrutural e textural. Atualmente, esses solos vêm sendo amplamente cultivados, com destaque para as culturas de mangueira e videira, em perímetros irrigados da região Nordeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alguns atributos físicos e químicos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico em área cultivada com a cultura da mangueira sob irrigação de longo prazo e uma área de referência (vegetação de caatinga). O estudo foi realizado, em área comercial em Petrolina-PE, Brasil. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em: 1) sob caatinga; 2) sob cultivo de mangueira (Mangifera indica L.), dispostas de forma pareada, em transecto contendo 10 pontos distanciados de 30 m entre si. Amostras compostas foram coletadas nas profundidades (m): 0,00-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40; 0,40-0,60; 1,00-1,20; 1,60-1,80, no início do período chuvoso, em novembro de 2011. Em laboratório, determinaram-se a reação do solo pH-H2O, cátions trocáveis (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+), fósforo disponível (P-disp.) e o teor de carbono orgânico total. A CTC a pH 7,0 (T) e a saturação por bases (V%) foram calculadas. Para determinação dos atributos físicos foram coletadas amostras indeformadas, em anéis volumétricos (100 cm3), nas camadas de 0,00- 0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. Determinaram-se o teor de água volumétrica na capacidade de campo (? cc), no ponto de murcha permanente (? pmp), densidade do solo, densidade de partículas, o volume de macro e de microporos e poros totais. A água disponível foi calculada pela diferença entre (? cc) e (? pmp). Os resultados indicam elevação do pH-H2O, K+, P-disp, Ca2+ e V% em área de fruticultura irrigada, em especial, na camada de 0,00-0,10 m do solo e menores teores de Al3+. A adubação com potássio e fósforo, em sistemas irrigados de produção de manga incrementa a translocação desses nutrientes para camadas profundas do solo. O cultivo de mangueira irrigada após 20 anos promoveu redução do volume de macroporos na camada de 0,0-0,10 m do solo. No entanto, não foi suficiente para indicar um grau acentuado de compactação. Os atributos químicos e físicos se correlacionaram de forma linear e positiva com os teores de carbono orgânico. Isso demonstra a importância de estratégias de manejo que visem o incremento de matéria orgânica do solo, em clima semiárido.

Produção de mudas do maracujazeiro silvestre: Passiflora cincinnata Mast. BRS Sertão Forte (BRS SF).

Cultivar de maracujazeiro silvestre BRS Sertão Forte foi obtida por pesquisas desenvolvidas na Embrapa Semiárido (Petrolina, PE) em parceria com a Embrapa Cerrados (Planaltina, DF), resultante de um processo de seleção massal de uma população de acessos silvestres da espécie Passiflora cincinnata Mast. de diferentes origens, visando, principalmente, ao aumento da produtividade e do tamanho do fruto.

Evaluation of the reaction of watermelon parent and F1 plants to Meloidogyne enterolobii.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of progenies from Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (cultivated watermelons) when crossed with progenies from C. lanatus var. citroides (fodder watermelon with a historic of resistance to the nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii). The parents and their F1s were evaluated for resistance to this nematode. In the initial stages of eleven treatments, watermelon seedlings plantlets were transplanted to plastic bags of six kilograms once the first leaves developed. Ten inoculated plants with 5,200 eggs in the soil near the stem of the plant and four non-inoculated ones were used in each treatment, in a complete block design. Sixty-two days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: the length of the aerial part of the plant (LAP, in m), fresh mass of the aerial part (FMAP, in g), root fresh mass (RFM, in g), egg number (EN) and reproduction factor (RF). A comparison between the averages of inoculated and non-inoculated plants was performed using Scott-Knott test at 5% and the diallelic analysis was performed using the GENES program. The morphological characteristics did not allow for the identification of the parent plants or the F1s with respect to nematode resistance, but the variables EN and RF were useful for such identification. The analyses of the general and specific combining abilities indicate highly significant effects with respect to this resistance, showing additive gene effects as well as dominance and epistatic gene effects, allowing for identification of parents and F1s that can be used in watermelon breeding programs to improve resistance to the M. enterolobii.

Cultivo da palma no Semiárido.

No Sertão, a produção de alimentos na propriedade não é uma prática corriqueira para um grande número de criadores de caprinos e ovinos, principalmente os pequenos produtores. O mais comum é a criação de animais soltos na Caatinga, alimentando-se da vegetação natural e, no período mais crítico do ano, trazê-los para um cercado para fornecer algum resto de cultura ou resíduos adquiridos na cidade, caros, muitas vezes, para suplementar aqueles animais mais necessitados. Uma das poucas práticas que se observa como forma de minimizar esse problema é o cultivo da palma-forrageira (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) em pequenos quintais próximos à casa de moradia, quase sempre em antigos chiqueiros, como forma de aproveitar restos de esterco e melhorar o desenvolvimento das plantas. O cultivo da palma em áreas maiores ainda é muito incipiente, mesmo depois de anos muito secos, como os últimos, quando alguns criadores começaram a expandir essas áreas.

Plantas forrageiras das caatingas: usos e potencialidades.

Coleta de analises; descricao e usos das especies: camaratuba, carqueija, catingueira-verdadeira, espinheiro/jacurutu/jiquiri, facheiro, favela/faveleira, feijao-brabo, imbuzeiro/umbuzeiro, juazeiro, jurema-preta, jurema-vermelha, macambira, mandacaru/mandacaru-de-boi, manicoba, marmeleiro/marmeleiro-preto, moleque-duro, mororo/unha-de-vaca, quebra-faca, sabia, sete-cascas/cascudo/pau-de-casca. Comentarios gerais e recomendacoes.

Aplicação de modelo agrometeorológico espectral no perímetro irrigado da bacia do São Francisco, utilizando imagens RAPIDEYE.

O objetivo do trabalho foi aplicar o modelo SAFER (Simple Algorithm For Evapotranspiration Retrieving) com a finalidade de analisar os parâmetros biofísicos na área do Perímetro Irrigado de Jaíba, na Bacia do São Francisco. Foram obtidos dados meteorológicos e imagens do satélite RapidEye (resolução de 5m), referente aos dias 26 de junho de 2013 e 29 de abril de 2014. Os valores médios diários do Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) foram 0,29±0,16 e 0,43±0,18, para 2013 e 2014, respectivamente. Na imagem de 2013 foram observados valores superiores de temperatura da superfície (Ts) (303,08±2,26 K) aos observados em 2014 (296,14±2,32 K). A evapotranspiração (ET) média diária de toda a cena de 2013 foi 0,43±0,96 mm e valor máximo de 6,11. Em 2014, os valores de ET médios diários foram de 2,19±2,01mm. Conforme estudos anteriores, a caatinga converte a maior parte da energia disponível em calor sensível (H), enquanto as culturas irrigadas apresentam altos valores de ET. Com imagens de alta resolução espacial, sem a banda termal, foi possível obter os parâmetros biofísicos da superfície possibilitando o monitoramento em nível de pivô central e talhões de culturas irrigadas, auxiliando o uso racional da água em tempos de deficiência hídrica.

Balanço hídrico em larga escala com imagens landsat 8 em agros-ecossistemas do submédio São Francisco.

Doze imagens Landsat 8 foram usadas em conjunto com uma rede de onze de estações agrometeorológicas para a modelagem em larga escala de indicadores do balanço hídrico nos agrosecossistemas da bacia hidrográfica do Submédio São Francisco, compostos por vegetação natural e culturas irrigadas. O algoritmo SAFER foi usado para a obtenção da evapotranspiração (ET), a qual foi usada em conjunto com dados de precipitação (P) interpolados. Para a classificação da vegetação e caracterização dos indicadores, o algoritmo SUREAL foi aplicado na determinação da resistência da superfície (rs) sendo valores limites de rs usados na separação em culturas agrícolas e espécies da Caatinga. Nas condições naturais mais úmidas do início do ano, as taxas de evapotranspiração na vegetação natural foram em torno de 30% daquelas para culturas irrigadas, enquanto que nas mais secas estas ficaram em torno de 6%. Considerando-se todo o ano, as culturas irrigadas consumiram cinco vezes mais água que as espécies da Caatinga, uma quantidade extra de 870 mm ano-1. Maiores cautelas com relação ao manejo de irrigação devem ser tomadas no período climaticamente mais seco do ano, devido ao aumento da retirada da água do Rio São Francisco, criando maiores possibilidades de conflitos entre os setores agrícolas e outros usuários da água.

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Mytilidae): first record in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil.

Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) is a small mytilid native to Southeast Asia. It was introduced in South America in early 1990 and has dispersed from Argentina to central Brazil, and until 2014 has been restricted mainly to the Paraná and Uruguay river basins. The present note reports the occurrence of Limnoperna fortunei for the first time in the São Francisco River basin in northeastern Brazil. The establishment of L. fortunei in these regions will require close attention from the government and also by society.

Ecologia alimentar e reprodutiva da piaba-do-rabo-amarelo, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) na Lagoa do Piató, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The feeding habits and biological aspects of the reproductive cycle of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) were investigated. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis, using gillnets of 4 cm mesh size, from the Piató Lake, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. Physico-chemical parameters, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of the lake were registered. The monthly values of rainfall also were obtained. The 360 individuals captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, and stomach weight and the stage of gonadal maturity were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion with limnological parameters and rainfall. The food items identified were separated into distinct groups according to their origin. Sex ratio and Gonadosomatic Relation of females were verified to determine the spawning period and fecundity. The physico-chemical parameters presented the following annual mean values: temperature = 28.8ºC, electrical conductivity = 992.5 µS.cm-1; dissolved oxygen = 4.9 mg.L-1 during the study period. The annual mean of the rainfall was 63.5 mm. The results indicate that this species present an omnivorous feeding habit with a tendency towards insectivory, with an increase in feeding activity during the dry season. The aquatic oxygen to interfere very importance in the feeding activity than the others factors physico-chemicals of water and rainfall. There was a predominance of females, with a sex proportion of 1M:7F. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries and testicles revealed four stages of gonadal development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. A temporal variation was observed for the gonadal development of males and females. There was reproductive activity through out the year, with peaks in the months of February, April and June to correspond with the rain of precipitation of the region. The mean fecundity was 7.681 mature oocytes, varying from 4.476 to 12.036, with mean of 7.681. There was positive relation between fecundity and body mass. Condition Factor is not an efficient indicator of the reproductive period of this species. The species A. cf. lacustris is an opportunist and is well adapted to the conditions of the semi-arid Caatinga Biome

Governança de recursos de base comum e capacidade adaptativa de comunidades de fundos de pasto

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, 2015.

Diversidade Ictiofaunística e Ecologia reprodutiva de uma espécie nativa de peixe da Bacia Piranhas-Assu, RN

The Caatinga biome is rich in endemic fish species fauna. The present study the results of fish faunal surveys conducted in the hydrographic basin of Piranhas-Assu of the Brazilian Caatinga biome. The fish samples collected were distributed in four orders (Characiformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes and Synbranchiformes), 11 families (Characidae, Curimatidae, Auchenipteridae, Anostomidae, Prochilodontidae, Erythrinidae, Cichlidae, Sciaenidae, Heptapteridae, Loricariidae, Synbranchidae) and 22 species, of which 17 are endemic and five have been introduced from other basins. The order Characiformes was the most representative in number of species (46,35% ) followed by Perciformes (35,38%), Siluriformes (17,44%) and Synbranchiformes (0,5%). The Nile tilapia, Oreochomis niloticus, the only exotic species, was most expressive in number of individuals (24.92%) followed by the native species piau preto, Leporinus piau (18,77 %). Considering the relative frequency of occurrence of the 22 species, 13 were constant, five were accessory and four were occasional. This study investigated the reproductive ecology of an endemic fish black piau, Leporinus piau from the Marechal Dutra reservoir, Acari, Rio Grande do Norte. Samplings were done on a monthly basis from January to December 2009, and a total of 211 specimens were captured. The environmental parameters such as rainfall, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of water were recorded. The sampled population showed a slight predominance of males (55%), however females were larger and heavier. Both sexes of L. piau showed positive allometric growth, indicating a higher increase of weight than length. The first sexual maturation of males occurred at smaller size, with 16.5 cm in total length than females (20.5 cm). During the reproductive period, the condition factor and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. piau were negatively correlated. This species has large oocytes with a high mean fecundity of 54.966 with synchronous oocyte development and total spawning

Ecogenômica de archaea e monitoramento de comunidades de procariotos redutores de sulfato: aplicações na indústria de petróleo e gás

The human activities responsible for the ambient degradation in the modern world are diverse. The industrial activities are preponderant in the question of the impact consequences for brazilian ecosystems. Amongst the human activities, the petroliferous industry in operation in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin (PPB) displays the constant risk of ambient impacts in the integrant cities, not only for the human populations and the environment, but also it reaches the native microorganisms of Caatinga ground and in the mangrove sediment. Not hindering, the elaboration of strategies of bioremediation for impacted areas pass through the knowledge of microbiota and its relations with the environment. Moreover, in the microorganism groups associated to oil, are emphasized the sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) that, in its anaerobic metabolism, these organisms participate of the sulfate reduction, discharging H2S, causing ambient risks and causing the corrosion of surfaces, as pipelines and tanks, resulting in damages for the industry. Some ancestries of PRS integrate the Archaea domain, group of microorganisms whose sequenced genomes present predominance of extremophilic adaptations, including surrounding with oil presence. This work has two correlated objectives: i) the detection and monitoring of the gene dsrB, gift in sulfate-reducing prokaryotes, through DGGE analysis in samples of mDNA of a mangrove sediment and semiarid soil, both in the BPP; ii) to relate genomic characteristics to the ecological aspects of Archaea through in silico studies, standing out the importance to the oil and gas industry. The results of the first work suggest that the petrodegraders communities of SRP persist after the contamination with oil in mangrove sediment and in semiarid soil. Comparing the populations of both sites, it reveals that there are variations in the size and composition during one year of experiments. In the second work, functional and structural factors are the probable cause to the pressure in maintenance of the conservation of the sequences in the multiple copies of the 16S rDNA gene. Is verified also the discrepancy established between total content GC and content GC of the same gene. Such results relating ribosomal genes and the ambient factors are important for metagenomic evaluations using PCR-DGGE. The knowledge of microbiota associated to the oil can contribute for a better destination of resources by the petroliferous industry and the development of bioremediation strategies. Likewise, search to lead to the best agreement of the performance of native microbiota in biogeochemical cycles in Potiguar Petroliferous Basin ecosystem

Densidade de estocagem para produção de Acará-bandeira em viveiros escavados em policultivo com Camarão-da-amazônia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of Freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) in different stocking densities in cages polycultured with Amazon River Prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum). Four treatments were evaluated (1; 2; 3 and 4 fish. 10 L(-1)) using two ponds and 24 experimental units. Water quality parameter reached adequate levels for the species. Production data were submitted to ANOVA. Fish produced in the lowest density showed higher values of final weight and standard length, and lower total biomass in comparison with the others treatments. Feed conversion rate, survival, batch uniformity and body factor were not significant different among treatments. The highest density tested produced more fish and gross yield than the others treatments. The density 20 fish. 10L(-1) is recommended to produce Freshwater Angelfish in cages polycultured with Amazon River Prawn.

Potencial larvicida de extratos de plantas regionais no controle de larvas de Aedes Aegypti (Diptera:Culicidae)

Dengue, amongst the virus illnesses one can get by vectorial transmission, is the one that causes more impact in the morbidity and mortality of world s population. The resistance to the insecticides has caused difficulties to control of vector insect (Aedes aegypti) and has stimulated a search for vegetables with larvicidal activity. The biodiversity of Caatinga is barely known and it is potential of use even less. Some plants of this biome are commercialized in free fairs northeast of Brazil, because of its phytotherapics properties. The vegetables in this study had been selected by means of a questionnaire applied between grass salesmen and natives of the Serido region from Rio Grande do Norte state; culicids eggs had been acquired with traps and placed in container with water for the larva birth. Thirty larvae had been used in each group (a group control and five experimental groups), with four repetitions four times. The vegetables had been submitted to the processes of decoction, infusion and maceration in the standard concentration of 100g of the vegetable of study in 1l of H2O and analyzed after ½, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours for verification of the average lethal dose (LD50) from the groups with thirty larva. The LD50 was analyzed in different concentrations (50g/l, 100g/l, 150g/l, 200g/l e 300g/l) of Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. 48 extracts of rind, leaf and stem of the seven vegetal species: Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart., Mimosa verrucosa Benth, Mimosa hostilis (Mart.) Benth., Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão, Ximenia americana L, Bumelia sartorum Mart Zizyphus joazeiro Mart, had been analyzed. The extracts proceeding from the three methods were submitted to the freezedrying, to evaluate and to quantify substances extracted in each process. The results had shown that Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. and Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão are the species that are more distinguished as larvicidal after 24 hours of experiment, in all used processes of extraction in the assays. The Zizyphus joazeiro Mart species has not shown larvicidal activity in none of the assays. In relation to the extraction method, the decoction was the most efficient method in the mortality tax of the A. aegypti larvae

Arthropoda de solo em um ecossistema semi-árido da região neotropical: composição, variabilidade temporal e estratificação

Caatinga is an important laboratory for studies about arthropods adaptations and aclimatations because its precipitation is highly variable in time. We studied the effects of time variability over the composition of Arthropods in a caatinga area. The study was carried out at a preservation area on Almas Farm, São José dos Cordeiros, Paraíba. Samples were collected in two 100 m long parallel transects, separated for a 30 m distance, in a dense tree dominated caatinga area, between August 2007 and July 2008. Samples were collected in each transect every 10 m. Ten soil samples were taken from each transect, both at 0-5 cm (A) and 5-10 cm (B) depth, resulting in 40 samples each month. The Berlese funnel method was used for fauna extraction. We registered 26 orders and the arthropods density in the soil ranged from 3237 to 22774 individuals.m-2 from January 2007 to March 2008, respectively. There was no difference between layers A and B regarding orders abundance and richness. The groups recorded include groups with few records or that had no records in the Caatinga region yet as Pauropoda, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Protura and Araneae. Acari was the most abundant group, with 66,7% of the total number of individuals. Soil Arthropods presented a positive correlation with soil moisture, vegetal cover, precipitation and real evapotranspiration. Increases in fauna richness and abundance were registered in February, a month after the beginning of the rainy season. A periodic rain events in arid and semiarid ecosystems triggers physiological responses in edafic organisms, like arthropods. Edafic arthropods respond to time variability in the Caatinga biome. This fauna variation has to be considered in studies of this ecosystem, because the variation of Arthropods composition in soil can affect the dynamics of the food web through time