Eficácia do teste de acidez graxa na avaliação da qualidade do café Arábica (Coffea arabica L.) submetido a diferente períodos e temperaturas de secagem

This work had the aim of evaluating the effect of different temperatures and pre-drying periods on yard on the chemical composition and quality of the beverage of peeled cherry coffee. Temperatures of 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C and 60 degrees C were used in the mass with air flow of 20m(3)m(-1)m(2). After drying, the visible defects of the coffee samples were removed. For evaluation of quality, the following analyses were performed: sensorial analyses, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity. One verified that lower drying temperature and greater pre-drying period had contributed for the attainment of a better quality drink. The increase of temperature and pre-drying periods decreased the non-reducing sugars content while the values of reducing sugars increased. The electrical conductivity, potassium leaching and fatty acidity increased significantly with the rise of temperature and potassium leaching reduced with increasing of the pre-drying period. The fatty acidity test showed to be sensible to the drying temperature.

Avaliação do desempenho de um sistema de secagem projetado para os pequenos produtores rurais

O presente trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Universidade Estadual Paulista em Botucatu, SP, e objetivou-se analisar o desempenho de um silo secador alambrado com ar à temperatura ambiente, de projeto simples, com possibilidades de atender às necessidades de pequenos cafeicultores. Para a avaliação do desempenho da secagem, foram realizadas medições do teor de água do café, temperaturas da massa de grãos, do ar de exaustão, do ar de secagem e do ar ambiente, umidade relativa ambiente, velocidade do ar de secagem e o tempo total de secagem. Para avaliar a qualidade do produto seco, foi feito o teste de bebida. Paralelamente, realizou-se a secagem em terreiro para se formar a testemunha. Os resultados observados permitiram concluir que o silo secador alambrado apresentou uma boa eficiência energética, proporcionando um produto seco com o mesmo padrão de qualidade do café seco em terreiro.

Cotton root and shoot growth as affected by application of mepiquat chloride to cotton seeds

Estudou-se o efeito do tratamento de sementes de algodão com cloreto de mepiquat sobre o crescimento inicial de raízes e parte aérea. O experimento, realizado em casa de vegetação, utilizou vasos de PVC adaptados com uma parede frontal de vidro e os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses do cloreto de mepiquat (CM) do ingrediente ativo (i.a.): 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 g kg-1 de sementes, pulverizado sobre as sementes, e a cultivar FM 993. Massa de matéria seca da parte aérea (folhas, pecíolos e haste), massa de matéria seca da raiz, área foliar, relação parte aérea:raiz, relação área foliar:crescimento radicular, o comprimento da parte aérea foram avaliados aos 21 dias após a semeadura. Crescimento radicular foi avaliado a cada três dias até os 18 dias. O CM aplicado às sementes do algodão promove redução da altura da planta e da área foliar, sem, contudo, afetar produção de massa de matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz, relação parte aérea:raiz, relação área foliar:crescimento radicular e comprimento total de raízes do algodoeiro. Assim, no presente experimento não foi observado efeito negativo do CM aplicado às sementes do algodoeiro na absorção de água pela planta.

Efeitos na taxa de transporte de elétrons de plantas daninhas após aplicação de amicarbazone

Entre os herbicidas registrados para cana-de-açúcar, o amicarbazone é um dos mais importantes para o controle das plantas daninhas, sendo preciso que o herbicida seja absorvido, translocado e que ele alcance os cloroplastos das células das folhas para atuar em seu sítio de ligação no fotossistema II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do amicarbazone na taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) de Ipomoea grandifolia, Brachiaria decumbens e Digitaria horizontalis. Foi verificada a resposta dessas plantas daninhas, em relação à ETR, quando submetidas ao amicarbazone em solução e na sequência à solução sem herbicida, por meio de leituras da ETR, realizadas em folhas novas e adultas com o uso de um fluorômetro portátil. Verificou-se também o consumo de água das plantas daninhas pela pesagem diária dos recipientes contendo a solução e as plantas. Assim, verificou-se por meio do experimento que a redução dos valores da ETR pode ser utilizada para indicar o nível de intoxicação nas plantas daninhas em estudo. As plantas daninhas I. grandifolia, B. decumbens e D. horizontalis apresentaram respostas diferenciadas quando submetidas a solução sem herbicida após solução com amicarbazone. I. grandifolia apresentou-se mais sensível ao amicarbazone devido à maior dificuldade em recuperar os níveis iniciais de ETR, além de apresentar alterações nas folhas novas após o termino de fornecimento do herbicida. O consumo de água pode explicar esse comportamento em I. grandifolia, visto tratar-se da espécie que mais consumiu água e, consequentemente, mais absorveu o amicarbazone. Já para B. decumbens e D. horizontalis ocorreram menores níveis de absorção de água e, por conseguinte, as folhas velhas tiveram melhor recuperação do transporte de elétrons e não houve intoxicação em folhas novas.

Simulação de reservatórios não convencionais para armazenamento de gás natural veicular

The investigation of viability to use containers for Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) storage, with different geometries of commercial standards, come from necessity to join the ambient, financial and technological benefits offered by the gas combustion, to the convenience of not modify the original proposal of the automobile. The use of these current cylindrical models for storage in the converted vehicles is justified by the excellent behavior that this geometry presents about the imposed tensions for the high pressure that the related reservoirs are submitted. However, recent research directed toward application of adsorbent materials in the natural gas reservoirs had proven a substantial redusction of pressure and, consequently, a relief of the tensions in the reservoirs. However, this study considers alternative geometries for NGV reservoirs, searching the minimization of dimensions and weight, remaining capacity to resist the tensions imposed by the new pressure situation. The proposed reservoirs parameters are calculated through a mathematical study of the internal pressure according to Brazilian standards (NBR) for pressure vessels. Finally simulations of the new geometries behavior are carried through using a commercially avaible Finite Element Method (FEM) software package ALGOR® to verify of the reservoirs efficincy under the gas pressure load

Nota sobre a biologia de "Microdon tigrinus" (Diptera: Syrphidae), parasito social de "Acromyrmex coronatus" (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

The fly of the syrphid Microdon tigrinus is a specific social parasite of leaf-cutting ant, Acromyrmex coronatus. Six colonies of Acromyrmex coronatus were collected in plastic containers, which there was a layer of 1 cm of plaster, with the purpose of maintaining the humidity of fungus culture. Larvae of social parasite were separate for the establishment of instars number, through morphometric study. The data were measured of 165 larvae, using spiracle (length (Ls), width (Ws) and distance between spiracle (Ds)). After that, the morphometric data obtained for the larvae were submitted to cluster analysis by Wong's hybrid method, which produces the adequate number of groups through pseudo F-statistics and pseudo t-squared statistics. The three morphometric variables studied permitted grouping of larvae into the following three distinct groups: cluster 1 [long dash] consisting of 55 larvae (Ls=0.177[plus or minus]0.026, Ws=0.163[plus or minus]0.030, Ds=0.052[plus or minus]0.008 mm); cluster 2 - consisting of 20 larvae (Ls=0.631[plus or minus]0.065, Ws=0.630[plus or minus]0.049, Ds=0.065[plus or minus]0.018 mm); cluster 3 - consisting of 90 larvae (Ls=1.294[plus or minus]0.062, Ws=1.308[plus or minus]0.069, Ds=0.140[plus or minus]0.018 mm). of the all couples, only 1 obtained success in the mating, and the female, after 24 hours, began the oviposition. The female layed 76 eggs in a period of 6 days, after that, her death. The larvae emerged in the seventh day (incubation period [plus or minus] 7 days). From 76 eggs, 54 were viable, with a viability of 71.05%. This study contributes to the knowledge of Microdon tigrinus biology of, a social parasite poorly studied in Brazil.

Estudo das interações polifenol-proteína e das reações de escurecimento não-enzimático para o processamento de cajuína

The cashew, a fruit from Brazilian Northeast is used to produce juice due to its flavor and vitamin C richness. However, its acceptance is limited due to its astringency. Cajuína is a derivate product appreciated by its characteristic flavor, freshness and lack of astringency, due to tannin removal. Cajuína is a light yellow beverage made from clarified cashew juice and sterilized after bottling. It differs from the integral and concentrated juice by the clarification and thermal treatment steps. Many problems such as haze and excessive browning could appear if these steps are not controlled. The objective of this work was divided into two stages with the aim to supply process information in order to obtain a good quality product with uniform characteristics (sensory and nutritional). Polyphenol-protein interaction was studied at the clarification step, which is an empirical process, to provide values on the amount of clarifying solution (gelatin) that must be added to achieve a complete juice clarification. Clarification essays were performed with juice dilutions of 1:2 and 1:10 and the effect of metabissulfite and tannic acid addition was evaluated. It was not possible to establish a clarification point. Metabissulfite did not influenced the clarification process however tannic acid addition displaced the clarification point, showing the difficulty visual monitoring of the process. Thermal treatment of clarified juice was studied at 88, 100, 111 e 121 °C. To evaluate the non-enzymatic browning, vitamin C, 5-hidroximetilfurfural (5-HMF) and sugar variation were correlated with color parameters (reflectance spectra, color difference and CIELAB). Kinetic models were obtained for reflectance spectra, ascorbic acid and 5-HMF. It was observed that 5-HMF introduction followed a first order kinetic rate at the beginning of the thermal treatment and a zero order kinetic at later process stages. An inverse correlation was observed between absorbance at 420 nm and ascorbic acid degradation, which indicates that ascorbic acid might be the principal factor on cajuína non-enzymatic browning. Constant sugar concentration showed that this parameter did not contribute directly to the nonenzymatic browning. Optimization techniques showed showed that to obtain a high vitamin C and a low 5-HMF content, the process must be done at 120 ºC. With the water-bath thermal treatment, the 90 °C temperature promoted a lower ascorbic acid degradation at the expense of a higher 5-HMF level

Desenvolvimento de mudas de Tabeluia chrysotricha em função de substratos e de soluções de fertirrigação

The work aimed to study the development of Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl. seedlings injunction of different substrate and different fertilization solutions. To compose the substrate it was used fibrous and granulated coconut fiber obtaining the following treatments: S1- 100% fibrous, S2- 60% fibrous and 40% granulated, S3- 40% fibrous and 60% granulated and S4- 100% granulated. The basis fertilization was the same for all treatments and the solutions of fertilization varied in order to obtain solutions with the following electric conductivities: EC1- 1.06 dS m(-1), EC2- 2.12 dS m(-1), EC3- 3.2 dS m(-1) and EC4- 4.25 dS m(-1). The propagative material was sowed directly in plastic containers (120mL) with the respective substrates. The fertilization was received through sub irrigation once a week, until the seedlings reached 20cm of height approximately. The chemical analyses of the substrate (EC and pH), through aqueous extraction method 1:1.5 (1 substrate: 1.5 deionized water), the analyses of aerial part height, stein diameter and pairs true leaves number, as well as the weight of total dry, matter, were accomplished each 15 days. In almost every analysis, the substrate with granulated coconut fiber, as well as the smallest EC (1.06 e 2.12 dS m(-1)) of fertilization solutions,formed seedlings with higher averages, indicating faster growth. In the conditions of this experiment, the production of T. chrysotricha seedlings was better in granulated coconut fiber substrate and fertilizer solutions with EC of 1.06 dS m(-1), appreciating the estimated characteristics.

Qualidade de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis em função do substrato

Considering the increasing demand for seedlings of plants for aforestation and the scarcity of raw materials for the substrates used for plant growth, it is necessary to evaluate new components and formulations that ensure the quality of seedlings. In this experiment the development and quality of production of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis seedlings was studied through vegetative propagation, as a function of nine compositions of substrate, produced from fine-grained vermiculite, carbonized rice chaff and coconut fiber in hard plastic tubes of 50 mL as containers. The physical properties of substrates and morphological development and the quality of the root system of seedlings were evaluated at 90 days after staking. The substrates with higher total porosity promotes better quality of the root system, which consequently results in cuttings with larger diameter, shoot and root dry weight and Dickson Quality Index. Other properties for the physical characteristics of substrates other than mentioned in literature can also be considered adequate.

Composição química e aspectos morfológicos de mudas de Tabebuia chrysotricha (Standl.) produzidas em diferentes substratos e soluções de fertirrigação

The work aimed to study the formation of Tabebuia chrysotricha Standl. seedlings in function of four substrates, varying the covering fertilization solutions. To compose the substrate it was used fibrous and granulated coconut fiber obtaining the following treatments: 100% fibrous (100% F), 60% fibrous + 40% granulated (60% F+40% G), 40% fibrous + 60% granulated (40% F+60% G) and 100% granulated (100% G). The basis fertilization was the same for all treatments and the solutions of covering fertilization varied in order to obtain complete solutions with electric conductivities of 1.06 dS m(-1), 2.12 dS m(-1), 3.2 dS m(-1) and 4.25 dS m(-1). The propagative material was sowed directly in plastic containers (120mL) with the respective substrates. The fertilization was received through sub-irrigation once a week, respecting the treatments of fertilizations. Seedlings produced in 100%G had been taller and higher than the others. The chemical analyses of aerial part were obtained when the seedlings were ready for expedition (height of 20 cm). The seedlings production in substrate 100% F and 60% F+40% G allowed them to have higher N, S, B, Mn and Zn concentrations in the aerial part. The production of T chrysotricha seedlings is recommended in granulated coconut fiber substrate and fertilizer solutions with EC of 1.06 dS m(-1)

Níveis crescentes de saturação por bases e desenvolvimento inicial de teca em um latossolo de textura média

Teak is a forest species of high commercial value, but the little knowledge on the behavior of this species in relation to soil acidity is an important factor that may limit its cultivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high base saturation on the soil on the initial development of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in plastic containers with capacity of 50 liters. The experimental design was randomized, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of: natural saturation of the soil and the other treatments with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % of saturation. Correcting the soil favored the growth characteristics of all evaluated plant teak. The liming positively affected the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu and Fe, and the nutritional requirements of the species had the following order: N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S > Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu. Base saturations above 70 % showed higher plant development.

TEORES DE ENXOFRE E ACEITABILIDADE DE AGUARDENTES DE CANA BRASILEIRAS

Considerando-se as indesejáveis características sensoriais dos compostos sulfurados e o papel negativo que podem representar na qualidade sensorial das aguardentes, foi realizado um estudo para verificar uma possível correlação entre os teores de enxofre presentes em amostras de aguardentes de cana e sua qualidade sensorial. Nesse sentido foram determinados os teores de enxofre de sete amostras de aguardentes de cana, sendo quatro adquiridas no comércio local, e três obtidas em laboratório, utilizando-se alambiques de cobre, de aço inoxidável e de alumínio. As amostras foram então submetidas a testes de aceitabilidade quanto ao aroma, sabor e impressão global, realizados por uma equipe de 30 provadores, em cabines individuais, utilizando-se escala hedônica de nove centímetros. Os resultados assim obtidos após serem submetidos à análise de variância, ao teste de médias de Tukey e à análise de regressão, revelaram haver correlação negativa significativa (p£ 0,05) entre os teores de enxofre e a aceitabilidade das amostras de aguardentes, em relação a todas as características avaliadas, ressaltando o papel negativo representado pelos compostos sulfurados presentes nas aguardentes de cana e indicando ser o método de Ni Raney uma possível opção a ser adotada no controle de qualidade das aguardentes de cana.

ANÁLISE DESCRITIVA QUANTITATIVA da AGUARDENTE DE CANA DURANTE O ENVELHECIMENTO em TONEL DE CARVALHO (Quercus alba L.)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da expectativa do consumidor na aceitação de cachaça orgânica

The influence of consumer expectation on the acceptability of four samples of commercial brands of organic and conventional cachaca was assessed by fifty-six consumers. The cachacas were evaluated in blind sensory test, expectation test and real sensory test. In blind test, consumers evaluated the samples in absence of any expectation, followed by expectation test, when consumers had read organic cachaca information and indicated how much they expected to like or dislike the drink and finally, in real test, evaluated the drink with information and carry through new sensory evaluation. The assessed attributes were appearance, overall liking, flavor liking and purchase intention. Information of organic cachaca had positive influence on sensory acceptance and improved buying intention of all evaluated cachacas. Predominant effect were assimilation under negative disconfirmation, that is, although cachacas samples were not as well received by consumers as expected, consumers higher expectations resulted in higher acceptance of the samples, whether they were organic or not. The effect of consumer expectation on the acceptability of the beverage was statistically significant (p <= 0.05) for all samples evaluated.

Urinary Mutagenicity in Chemical Laboratory Workers Exposed to Solvents

Solvents represent an important group of environmental pollutants to which people are exposed daily in the workplace. The physico chemical properties of solvents may result in disturbances to cellular structures, including damage to DNA. However, the effects of mixtures of solvents are not well known. Mutations caused by environmental agents are related to cancer development and other degenerative diseases. The work in a research laboratory that uses several types of solvents is equally predisposed to these hazards. In this study, we evaluated the mutagenicity of urine from 29 subjects exposed occupationally to solvents in a chemistry research laboratory and 29 subjects without occupational exposure (controls). Urine samples were collected in polyethylene containers at the end of the work shift. For the concentration and extraction of urine samples the XAD-2 resin was used with acetone as an eluting agent. Several strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100, TA98, TA97a, TA1535, YG1024) should be used to assess mutagenic susceptibilities among workers exposed to organic solvents. Different doses of extract (1.5; 3.0; 6.0 and 12.0 m/ equivalents of urine per plate) were tested on S. typhimurium strains TA100 and YG 1024, with and without metabolic activation. The mutagenic activity, measured in Salmonella typhimurium YGI1024 with S9 mix, was significantly greater in urine from workers than from controls (p <= 0.05). These results indicate the relevance of using biomarkers to assess the risk of occupational exposure to organic solvents.