Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris is modulated by stand density

Despite the increasing relevance of mixed stands due to their potential benefits; little information is available with regard to the effect of mixtures on yield in forest systems. Hence, it is necessary to study inter-specific relationships, and the resulting yield in mixed stands, which may vary with stand development, site or stand density, etc. In Spain, the province of Navarra is considered one of the biodiversity reservoirs; however, mixed forests occupy only a small area, probably as a consequence of management plans, in which there is an excessive focus on the productivity aspect, favoring the presence of pure stands of the most marketable species. The aim of this paper is to study how growth efficiencies of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and pine (Pinus sylvestris) are modified by the admixture of the other species and to determine whether stand density modifies interspecific relationships and to what extent. Two models were fitted from Spanish National Forest Inventory data, for P. sylvestris and F. sylvatica respectively, which relate the growth efficiency of the species, i.e. the volume increment of the species divided by the species proportion by area, with dominant height, quadratic mean diameter, stocking degree, and the species proportions by area of each species. Growth efficiency of pine increased with the admixture of beech, decreasing this positive effect when stocking degree increased. However, the positive effect of pine admixture on beech growth was greater at higher stocking degrees. Growth efficiency of beech was also dependent on stand dominant height, resulting in a net negative mixing effect when stand dominant heights and stocking degrees were simultaneously low. There is a relatively large range of species proportions and stocking degrees which results in transgressive overyielding: higher volume increments in mixed stands than that of the most productive pure pine stands. We concluded that stocking degree is a key factor in between-species interactions, being the effects of mixing not always greater at higher stand densities, but it depends on species composition.

Ice volume changes (1936-1990-2007) and ground-penetrating radar studies of Ariebreen, Hornsund, Spitsbergen

Ariebreen is a small (0.37 km2) valley glacier located in southern Spitsbergen. Our ground-penetrating radar surveys of the glacier show that it is less than 30 m thick on average, with a maximum thickness of 82 m, and it appears to be entirely cold. By analysing digital terrain models of the ice surface from different dates, we determine the area and volume changes during two periods, 1936-1990 and 1990-2007. The total ice volume of the glacier has decreased by 73% during the entire period 1936-2007, which is equivalent to a mean mass balance rate of -0.6190.17 m/yr w.eq. The glacier thinning rate has increased markedly between the first and second periods, from -0.5090.22 to -0.9590.17 m/yr w.eq.

Avaliação do volume e índices vasculares placentários pela ultrassonografia tridimensional em gestações com restrição grave de crescimento fetal

INTRODUÇÃO: A restrição de crescimento fetal (RCF) representa uma das principais complicações da gravidez e está associada a elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade perinatal. A frequência de desfechos desfavoráveis neonatais está diretamente relacionada à gravidade da RCF, sendo que os casos de pior evolução estão relacionados com peso abaixo do percentil 3. O mecanismo do crescimento fetal não está totalmente esclarecido, mas resulta da interação entre potencial genético de crescimento e fatores placentários, maternos e ambientais. Dentre os fatores etiológicos, o desenvolvimento anormal da placenta e a diminuição da perfusão uteroplacentária são as principais causas de RCF. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar volume e índices de vascularização placentários, por meio da ultrassonografia tridimensional (US3D), em gestações com RCF grave, e as correlações dos parâmetros placentários com valores de normalidade e dopplervelocimetria materno-fetal. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 27 gestantes cujos fetos apresentavam peso estimado abaixo do percentil 3 para a idade gestacional. Por meio da US3D, utilizando-se a técnica VOCAL, foram mensurados o volume placentário (VP) e os índices vasculares: índice de vascularização (IV), índice de fluxo (IF) e índice de vascularização e fluxo (IVF). Os dados foram comparados com a curva de normalidade para a idade gestacional e peso fetal descrita por De Paula e cols. (2008, 2009). Desde que os volumes placentários variam durante a gravidez, os valores observados foram comparados com os valores esperados para a idade gestacional e peso fetal. Foram criados os índices volume observado/ esperado para a idade gestacional (Vo/e IG) e volume placentário observado/ esperado para o peso fetal (Vo/e PF). Os parâmetros placentários foram correlacionados com índice de pulsatilidade (IP) médio de (AUt) e IP de artéria umbilical (AU), e avaliados segundo a presença de incisura protodiastólica bilateral em AUt. RESULTADOS: Quando comparadas à curva de normalidade, as placentas de gestação com RCF grave apresentaram VP, IV, IF e IVF significativamente menores (p < 0,0001 para todos os parâmetros). Houve correlação inversa estatisticamente significante da média do PI de AUt com o Vo/e IG (r= -0,461, p= 0,018), IV (r= -0,401, p= 0,042) e IVF (r= -0,421, p= 0,048). No grupo de gestantes que apresentavam incisura protodiastólica bilateral de artérias uterinas, Vo/e IG (p= 0,014), Vo/e PF (p= 0,02) e IV (p= 0,044) foram significativamente mais baixos. Nenhum dos parâmetros placentários apresentou correlação significativa com IP de AU. CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se que o volume e os índices de vascularização placentários apresentam-se diminuídos nos fetos com RCF grave. IP médio de AUT apresenta correlação negativa com Vo/e IG, IV e IVF, e Vo/e IG, Vo/e PF e IV apresentaram-se reduzidos nos casos de incisura bilateral. Não houve correlação significativa dos parâmetros placentários com IP de AU

Choroidal Thickness And Volume In Healthy Young Whites And Their Relationship With Axial Length, Ammetropy And Sex

Purpose: To evaluate choroidal thickness in young subjects using Enhanced Depth Imaging Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (EDI SD-OCT) describing volume differences between all the defined areas of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Design: Prospective, clinical study. Methods: Seventy-nine eyes of 95 healthy, young (23.8±3.2years), adult volunteers were prospectively enrolled. Manual choroidal segmentation on a 25-raster horizontal scan protocol was performed. The measurements of the nine subfields defined by the ETDRS were evaluated. Results: Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 345.67±81.80μm and mean total choroidal volume was 8.99±1.88mm3. Choroidal thickness and volume were higher at the superior and temporal areas compared to inferior and nasal sectors of the same diameter respectively. Strong correlations between subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length (AL) and myopic refractive error were obtained, r = -0.649, p<0.001 and r = 0.473, p<0.001 respectively. Emmetropic eyes tended to have thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness (381.94±79.88μm versus 307.04±64.91μm) and higher total choroidal volume than myopic eyes (9.80± 1.87mm3 versus 8.14±1.48mm3). The estimation of the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the AL was-43.84μm/mm. In the myopic group, the variation of the subfoveal choroidal thickness with the myopic refractive error was -10.45μm/D. Conclusions: This study establishes for the first time a normal database for choroidal thickness and volume in young adults. Axial length, and myopic ammetropy are highly associated with choroidal parameters in healthy subjects. EDI SD-OCT exhibited a high degree of intraobserver and interobserver repeatability.

(Table 1) Deuterium ratios, chloride content and hydrate volume of pore water and hydrate meltwater from ODP Site 164-996

Site 996 is located above the Blake Diapir where numerous indications of vertical fluid migration and the presence of hydrate existed prior to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 164. Direct sampling of hydrates and visual observations of hydrate-filled veins that could be traced 30-40 cm along cores suggest a connection between fluid migration and hydrate formation. The composition of pore water squeezed from sediment cores showed large variations due to melting of hydrate during core recovery and influence of saline water from the evaporitic diapir below. Analysis of water released during hydrate decomposition experiments showed that the recovered hydrates contained significant amounts of pore water. Solutions of the transport equations for deuterium (d2H) and chloride (Cl-) were used to determine maximum (d2H) and minimum (Cl-) in situ concentrations of these species. Minimum in situ concentrations of hydrate were estimated by combining these results with Cl- and d2H values measured on hydrate meltwaters and pore waters obtained by squeezing of sediments, by the means of a method based on analysis of distances in the two-dimensional Cl- d2H space. The computed Cl- and d2H distribution indicates that the minimum hydrate amount solutions are representative of the actual hydrate amount. The highest and mean hydrate concentrations estimates from our model are 31% and 10% of the pore space, respectively. These concentrations agree well with visual core observations, supporting the validity of the model assumptions. The minimum in situ Cl- concentrations were used to constrain the rates of upward fluid migration. Simulation of all available data gave a mean flow rate of 0.35 m/k.y. (range: 0.125-0.5 m/k.y.).