Le "je" ovidien et le traducteur: la traduction contemporaine des "Tristes" et des "Pontiques" en France

Cette thèse de doctorat traite de cinq traductions françaises des Tristes et des Pontiques d'Ovide parues depuis le second tiers du XXe siècle : celles d'Emile Ripert (1937), de Jacques André (1968-1977), de Dominique Poirel (1989), de Chantai Labre (1991) et de Marie Darrieussecq (2008).¦Les deux oeuvres latines, recueils de lettres élégiaques écrites à la première personne, semblent proposer une réflexion sur le statut du ego qui désigne leur protagoniste, poète romain exilé par Auguste. En effet, ce « je » peut se percevoir tantôt comme le reflet spontané de la personne du poète, dans la mesure où la visée d'Ovide est explicitement autobiographique, tantôt comme le produit d'une construction littéraire, inspiré d'oeuvres de fiction. Dans la critique des XXe et XXIe siècles, la question de savoir comment s'articule le rapport, dans les poèmes d'exil, entre l'oeuvre écrite et la réalité historique, entre le «je» textuel et le « je » de l'auteur, a donné Heu à des réponses très variées.¦Dans un premier temps, l'objectif de l'analyse est de montrer qu'un débat similaire se dessine dans les traductions de la même période, que chaque traducteur des Tristes et des Pontiques, à travers des choix lexicaux et stylistiques bien particuliers, par le biais de commentaires prenant place dans le paratexte de la traduction, fournit au lecteur une image différente du « je » ovidien.¦La seconde étape se concentre sur le processus d'appropriation qui sous-tend la traduction. Les caractéristiques du « je » ovidien, telles qu'elles transparaissent dans la traduction, sont mises en lien avec l'image d'auteur, la poétique ou l'approche interprétative qui ressortent de l'ensemble des productions du traducteur (traductions, oeuvres de commentaire, créations littéraires etc.).¦La troisième partie de l'analyse s'interroge sur la manière dont le traducteur envisage sa pratique et se représente lui-même, dans sa préface ou à travers sa poétique de la traduction, en tant que traducteur. En comparant l'image qu'il montre de lui-même avec celle que sa traduction renvoie de l'auteur du texte original, on observe des similitudes qui suggèrent la parenté de la traduction et de la création littéraire.

Mutations in the rpoB gene of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Brazil and France

We evaluated the mutations in a 193bp of the rpoB gene by automated sequencing of rifampicin (RMP)-resistant and susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from Brazil (25 strains) and France (37 strains). In RMP-resistant strains, mutations were identified in 100% (16/16) from France and 89% (16/18) from Brazil. No mutation was detected in the 28 RMP-susceptible strains. Among RMP-resistant or RMP-susceptible strains deletion was observed. A double point mutation which had not been reported before was detected in one strain from France. Among French resistant strains mutations were found in codons 531 (31.2%), 526, 513 and 533 (18.7% each). In Brazilian strains the most common mutations were in codons 531 (72.2%), 526 (11.1%) and 513 (5.5%). The heterogeneity found in French strains may be related to the fact that most of those strains were from African or Asian patients.

Gender, family and employment in comparative perspective: the realities and representations of rqual rpportunities in Britain and France

In this paper, we will explore how contrasting national discourses relating to women, and gender equality have been incorporated into and reflected in national policies. In the first section, we will outline the recent history of EU equal opportunities policy, in which positive action has been replaced by a policy of 'mainstreaming'. Second, we will describe the evolution of policies towards women and equal opportunities in Britain and France. It will be argued that whereas some degree of positive action for women has been accepted in Britain, this policy is somewhat alien to French thinking about equality - although pro-natalist French policies have resulted in favourable conditions for employed mothers in France. In the third section, we will present some attitudinal evidence, drawn from national surveys, which would appear to reflect the national policy differences we have identified in respect of the 'equality agenda'. In the fourth section, we will draw upon biographical interviews carried out with men and women in British and French banks in order to illustrate the impact of these cross-national differences within organizations and on individual lives. We demonstrate that positive action gender equality policies have made an important impact in British banks, while overt gender exclusionary practices still persist in the French banks studied. In the conclusion, we reflect on the European policy implications of our findings.

Coevolutionary networks: a novel approach to understanding the relationships of humans with the infectious agents

Human organism is interpenetrated by the world of microorganisms, from the conception until the death. This interpenetration involves different levels of interactions between the partners including trophic exchanges, bi-directional cell signaling and gene activation, besides genetic and epigenetic phenomena, and tends towards mutual adaptation and coevolution. Since these processes are critical for the survival of individuals and species, they rely on the existence of a complex organization of adaptive systems aiming at two apparently conflicting purposes: the maintenance of the internal coherence of each partner, and a mutually advantageous coexistence and progressive adaptation between them. Humans possess three adaptive systems: the nervous, the endocrine and the immune system, each internally organized into subsystems functionally connected by intraconnections, to maintain the internal coherence of the system. The three adaptive systems aim at the maintenance of the internal coherence of the organism and are functionally linked by interconnections, in such way that what happens to one is immediately sensed by the others. The different communities of infectious agents that live within the organism are also organized into functional networks. The members of each community are linked by intraconnections, represented by the mutual trophic, metabolic and other influences, while the different infectious communities affect each other through interconnections. Furthermore, by means of its adaptive systems, the organism influences and is influenced by the microbial communities through the existence of transconnections. It is proposed that these highly complex and dynamic networks, involving gene exchange and epigenetic phenomena, represent major coevolutionary forces for humans and microorganisms.