Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética de reatores anaeróbios no tratamento de esgoto sanitário e de água preta

The purpose of this project is to verify whether anaerobic reactors applied to sewage treatment are energetically self-sufficient. This evaluation can be made by balancing the methane produced through the anaerobic transformation stages (hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis) and the reactor energy consumption requirements. The original project included methanogenic activity tests, which could not be performed due to setbacks in the installation of an analytical instrument. Scientific articles about bench- and full-scale anaerobic reactors were investigated instead. An average substrate-to-methane conversion efficiency of 58,2±18,6% was found for the bench-scale reactors and higher efficiencies (89,2%) were found for the cases which had higher Organic Loading Rates (OLRs) values. The average energy output was 0,013 kWh/Lsewage, value unable to meet the energy needs for the reactor operation, considering equipments normally used such as temperature controller. This balance can become positive if few hypotheses are made, for example (i) to eliminate the use of temperature controller (ii) to alter the operation pattern from continuous to intermittent. Based on energy balance assessment of eight bench-scale reactors, it was observed that the implementation of a system for biogas utilization is not energetically feasible. However, interesting results were found for a full-scale sewage treatment plant, ETE Ouro Verde – Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil. Even though its substrate-tomethane conversion efficiency was about 10% only, the energy balance was quite positive, with energy consumption of 68 kWh/month and energy production of 660 kWh/month. This analysis leads us to conclude that energy recovery from full-scale sewage treatment plants should be practiced by other plants

Avaliação da qualidade da água no sistema de abastecimento da cidade de Santa Lúcia - SP

água que abastece uma cidade se não for tratada pode tornar-se importante veículo de transmissores de doenças. O controle da qualidade é uma medida que visa, principalmente, garantir a saúde da população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade da água distribuída pelo sistema de abastecimento da cidade de Santa Lúcia – SP. A água proveniente desse sistema chega até as residências e, muitas vezes, é consumida sem nenhum tratamento doméstico complementar. A cidade de Santa Lúcia é abastecida por três poços profundos (P2, P3, e P4). Com o intuito de avaliar a qualidade da água captada desses poços e distribuídas para consumo humano foram coletadas amostras diretamente dos poços e de um ponto de consumo nas áreas abastecidas por cada poço. Foram feitas três coletas em cada ponto, em três diferentes épocas do ano. Realizaram-se análises físico-químicas e bacteriológicas em todas as amostras. As análises bacteriológicas foram feitas para determinação da presença de coliformes totais, E. coli e contagem padrão de bactérias heterotróficas em placa. As análises físico-químicas avaliaram cloro residual livre, fluoreto, turbidez, pH, cor aparente e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Duas amostras foram positivas para coliformes totais, apenas uma amostra coletada no poço 2 foi positiva para E. coli. Para bactérias heterotróficas todas a amostras apresentaram contagem em placa inferior a 500 UFC/mL. Todas as amostras estavam dentro do padrão determinado pela legislação para pH, turbidez e sólidos totais dissolvidos. Todas as amostras coletadas no poço 2 tiveram como resultado ausência de cloro residual livre, o mesmo resultado para os demais pontos na segunda coleta de amostras. Todas as amostras apresentaram fluoreto com valores abaixo do VMP estabelecido pela legislação brasileira porém apenas cinco com concentrações dentro da faixa estabelecida pela legislação do Estado de São Paulo ...

Avaliação do efeito da paralisação da aeração no tratamento biológico aeróbio da água residuária da indústria de farinha de mandioca

The cassava wastewater, generated during the cassava processing, is a pollutant and toxic waste. This study compared the efficiency of the cassava wastewater treatment in three batch aerobic systems with a ru1nning time of 24 hours, and aeration stoppage of 12h with 2,500, 6,000 and 10,000 mg COD L-1 . The systems were evaluated for COD, pH, SVI and F/M. The results showed that the reactor with aeration stoppage for 12 hours, with 2,500 mg COD L-1 , presented the best reduction in a process with considerable energy consumption saving compared to traditional continuous systems.

Vias de sinalização endotelial α2, AT1, e AT2 sobre a reatividade da aorta de ratos após consumo de etanol e exposição ao estresse, isoladamente e em associação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Aproveitamento de Água de Chuva Para Fins Não Potável

Over the years, water has become an increasingly valuable resource and scarce, this situation is attributed to factors such as population growth, poor distribution and increasing degradation of water resources as a result of indiscriminate human activities in the middle environment, making their dwindling availability and increasing its cost. I n this context , the use of rainwater for non-potable purposes begins to be stimulated in Brazil , as a measure to preserve this resource , while in countries such as Japan and Germany , this technique has already been used for a long time. The ability to capture rainwater reduces the demand for sanitation companies, also resulting in cost reduction with the water bill and the risk of flooding in the event of heavy rains. The stored water is used only for non-potable purposes, such as toilets, taps into the garden, for washing vehicles and clothing. This work was developed with the aim of presenting the importance of rational use of water, associated with viability constructive economic and consumption of the installation of rain water harvesting, and for that, considered four case studies. From this study, it was found that the implementation of this system has led to a reduction in costs of water and sewer consumption poses no hazard to the user and its installation does not require significant changes in building construction, however, in relation to the economy, should be made a detailed analysis in each case for investment to bring a suitable financial return within the lifetime of the system

Consumo de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja diminui a qualidade do tecido ósseo de ratos machos jovens: Bruna Rezende Silva Martins de Oliveira. -

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Influência da adubação orgânica na qualidade da água destinada à irrigação de hortaliças

Pós-graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária - FCAV

Análise do consumo de extato hidrossolúvel de soja na qualidade do tecido ósseo de ratos jovens adultos

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Erva mate minimiza as alterações do perfil lipídico promovidas por elevado consumo de sacarose

The yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is composed of bioactive that interfere with lipid metabolism. The objective was to evaluate if daily consumption of mate tea (MT) change the lipid deposits and dyslipidemia caused by excessive consumption of sucrose. Thirty male Wistar rats (40 days old) were divided into four groups: Group C - free access to commercial chow and deionized water; S - free access to commercial food, water and sucrose solution 30% (w/v) in water; MTS and deionized - free access to commercial feed solution, water, 30% sucrose (w/v) and treated with daily infusion of MT (soluble mate Leão Júnior®) via orogastric tube at a dose of 100 mg/kg/mc for 8 weeks. After the trial period the lipid profile was evaluated by the following parameters: a) direct weighing of the retroperitoneal (RP) and epididymal (EPI) adipose tissues; b) determination of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentration. The MT promoted the reduction of 1.4 times in both tissues RP and EPI in MTS group compared to group S. Treatment with MT decreased 2.7 times triglyceride in the MTS group compared with the group S. The sucrose consumption did not alter the plasma cholesterol concentration, however the consumption of MT significantly reduced total cholesterol circulating. The HDL cholesterol concentration, in the MTS group, showed higher concentration than in group S (1.3 times). MT prevents in young male rats the increase of lipid deposits and dyslipidemia caused by excessive consumption of sucrose.

O efeito do consumo abusivo de alvool no torque de remoção de implantes de titânio

Studies have reported that alcohol may lead to imbalance in bone formation and resorption, however, its effects on osseointegration of titanium implants continues to be an inconclusive subject. In this context, the aim of this study was to make a biomechanical evaluation of the effect of abusive alcohol consumption on the removal torque of osseointegrated titanium implants. Male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into two experimental groups (15 each) receiving only water (Control) or 36% alcohol solution oral administration. Thirty days later, all animals were submitted to titanium implant (2.2 mm x 4 mm) placement in the right and left tibiae. The surgical alveoli were prepared with a 2 mm drill mounted in a counter-angle hand-piece (20:1 ratio, 35 Ncm torque at 1200 rpm) under abundant cooling. Five animals from each group were euthanized at 15, 30, and 60 days. Tibiae were submitted to reverse torque analysis. Data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Tests (p < 0.05). Animals in the alcohol group presented lower removal torque values when compared with control group animals for all periods tested (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that abusive alcohol consumption can reduce the removal torque of titanium implants placed in rat tibiae, suggesting that alcohol may interfere in the osseointegration process of titanium implants.

O efeito do consumo abusivo de álcool no torque de remoção de implante de titânio

Studies have reported that alcohol may lead to imbalance in bone formation and resorption, however, its effects on osseointegration of titanium implants continues to be an inconclusive subject. In this context, the aim of this study was to make a biomechanical evaluation of the effect of abusive alcohol consumption on the removal torque of osseointegrated titanium implants. Male Wistar rats (n=30) were divided into two experimental groups (15 each) receiving only water (Control) or 36% alcohol solution oral administration. Thirty days later, all animals were submitted to titanium implant (2.2 mm x 4 mm) placement in the right and left tibiae. The surgical alveoli were prepared with a 2 mm drill mounted in a counter-angle hand-piece (20:1 ratio, 35 Ncm torque at 1200 rpm) under abundant cooling. Five animals from each group were euthanized at 15, 30, and 60 days. Tibiae were submitted to reverse torque analysis. Data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn Tests (p < 0.05). Animals in the alcohol group presented lower removal torque values when compared with control group animals for all periods tested (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that abusive alcohol consumption can reduce the removal torque of titanium implants placed in rat tibiae, suggesting that alcohol may interfere in the osseointegration process of titanium implants.

Métodos de avaliação de necessidades nutricionais e consumo de energia em humanos

Para avaliar e planejar dietas para indivíduos e grupos populacionais são necessárias estimativas muito acuradas das necessidades e do consumo de energia. O objetivo foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica das metodologias de determinação das necessidades energéticas para adultos e dos métodos de avaliação do consumo. Em 1918, Harris e Benedict propuseram equações que estimam a necessidade energética basal a partir de calorimetria indireta para indivíduos, depois disso, foram propostas outras equações para o cálculo das necessidades de energia em repouso ou em atividade. Recentemente, a água duplamente marcada é empregada para propor equações mais apropriadas. Contudo, a acurácia destas equações pode ser questionada. Por outro lado, os métodos de avaliação do consumo energético apresentam limitações que demandam cuidado na escolha e aplicação, assim como na interpretação dos resultados. A escolha do método de avaliação depende e pode ser influenciada pela população avaliada, tipo e objetivo do estudo, tempo disponível e do treinamento dos avaliadores. Deste modo, a avaliação do balanço energético está condicionada, tanto às limitações da avaliação através de equações, quanto dos métodos existentes de avaliação do consumo alimentar.

Aplicação de programa computacional no dimensionamento de volume de reservatório para sistema de aproveitamento de água pluvial da cidade de Ponta Grossa, PR

The main aim of this paper was to use the REZZ software to calculate the tank volume rainwater harvesting system. For this purpose, rain data of Ponta Grossa-PR-Brazil were used considering different statistical treatment (average, 75%, 85%, 95% and 99% of confidence) and different roof areas (50, 80, 120 and 200 m2). The harvesting system was considered only for toilet flush in households with 3, 4 and 5 inhabitants. There were applied the following methods/concepts: Flow equalization (Rippl); Brazilian method as well the English and German practical methods. Further, the mass-balance was simulated for some conditions. All considered methods are described in NBR15527/07, the Brazilian standard for rainwater harvesting. As expected, the results pointed out for huge differences depending on the choice method and the statistical treatment of the rain data. The REZZ appliance showed to be useful thus permitting to set different conditions and to obtain rapid results in order to assist designers to adopt the best cistern volume for each particular case.

Avaliação do desempenho de uma unidade em escala real para tratamento de água pluvial empregando a filtração direta por meio de filtro de pressão e amido natural de milho como coagulante primário

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of an experimental rainwater treatment system for non-potable uses. Without the first-flush discharge it was expected to control the quality of captured rainwater and to minimize the rainwater by-pass caused by the first-flush strategy. A full-scale direct filtration unit was operated and a solution of natural corn starch was used as the primary coagulant. The color, turbidity e coliform efficiencies of the unit was analyzed based on filtration loads and the net water production was estimated. The results pointed out turbidity removal up to 70.8% and color removal up to 61.0%. The backwash of the filtering system was completed in 3 minutes at the rate of 1,440 m3/m2day with consumption of treated water from 0.5% to 2.2%, based on the potentially harvesting.

Influência de diferentes substratos sobre a composição, a densidade e as interações tróficas do zooplâncton em lagoas de policultivo de camarão-de-água-doce Macrobrachium amazonicum e tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)