Mise en place d'un programme de prévention et de prise en charge du diabète en Suisse: le point de vue des patients et des professionnels de la santé [Implementation of a diabetes disease management program in Switzerland: patients' and healthcare professionals' point of view].

BACKGROUND: A reorganization of healthcare systems is required to meet the challenge of the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, e.g. diabetes. In North-America and Europe, several countries have thus developed national or regional chronic disease management programs. In Switzerland, such initiatives have only emerged recently. In 2010, the canton of Vaud set up the "Diabetes Cantonal Program", within the framework of which we conducted a study designed to ascertain the opinions of both diabetic patients and healthcare professionals on the elements that could be integrated into this program, the barriers and facilitators to its development, and the incentives that could motivate these actors to participate. METHODS: We organized eight focus-groups: one with diabetic patients and one with healthcare professionals in the four sanitary areas of the canton of Vaud. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and submitted to a thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Patients and healthcare professionals were rather in favour of the implementation of a cantonal program, although patients were more cautious concerning its necessity. All participants envisioned a set of elements that could be integrated to this program. They also considered that the program could be developed more easily if it were adapted to patients' and professionals' needs and if it used existing structures and professionals. The difficulty to motivate both patients and professionals to participate was mentioned as a barrier to the development of this program however. Quality or financial incentives could therefore be created to overcome this potential problem. CONCLUSION: The identification of the elements to consider, barriers, facilitators and incentives to participate to a chronic disease management program, obtained by exploring the opinions of patients and healthcare professionals, should favour its further development and implementation.

Indirect hydrogen analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical tool very useful to investigate the composition of gaseous mixtures. The different gases are separated by specific columns but, if hydrogen (H2 ) is present in the sample, its detection can be performed by a thermal conductivity detector or a helium ionization detector. Indeed, coupled to GC, no other detector can perform this detection except the expensive atomic emission detector. Based on the detection and analysis of H2 isotopes by low-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS), a new method for H2 detection by GC coupled to MS with an electron ionization ion source and a quadrupole analyser is presented. The presence of H2 in a gaseous mixture could easily be put in evidence by the monitoring of the molecular ion of the protonated carrier gas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Validation of an analytical method for nitrous oxide (N2O) laughing gas by headspace gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS): Forensic application to a lethal intoxication.

Drug abuse is a widespread problem affecting both teenagers and adults. Nitrous oxide is becoming increasingly popular as an inhalation drug, causing harmful neurological and hematological effects. Some gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods for nitrous oxide measurement have been previously described. The main drawbacks of these methods include a lack of sensitivity for forensic applications; including an inability to quantitatively determine the concentration of gas present. The following study provides a validated method using HS-GC-MS which incorporates hydrogen sulfide as a suitable internal standard allowing the quantification of nitrous oxide. Upon analysis, sample and internal standard have similar retention times and are eluted quickly from the molecular sieve 5Å PLOT capillary column and the Porabond Q column therefore providing rapid data collection whilst preserving well defined peaks. After validation, the method has been applied to a real case of N2O intoxication indicating concentrations in a mono-intoxication.

Nouvelles directives assécurologiques pour la prise en charge de la chirurgie bariatrique: conséquences pratiques [New guidelines for bariatric surgery care: practical implications].

From the 1st of January 2011, new conditions have been validated in which surgery for weight loss is borne by the basic insurance. These are very significant changes compared to the old criteria. Indeed, on one hand, patients with BMI > or = 35 kg/m2 may, without age limit and in the absence of comorbidities benefit from surgery without prior request to the medical council health insurance company concerned. On the other hand, the notion of a minimum casuistry is for the first time introduced in centers performing this type of intervention. In addition, certified centers are required to follow standard procedures for the patients' teaching and follow up.

Prise en charge des troubles oculomoteurs après effraction iatrogène de l'orbite au cours d'interventions sinusiennes endoscopiques [Management of motility disorders secondary to iatrogenic orbital fracture during endoscopic sinus surgery.]

PURPOSE: Orbital wall fracture may occur during endoscopic sinus surgery, resulting in oculomotor disorders. We report the management of four cases presenting with this surgical complication. METHODS: A non-comparative observational retrospective study was carried out on four patients presenting with diplopia after endoscopic ethmoidal sinus surgery. All patients underwent full ophthalmologic and orthoptic examination as well as orbital imaging. RESULTS: All four patients presented with diplopia secondary to a medial rectus lesion confirmed by orbital imaging. A large horizontal deviation as well as limitation of adduction was present in all cases. Surgical management consisted of conventional recession-resection procedures in three cases and muscle transposition in one patient. A useful field of binocular single vision was restored in two of the four patients. CONCLUSION: Orbital injury may occur during endoscopic sinus surgery and cause diplopia, usually secondary to medial rectus involvement due to the proximity of this muscle to the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid bone. Surgical management is based on orbital imaging, duration of the lesion, evaluation of anterior segment vasculature, results of forced duction testing and intraoperative findings. In most cases, treatment is aimed at the symptoms rather than the cause, and the functional prognosis remains guarded.

Adhésion thérapeutique aux traitements oncologiques oraux et prise en charge interdisciplinaire [Therapeutic adherence to oral cancer therapy and interdisciplinary management].

Medication adherence is a well-known risk factor in internal medicine. However in oncology this dimension is emerging due to the increasing number of oral formulations. First results in the oral oncology literature suggest that patients' ability to cope with medical prescription decreases with time. This might preclude patients from reaching clinical outcomes. Factors impacting on medication adherence to oral oncology treatments have not been yet extensively described neither strategies to address them and support patient's needs. Oncologists and pharmacists in our University outpatient settings performed a pilot study which aimed at measuring and facilitating adherence to oral oncology treatments and at understanding determinants of patient's adherence. The ultimate purpose of such a patient-centered and interdisciplinary collaboration would be to promote patient self-management and complement the standard medical follow-up.

Troubles de l'humeur et VIH: épidémiologie, clinique et prise en charge thérapeutique [Mood disorders in HIV patients: a challenge for liaison psychiatry consultation].

Mood disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in patients infected by HIV virus. Screening and treatment of depression as well as the evaluation of the risk suicide is of the utmost importance. When psychopharmacological treatment is required, interaction with antiretroviral treatment must be carefully considered. More generally a close collaboration between the physician and the psychiatrist is recommended.

Routine use of point-of-care tests: usefulness and application in clinical microbiology.

Point-of-care (POC) tests offer potentially substantial benefits for the management of infectious diseases, mainly by shortening the time to result and by making the test available at the bedside or at remote care centres. Commercial POC tests are already widely available for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections and for parasitic diseases, including malaria. Infectious diseases specialists and clinical microbiologists should be aware of the indications and limitations of each rapid test, so that they can use them appropriately and correctly interpret their results. The clinical applications and performance of the most relevant and commonly used POC tests are reviewed. Some of these tests exhibit insufficient sensitivity, and should therefore be coupled to confirmatory tests when the results are negative (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes rapid antigen detection test), whereas the results of others need to be confirmed when positive (e.g. malaria). New molecular-based tests exhibit better sensitivity and specificity than former immunochromatographic assays (e.g. Streptococcus agalactiae detection). In the coming years, further evolution of POC tests may lead to new diagnostic approaches, such as panel testing, targeting not just a single pathogen, but all possible agents suspected in a specific clinical setting. To reach this goal, the development of serology-based and/or molecular-based microarrays/multiplexed tests will be needed. The availability of modern technology and new microfluidic devices will provide clinical microbiologists with the opportunity to be back at the bedside, proposing a large variety of POC tests that will allow quicker diagnosis and improved patient care.

Prise en charge par le praticien des infections après transplantation d'organes solides [Management of infection after organ transplantation by the primary care physician]

The primary care physician is frequently consulted in first line for infectious complications in organ transplant recipients. Many infections without signs of severity can nowadays be managed on an outpatient basis. However, a number of clinical situations specific to transplant recipients may require special attention and knowledge. In particular, the general practitioner must be aware of the potential interactions between immunosuppressive and antimicrobial therapies, the risk of renal dysfunction as a consequence of diarrhea or urinary tract infection, and the diagnostic of CMV disease as a cause of fever without obvious source occurring several months after transplantation. Collaboration with the transplantation specialists is recommended in order to assure an optimal management of these patients.

Prise en charge des cancers du cavum (rhinopharynx) Nasopharyngeal cancers, an overview.

Les cancers du cavum ont une incidence d'environ 0,5 cas par an et par 100 000 habitants pour les hommes en France, mais sont endémiques dans des régions comme l'Asie du Sud-Est. La prise en charge thérapeutique par radiothérapie exclusive, qui a longtemps été le standard, permet d'obtenir des taux de contrôle local pour les stades T3-T4 de l'ordre de 50 à 75 % des cas. Les techniques d'irradiation en modulation d'intensité permettent une excellente couverture dosimétrique avec une meilleure protection des organes à risque et doivent être privilégiées. L'apport d'une chimiothérapie concomitante à l'IMRT améliore significativement les taux de survie globale qui sont supérieurs ou égaux à 75 % à cinq ans dans les stades avancés. Dans la pratique courante, une radiochimiothérapie concomitante à base de sels de platine est réalisée mais la place des cures néoadjuvantes et/ou adjuvantes est discutée dans le but principal de diminuer les rechutes à distance, des études sont en cours. Enfin, la surveillance doit être axée sur la détection précoce de rechutes locales potentiellement curables et sur la prise en charge des séquelles thérapeutiques à long terme. Cancer of the nasopharynx is an uncommon malignancy in France (incidence = 0.5/year/100,000 men) but is endemic in areas like in South-East Asia. Exclusive radiation therapy used to be the standard and results in local control rates for T3-T4 tumors around 50-75 %. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) improves tumor coverage with a sparing of organs at risk and has to be privileged. Concurrent chemotherapy with IMRT achieved significant survival benefice with 5-year overall survival above 75 %. Concurrent radiochemotherapy with platinium is the most frequent scheme but induction and adjuvant chemotherapies are discussed to reduce distant failure: studies are currently ongoing. Follow-up aims to detect early local failures with a chance of cure and to manage long-term toxicities.

Prise en charge de l'ulcère de jambe d'origine veineuse [Management of venous leg ulcers].

Leg ulcers are a major health and economic problem especially in elderly. More than 70% are associated with venous disease. Compressive therapy is the most effective treatment but bandages are often poorly tolerated and well trained nurses are required to apply them effectively. In recent years, the VAC system (vacuum assisted closure) has profoundly changed the wound healing approach. The objective is now to regenerate the tissues and not to replace them with skin grafts which give uncertain results. The other important challenge is to prevent recurrences. New pharmacologic treatments acting on microcirculation and hemostasis would probably appear in the near future opening new therapeutic perspectives.

Prise en charge par une équipe pluridisciplinaire des patients avec multiples vulnérabilités dans un service d'urgence

Introduction: Les centres d'urgence se trouvent régulièrement confrontés à des patients avec de multiples vulnérabilités médico-sociales qui recourent préférentiellement aux urgences pour y recevoir des soins de bases. Leurs fréquentes consultations contribuent à encombrer les urgences : dans notre service d'urgence entre avril 2008 et mars 2009, une étude ayant pour but de caractériser ces patients a montré que 14 % de l'ensemble des consultations ont été causées par 5 % des patients admis > 4 x/an.Matériel et méthode: Cohorte prospective des patients admis aux urgences et présentant des critères touchant > 3 axes de vulnérabilités sur les 5 axes reconnus habituellement (déterminants somatiques, de santé mentale, comportemental, social, de consommation de soins). Les patients inclus ont été soit signalés par le personnel médico-infirmier des urgences, soit dépistés par une équipe pluridisciplinaire (2 infirmières, 1 assistant social, 1 médecin) durant les jours ouvrables du 1.9.2010 au 14.12.2010.Résultats: 75 patients ont été inclus (65 % d'hommes). La moyenne d'âge était de 43 ans. 59 % étaient des migrants en provenance de : Europe (22 %), Afrique (22 %), Asie (12 %), Amériques du Sud (6 %) et du Nord (1 %). Les vulnérabilités les plus fréquentes étaient: somatiques 76 % (maladies aiguës/chroniques sévères 50 %, mauvaise adhérence thérapeutique 40 %), liées à la santé mentale 65 % (troubles anxieux et dépressifs 54 %), comportementales 80 % (addictions aux substances 73 %), sociales 93 % (absence de domicile fixe 31 %, absence d'assurance-maladie 15 %, barrières linguistiques 24 %, à l'assistance sociale 46 %) et consommation de soins (> 4 visites aux urgences/an 57 %, absence de médecin de premier recours 33 %). La charge de travail moyenne pour orienter ces patients vers des structures de santé primaire était de 3 heures/cas. Les interventions ont été d'évaluer le réseau de soins déjà impliqué (98 %), de réorienter dans le réseau ambulatoire (64 %) ou vers les services sociaux (37 %).Conclusion: Les vulnérabilités multiples sont relativement peu fréquentes dans notre service d'urgence mais leur complexité requiert des ressources qui dépassent ce que peuvent offrir des équipes de soins habituelles aux urgences. Une prise en charge individuelle par une équipe pluridisciplinaire est susceptible de fournir ces ressources et de réorienter ces patients vers des structures ambulatoires adaptées à leurs besoins.

Nano-electro-mechanical in dynamical cellular processes

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter during 2007.The main focus of the work was on phenomena related to nano-electromechanical processes that take place on a cellular level. Additionally, it has also been performed independent work related to charge and energy transfer in bio molecules, energy transfer in coupled spin systems as well as electrodynamics of nonlinear metamaterials.