Opera seria nördlich der Alpen – venezianische Einflüsse auf das Musikleben am Dresdner Hof um die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts

La cultura musicale delle corti dell'Europa centrale nel '700 viene contrassegnata dal successo dell' "Opera seria", un genere musicale e drammatico che nonostante le sue origini italiane si espande e si diffonde rapidamente ovunque in Europa adattandosi da caso a caso ad esigenze e condizioni locali. La relazione prende in esame l'attività della principessa elettrice della Sassonia Maria Antonia Walpurgis di Baviera (1724 – 1780) che a partire dal suo arrivo a Dresda nel 1747 prende una parte assai attiva nella vita musicale della corte che occupava uno dei primi posti in Europa. Grazie alla sua dotazione musicale Maria Antonia stringe rapporti di lavoro con alcuni dei più importanti musicisti d'epoca che erano i suoi maestri e insegnanti, soprattutto con Johann Adolf Hasse formatosi a Venezia che dal 1730 era capo musicista della corte sassone. Hasse che soltanto ora viene riscoperto come compositore assistette la principessa nell'elaborazione delle sue "Opere serie". Essenziali anche i rapporti con Pietro Metastasio che oltre ad essere il più famoso librettista dell'Opera seria di allora era anche legato all'ambiente degli Arcadi che acclamarono socia onoraria la principessa a causa delle sue opere serie "Talestri e Il Trionfo della fedeltà" che segnano l'apice della sua attività da compositrice musicale. Viene sottolineato il ruolo importante della ricerca per il "vero buon gusto“e la preferenza per la semplicità della musica antica intesa come musica italiana in contrasto con la musica di gusto francese. Dopo il 1766 le opere della principessa segnate dall'influenza che ebbe la tradizione veneziana sulla vita musicale alla corte di Dresda venne criticata in Germania per il suo gusto italiano.

Development of two real-time PCR assays for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in clinical samples

In order to improve the diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia (EP) in pigs two real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) assays for the detection of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in bronchial swabs from lung necropsies were established and validated in parallel. As a gold standard, the current "mosaic diagnosis" was taken, including epidemiological tracing, clinical signs, macro- and histopathological lesions of the lungs and immunofluorescence. One rtPCR is targeting a repeated DNA element of the M. hyopneumoniae genome (REP assay), the other a putative ABC transporter gene (ABC assay). Both assays were shown to be specific for M. hyopneumoniae and did not cross react with other bacteria and mollicutes from pig. With material from pigs of defined EP-negative farms the two assays showed to be 100% specific. When testing lungs from pig farms with EP, the REP assay detected 50% and the ABC assay 90% of the farms as positive. Both tests together detected all positive farms. Within a positive herd the two assays tested similarly with on average over 90% of the lung samples analysed from a single farm showing positive scores. A series of samples with suspicion of EP and samples from pigs with diseases other than respiratory taken from current routine diagnostic was assayed. None of the assays showed false positive results. The sensitivities in this sample group were 50% for the REP and 70% for the ABC assays and for both assays together 85%. The two assays run in parallel are therefore a valuable tool for the improvement of the current diagnosis of EP.

Rapid tranquilization of severely agitated patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a naturalistic, rater-blinded, randomized, controlled study with oral haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine

INTRODUCTION Agitation is a major problem in acute schizophrenia. Only a few studies have tested antipsychotic agents in severely agitated patients, mainly because of legal issues. Furthermore, most studies were limited to the first 24 hours. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of oral haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine in reducing psychotic agitation in severely agitated patients with schizophrenia or schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder over 96 hours using a prospective, randomized, rater-blinded, controlled design within a naturalistic treatment regimen. METHODS In total, 43 severely agitated patients at acute care psychiatric units were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either daily haloperidol 15 mg, olanzapine 20 mg, or risperidone 2 to 6 mg over 5 days. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale psychotic agitation subscale score was the primary outcome variable. A mixed-model analysis was applied. RESULTS All drugs were effective for rapid tranquilization within 2 hours. Over 5 days, the course differed between agents (P < 0.001), but none was superior. Dropouts occurred only in the risperidone and olanzapine groups. Men responded better to treatment than did women during the initial 2 hours (P = 0.046) as well as over the 5-day course (P < 0.001). No difference between drug groups was observed regarding diazepam or biperiden use. CONCLUSIONS Oral haloperidol, risperidone, and olanzapine seem to be suitable for treating acute severe psychotic agitation in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Response to oral antipsychotics demonstrated a gender effect with poorer outcome in women throughout the study.