970 resultados para Ag additions


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The addition of both Ti-C and Cr as grain refiners in Nd-Fe-B nanocomposites substantially increases the coercive field Hc. This motived our investigation of the effect of Ti-C and Cr on Pr-Fe-B nanocomposites. Melt-spun ribbons of composition (Pr(9.5)Fe(84.5)B(6))(0.97-x)Cr(x)(TiC)(0.03)(x = 0; 0.25; 0.5; 0.75; 1) and (Nd(9.5)Fe(84.5)B(6))(0.97-x)Cr(x)(TiC)(0.03)(x = 0.5 and 1) were produced for study. For a Pr nanocomposite with 1% Cr, Hc = 12.5 kOe. However, the energy product was limited to 13.6 MGOe by the remanence value. Rietveld analysis of X-ray spectra showed the ribbons to consist of predominantly hard (similar to 70 wt%) R(2)Fe(14)B, the soft phase being (similar to 30 wt%) alpha-Fe. Mossbauer measurements at 300 K are consistent with a reduced hyperfine field for the hard magnetic phase due to the Cr addition. Analysis of transmission electron microscopy images showed the Pr nanocomposite with 1% Cr to have an increased average grain size.

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We show a simple strategy to obtain all efficient enzymatic broelectrochemical device, in which urease was immobilized oil electroactive nanostructured membranes (ENMs) made with polyaniline and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) stabilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PAni/PVA-AgNP). Fabrication of the modified electrodes comprised the chemical deposition of polyaniline followed by drop-coating of PVA-AgNP and urease, resulting in a final ITO/PAni/PVA-AgNP/urease electrode Configuration. For comparison. the electrochemical performance of ITO/PAni/urease electrodes (without Ag nanoparticles) was also studied. The performance of the modified electrodes toward Urea hydrolysis was investigated via amperometric measurements, revealing a fast increase in cathodic current with a well-defined peak upon addition of urea to the electrolytic solution. The cathodic currents for the ITO/PAni/PVA-AgNP urease electrodes were significantly higher than for the ITO/PAni/urease electrodes. The friendly environment provided by the ITO/PAni/PVA-AgNP electrode to the immobilized enzyme promoted efficient catalytic conversion of urea into ammonium and bicarbonate tons. Using the Michaelis-Menten kinetics equation, a K(M)(aPP) of 2.7 mmol L(-1) was obtained. indicating that the electrode architecture employed may be advantageous for fabrication of enzymatic devices with improved biocatalytic properties. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Two new complexes of platinum(II) and silver(I) with acesulfame were synthesized. Acesulfame is in the anionic form acesulfamate (ace). The structures of both complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. For K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] the platinum atom is coordinated to two Cl(-) and two N-acesulfamate atoms forming a trans-square planar geometry. Each K(+) ion interacts with two oxygen atoms of the S(=O)(2) group of each acesulfamate. For the polymeric complex [Ag(ace)](n) the water molecule bridges between two crystallographic equivalent Agl atoms which are related each other by a twofold symmetry axis. Two Agl atoms, related to each other by a symmetry centre, make bond contact with two equivalent oxygen atoms. These bonds give rise to infinite chains along the unit cell diagonal in the ac plane. The in vitro cytotoxic analyses for the platinum complex using HeLa (human cervix cancer) cells show its low activity when compared to the vehicle-treated cells. The Ag(I) complex submitted to in vitro antimycobacterial tests, using the Microplate Alamar Blue (MABA) method, showed a good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for tuberculosis, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 11.6 mu M. The Ag(I) complex also presented a promising activity against Gram negative (Escherichia colt and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram positive (Enterococcus faecalis) microorganisms. The complex K(2)[PtCl(2)(ace)(2)] was also evaluated for antiviral properties against dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea C strain) in Vero cells and showed a good inhibition of dengue virus type 2 (New Guinea G strain) replication at 200 mu M, when compared to vehicle-treated cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Co/Al(2)O(3) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts promoted with different quantities of Group 11 metals (Cu, Ag, Au) were characterized and tested. The presence of relatively small quantities of such metals enhanced Co reducibility and, in the cases of Ag and Au, improved the surface Co metal active site densities. EXAFS experiments with the most loaded catalyst samples show that only Co-Co and Me-Me (Me = Cu, Ag and Au) coordination could be observed. This suggests that the greater fraction of the metals form different phases. However, the reduction promoting effect of the Group 11 metal is severely hampered once the catalyst receives a mild passivation treatment following primary reduction. An explanation in terms of promoter segregation during primary reduction is proposed. At lower promoter levels (0.83%Ag and 1.51%Au) and higher Ag levels (2.76%), significant gains in Co active site densities were achieved resulting in improved CO conversion levels relative to the unpromoted catalyst. Moreover, slight decreases in light product (e.g., CH(4)) selectivity and slight increases in C(5)+ selectivity were achieved. At high Au loading (5.05%), however, too much Au was loaded which, although significantly increasing the fraction of Co reduced, blocked Co surface sites and resulted in decreased Co conversion rates. While Cu facilitated Co reduction, the increased fraction of reduced Co did not translate to improved active site densities. It appears that a fraction of Cu tended to cover the rim of Co clusters, resulting in decreases in CO conversion rates and detrimental increases in light product selectivity. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The adsorption of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on Co and Ag electrodes in acid or alkaline solutions of KCl and KI electrolyte salts were monitored by the Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The SERS intensity for the Ag electrode was in 2 orders of magnitude higher than for the Co electrode, due to the enhancement of the Raman cross-section on Ag by the surface-plasmon excitation. In acidic chloride medium (pH 4), the SERS results for Ag electrodes indicate that the protonated form of 4-AP (4-APH(+)) adsorbs in the potential range of -0.1 to -0.6 V (Ag broken vertical bar AgCl broken vertical bar KCl sat) through hydrogen-bonding between 4-APH(+) and Cl(-) adsorbed on the electrode surface: at more negative potentials the neutral form 4-AP is the predominant adsorbed species. For Co electrode in the same medium, only bands due to neutral 4-AP were observed in the spectra at -0.8 and -0.9 V. For more negative potentials bands assigned to both 4-AP and 4-AP surface complex are observed, with the lasts being enhanced, as the potentials are turned more negative. In alkaline chloride medium (pH 13), for less negative potentials the bands assigned to free 4-AP were observed in the spectra of both Ag and Co surfaces. For more negative potentials, only bands assigned to the 4-AP surface complex were observed. For 0.1 mol L(-1) KI acidic or alkaline solutions, bands assigned to 4-AP and 4-APH(+) were observed in a wider potential range than in chloride solutions. An adsorption scheme of 4-AP on Ag and Co is proposed for acidic and alkaline solutions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Apresenta-se neste trabalho um estudo experimental da dinâmica do fluxo magnético intergranular no cuprato supercondutor Y Ba2Cu3O7 e nos compósitos Y Ba2CU3O7 fi/Ag para várias concentrações de prata. Verificou-se que sob certas condições é possível separar os efeitos da dinâmica do fluxo de Josephson daqueles resultantes da dinâmica de Abrikosov. Através da técnica de medidas de magnetização DC foram obtidas as linhas de depinning inicial e de irreversibilidade magnética em campo magnético aplicado até 120 Oe. O revestimento dos grãos supercondutores aparentemente não afeta a energia de acoplamento dos elos fracos entre os grãos e o potencial de pinning até 16.1 % em peso de prata. A vantagem da mistura da prata é que esta melhora as propriedades mecânicas dos óxidos supercondutores além de melhorar as correntes críticas do sistema. Observamos que o depinning do fluxo de Josephson começa numa temperatura bem definida, dependendo do campo magnético aplicado e gradualmente aumenta com a temperatura até ou muito próximo do limite de irreversibilidade, acima do qual todo o fluxo intergranular (e intragranular) está livre. As linhas de irreversibilidade das nossas amostras podem ser entendidas dentro do modelo do Vidro supercondutor.

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O objetivo da presente dissertação é o estudo da difusão de Ag e Al em uma matriz de α-Ti. Sua motivação principal se origina do fato de haver na literatura resultados contraditórios sobre o comportamento difusional desses elementos. Além disso, este estudo é necessário para dar continuidade à investigação sistemática da difusão de impurezas substitucionais em α-Ti, que vem sendo realizada pelo grupo de implantação iônica, a fim de estabelecer uma relação entre tamanho, valência e solubilidade dos elementos e seus coeficientes de difusão. A dependência do coeficiente de difusão com a temperatura para ambos elementos foi estudada nos intervalos de temperatura de 823 a 1073 K para a Ag e 948 a 1073 K para o Al. No caso da Ag foi usada a técnica de RBS para determinar os perfis de concentração, a qual tem uma alta resolução em profundidade (tipicamente 10nm), o que permite a determinação das baixas difusividades esperadas no presente experimento ( D ≤ 10-7 m2/s). No caso do Al foi usada a técnica de NRA, que preenche os mesmos requisitos citados anteriormente, com uma resolução em profundidade de aproximadamente 10 Å. As medidas realizadas mostraram que, para ambos os casos, os coeficientes de difusão seguem uma representação linear de Arrhenius. Foram encontrados os seguintes parâmetros característicos de difusão: Do = (1 ± 0,75) x10-4 m2s-1 e Q = 279 ± 6 kJ/mol para a Ag e Do = (1,4 ± 1,2) x10-2 m2s-1 e Q = 326 ± 10 kJ/mol para o Al, os quais são típicos de um comportamento substitucional normal. A comparação desse trabalho com trabalhos prévios não mostra evidência de relacionamento entre tamanho, valência e solubilidade dos elementos e seus coeficientes de difusão.

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This work adds to Lucas (2000) by providing analytical solutions to two problems that are solved only numerically by the author. The first part uses a theorem in control theory (Arrow' s sufficiency theorem) to provide sufficiency conditions to characterize the optimum in a shopping-time problem where the value function need not be concave. In the original paper the optimality of the first-order condition is characterized only by means of a numerical analysis. The second part of the paper provides a closed-form solution to the general-equilibrium expression of the welfare costs of inflation when the money demand is double logarithmic. This closed-form solution allows for the precise calculation of the difference between the general-equilibrium and Bailey's partial-equilibrium estimates of the welfare losses due to inflation. Again, in Lucas's original paper, the solution to the general-equilibrium-case underlying nonlinear differential equation is done only numerically, and the posterior assertion that the general-equilibrium welfare figures cannot be distinguished from those derived using Bailey's formula rely only on numerical simulations as well.

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Nesta dissertação, apresenta-se o trabalho realizado no decorrer do segundo ano do Mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada. Prepararam-se nanopartículas metálicas através da redução química de sais metálicos em solução. Obtiveram-se soluções coloidais monometálicas de Au, Ag e FeOx e bimetálicas de Au/Ag, Ag/Au, FeOx/Au e FeOx/Ag seguindo ou adaptando métodos publicados na literatura. Numa primeira fase foram sintetizadas nanopartículas monometálicas de prata e ouro utilizando-se β-D-glucose, borohidreto de sódio e β-ciclodextrina como agente redutor dos iões metálicos. Seguidamente, por co-redução de uma mistura de iões prepararam-se ligas de nanopartículas de prata e ouro e por redução sucessiva de Ag e Au sintetizaram-se nanopartículas com uma estrutura núcleo-concha. As nanopartículas de FeOx foram preparadas por co-precipitação de Fe (III) e Fe (II). O revestimento com ouro foi conseguido através da redução com citrato de sódio e para a deposição de prata utilizou-se o ácido ascórbico. As soluções coloidais preparadas foram caracterizadas através de estudos de espetroscopia do UV-vis, tendo sido registados os máximos de absorvância característicos do ouro e da prata e os desvios esperados para o caso das nanopartículas núcleo-concha. As análises por dispersão dinâmica de luz permitiram auferir o tamanho das nanopartículas, eventual aglomeração e, portanto, permitiram a apreciação da estabilidade dos coloides. Com o intuito de confirmar a formação de estruturas em camada núcleo-concha foi feita a caracterização das amostras por microscopia eletrónica de transmissão e espetroscopia de raios-X de energia dispersiva. Alguns dos espetros obtidos confirmam o sucesso na preparação de uma estrutura em multicamada. Finalmente, demonstrou-se a biocompatibilidade de algumas amostras preparadas através da realização de estudos de citotoxicidade na linha celular fibroblástica NIH 3T3.

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To produce porcelain tiles fluxing agents are used in order to obtain a liquid phase during firing. This liquid phase fills the pores decreasing porosity, water absorption and contributes to material densification. In the porcelain tiles industry, feldspar is the main flux material used, with quantities ranging between 35 and 50%. Studies focus on the discovery of materials with flux characteristics that can reduce the consumption of feldspar by porcelain tiles industry. In this context, the coffee husk ashes, a residue obtained when coffee husks are burned to produce heat for the dryers during the processing of the green fruit, have as main chemical constituents potassium, calcium and magnesium, giving them characteristics of fluxing material. Brazil is the largest coffee producer in the world and is responsible for over 30% of the world s production. In this work a physical treatment of coffee husk ash was carried out in order to eliminate the organic matter and, after this, two by-products were obtained: residual wastes R1 and R2. Both residues were added separately as single fluxes and also in association with feldspar in mixtures with raw materials collected in a porcelain industry located in Dias d Ávila-Ba. The addition of these residues aimed to contribute to the reduction of the consumption of feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles. Specimens were produced with dimensions of 60 mm x 20 mm x 6 mm in an uniaxial die with compacting pressure of 45 MPa. The samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C, for 8 minutes. Tests were performed to characterize the raw materials by XRF, XRD, particle size analysis, DTA and TGA and, additionally, the results of the physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage, density, dilatometry, flexural strength and SEM of sintered body were analyzed. Additions of less than 8% of the residue R1 contributed to the decrease of porosity, but the mechanical strength of the samples was not satisfactory. Additions of 5% the R2 residue contributed significantly to decrease the water absorption and apparent porosity, and also to increase the mechanical strength. Samples with addition of feldspar associated with the R2 residue, in proportions of 6.7% of R2 and 6.7% of feldspar, led to results of water absorption of 0.12% and mechanical strength of 46 MPa, having parameters normalized to the manufacture of porcelain stoneware tiles