Inflammation and adipose tissue: effects of progressive load training in rats

Introduction: Cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha) are increased after exhaustive exercise in the rat retroperitoneal (RPAT) and mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) pads. On the other hand, these cytokines show decreased expression in these depots in response to a chronic exercise protocol. However, the effect of exercise with overload combined with a short recovery period on pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression is unknown. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of cytokine production in the adipose tissue of rats after an overtraining-inducing exercise protocol. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control (C), Trained (Tr), Overtrained (OT) and recovered overtrained (R). Cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-10) levels and Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Nuclear Factor kBBp65 (NF-kBp65), Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) and, Perilipin protein expression were assessed in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, we analysed plasma lipid profile, insulin, testosterone, corticosterone and endotoxin levels, and liver triacylglycerol, cytokine content, as well as apolipoprotein B (apoB) and TLR4 expression in the liver. Results: OT and R groups exhibited reduced performance accompanied by lower testosterone and increased corticosterone and endotoxin levels when compared with the control and trained groups. IL-6 and IL-10 protein levels were increased in the adipose tissue of the group allowed to recover, in comparison with all the other studied groups. TLR-4 and NF-kBp65 were increased in this same group when compared with both control and trained groups. The protein expression of HSL was increased and that of Perilipin, decreased in the adipose in R in relation to the control. In addition, we found increased liver and serum TAG, along with reduced apoB protein expression and IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the of R in relation to the control and trained groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, we have shown that increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the adipose tissue after an overtraining protocol may be mediated via TLR-4 and NF-kBp65 signalling, leading to an inflammatory state in this tissue.

An interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 3954 and red complex periodontopathogens independently and additively modulate the levels of IL-1 beta in diseased periodontal tissues

Inflammatory cytokines such as interieukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. A high individual variation in the levels of IL-10 mRNA has been verified, which is possibly determined by genetic polymorphisms and/or by the presence of periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In this study, we investigated the role of an IL-10 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphism at position 3954 [IL-1 beta(3954) SNP] and the presence of the periodontopathogens in the determination of the IL-1 beta levels in the periodontal tissues of nonsmoking chronic periodontitis (CP) patients (n = 117) and control (C) subjects in = 175) and the possible correlations with the clinical parameters of the disease. IL-1 beta(3954) SNP was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism, while the IL-1 beta levels and the presence of the periodontopathogens were determined by real-time PCR. Similar frequencies of IL-1 beta(3954) SNP were found in the C and CP groups, in spite of a trend toward a higher incidence of T alleles in the CP group. The IL-1 beta (3954) SNP CT and TT genotypes, as well as P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola, were associated with higher IL-1 beta levels and with higher values of the clinical parameters of disease severity. Concomitant analyses demonstrate that IL-1 beta(3954) and the red complex periodontopathogens were found to independently and additively modulate the levels of IL-1 beta in periodontal tissues. Similarly, the concurrent presence of both factors was associated with increased scores of disease severity. IL-1 beta(3954) genotypes and red complex periodontopathogens, individually and additively, modulate the levels of IL-1 beta in the diseased tissues of nonsmoking CP patients and, consequently, are potentially involved in the determination of the disease outcome.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-308G/A single nucleotide polymorphism and red-complex periodontopathogens are independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diseased periodontal tissues

Background and Objective: Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. A high between-subject variation in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA has been verified, which may be a result of genetic polymorphisms and/or the presence of periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola (called the red complex) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. In this study, we investigated the effect of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFA) -308G/A gene polymorphism and of periodontopathogens on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in the periodontal tissues of nonsmoking patients with chronic periodontitis (n = 127) and in control subjects (n = 177). Material and Methods: The TNFA-308G/A single nucleotide polymorphism was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, whereas the tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and the periodontopathogen load were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of the TNFA-308 single nucleotide polymorphism in control and chronic periodontitis groups, in spite of the higher frequency of the A allele in the chronic periodontitis group. The concomitant analyses of genotypes and periodontopathogens demonstrated that TNFA-308 GA/AA genotypes and the red-complex periodontopathogens were independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periodontal tissues, and no additive effect was seen when both factors were present. P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola counts were positively correlated with the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. TNFA-308 genotypes were not associated with the periodontopathogen detection odds or with the bacterial load. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the TNFA-308 A allele and red-complex periodontopathogens are independently associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in diseased tissues of nonsmoking chronic periodontitis patients and consequently are potentially involved in determining the disease outcome.

Endurance training induces depot-specific changes in IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in rat adipose tissue

White adipose tissue (WAT) is the source of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and recently, it has been recognized as an important source of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Acute physical exercise is known to induce an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, however, the effect of chronic physical exercise on the production of IL-10 by WAT has never been examined. We assessed IL-10 and TNF-alpha concentration in WAT of rats engaged in endurance training. Animals were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group (S, n = 7) or an endurance trained group (T, n = 8). Trained rats ran on a treadmill 5 days/wk for 8 wk (55-65% VO(2max). Detection of IL-10 and TNF-alpha protein and mRNA expression, as well as the gene expression of PPAR-gamma, and immunocytochemistry to detect mononuclear phagocytes were carried out. A reduction in absolute retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) weight in T (44%; p < 0.01), when compared with S was observed. IL-10 concentration was increased (1.5-fold, p < 0.05), to a higher extent than that of TNF-alpha (66%. p < 0.05) in the mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) of the trained group, while no change related to training was observed in RPAT. In MEAT, IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio was increased in T, when compared with S (30%; p < 0.05). PPAR-gamma gene expression was increased in T (1.1-fold; p < 0.01), when compared with S in the same adipose depot. No monocyte infiltration was found. In conclusion, exercise training induced increased IL-10 expression in the mesenteric depot, resulting in a modified IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio. We also conclude that WAT presents a depot-specific response to endurance training regarding the studied aspects. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Estrous Cycle Modulates Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans Expression in Mouse Uterine Tissues

In the pregnant mouse uterus, small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are drastically remodeled within a few hours after fertilization, suggesting that ovarian hormone levels modulate their synthesis and degradation. In this study, we followed by immunoperoxidase approach, the presence of four members of the SLRP family (decorin, lumican, biglycan, and fibromodulin) in the uterine tissues along the estrous cycle of the mouse. All molecules except fibromodulin, which predominates in the myometrium, showed a striking modulation in their distribution in the endometrial stroma, following the rise in the level of estrogen. Moreover, notable differences in the distribution of SLRPs were observed between superficial and deep stroma, as well as between the internal and external layers of the myometrium. Only biglycan and fibromodulin were expressed in the luminal and glandular epithelia. All four SLRPs were found in cytoplasmic granules of mononucleated cells. The pattern of distribution of the immunoreaction for these molecules in the uterine tissues was found to be estrous cycle-stage dependent, suggesting that these molecules undergo ovarian hormonal control and probably participate in the preparation of the uterus for decidualization and embryo implantation. In addition, this and previous results from our laboratory suggest the existence of two subpopulations of endometrial fibroblasts that may be related to the centrifugal development of the decidua. Anat Rec, 292:138-153, 2009. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Depot-specific modulation of adipokine levels in rat adipose tissue by diet-induced obesity: The effect of aerobic training and energy restriction

The present study examined the effects of aerobic training and energy restriction on adipokines levels in mesenteric (MEAT) and retroperitoneal (RPAT) white adipose tissue from obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with standard laboratory diet (Control group) or high fat diet (HFD). After 15 weeks, HFD rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: rats submitted to HFD, which were sedentary (sedentary HFD, n = 8) or trained (trained HFD, n = 8); or submitted to energy-restriction (ER), which were sedentary (sedentary ER, n = 8) or trained (trained ER, n = 8). Trained rats ran on a treadmill at 55% VO(2max) for 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 10 weeks. ER rats were submitted to a reduction of 20% daily caloric ingestion compared to the Control group. ER and aerobic training decreased body weight, MEAT and RPAT absolute weight, and fat mass. IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels were decreased and adiponectin did not change in RPAT in response to ER protocol. On the other hand, ER and the aerobic training protocol decreased IL-6, TNF-alpha and adiponectin levels in MEAT. Absolute MEAT weight showed a positive correlation with IL-6 (r = 0.464), INF-alpha (r = 0.508); and adiponectin (r = 0.342). These results suggest a tissue-specific heterogeneous response in adipokines level. The combination of the protocols (aerobic training and energy restriction) did not induce an enhanced effect. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Exhaustive exercise causes an anti-inflammatory effect in skeletal muscle and a pro-inflammatory effect in adipose tissue in rats

It is well known that exhaustive exercise increases serum and skeletal muscle IL-6 concentrations. However, the effect of exhaustive exercise on the concentrations of other cytokines in the muscle and in the adipose tissue is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exhaustive exercise on mRNA and protein expression of IL-10, TNF-alpha and IL-6 in different types of skeletal muscle (EDL, soleus) and in two different depots of white adipose tissue (mesenteric-MEAT and retroperitoneal-RPAT). Rats were killed by decapitation immediately (E0 group, n = 6), 2 (E2 group, n = 6) and 6 (E6 group, n = 6) hours after the exhaustion protocol, which consisted of running on a treadmill (approximately 70% VO(2max) for 50 min and then subsequently at an elevated rate that increased at 1 m/min every minute, until exhaustion). The control group (C group, n = 6) was not subjected to exercise. Cytokine protein expression increased in EDL, soleus, MEAT and RPAT from all exercised groups, as detected by ELISA. EDL IL-10 and TNF-alpha expression was higher than that of the soleus. The IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio was increased in the skeletal muscle, especially in EDL, but it was found to be decreased in the adipose tissue. These results show that exhaustive exercise presents a different effect depending on the tissue which is analysed: in the muscle, it induces an anti-inflammatory effect, especially in type 2 fibres, while the pro-inflammatory effect prevails in adipose tissue, possibly contributing to increased lipolysis to provide energy for the exercising muscle.

Femtosecond laser ablation on dental hard tissues-Analysis of ablated profile near an interface using local effective intensity

This study evaluated the process of ablation produced by a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser under different average powers taking place at the enamel/dentin interface. Based on the geometry of ablated microcavities the effective intensity for ablation was obtained. This study shows the validity for the local effective intensity analysis and allows a quantification of the variation in the ablation geometry taking place at the interface of two naturally different materials. It shows that the variation of the diameter of the ablated region as a function of the cavity depth comes essentially from a mechanism of effective intensity attenuation, as a result of a series of complex effects. Additionally, our data are sufficient to predict that a discontinuity on the ablation profile will occur on the interface between two biological media: enamel-dentin, showing a suddenly jump on the ablated cavity dimensions.

Efeito de polimorfismos no gene LEP na expressão da leptina em adipócitos de bovinos de corte

Os caracteres produtivos são normalmente influenciados por muitos fatores, sendo difícil determinar todos os locos envolvidos em um fenótipo específico. Por isso, a seleção animal tem se baseado principalmente em uma estimativa direta ou indireta do fenótipo. A leptina é um importante regulador do metabolismo energético, da adiposidade e da reprodução. E por desempenhar diferentes funções, pode ser considerado um bom gene candidato para o estudo de associações entre marcadores moleculares e a eficiência reprodutiva ou ganho de peso. Em várias espécies, têm sido descritos diversos polimorfismos no gene da leptina, influenciando o ganho de peso, a reprodução, e outras características produtivas. Em bovinos, o STR IDVGA51 e o SNP LEPSau3A1, foram descritos por afetarem a performance reprodutiva, os alelos IDVGA51*181 e LEPSau3A1*2 estando associados a um aumento no intervalo entre partos de 79 e 81 dias, respectivamente, e os STRs BMS1074 e BM1500 afetam o ganho de peso, em vacas, no pós-parto: os alelos BMS1074*151 e BM1500*135 reduzindo e aumentando, respectivamente, o ganho de peso diário. Para confirmar o efeito ou não destes alelos na expressão do gene da leptina, este trabalho comparou os níveis de mRNA de leptina em animais portadores e não portadores dos alelos IDVGA51*181, LEPSau3A1*2, BMS1074*151 e BM1500*135, com os objetivos de: 1. Verificar as distribuições genotípicas e alélicas dos marcadores IDVGA51, BMS1074, BM1500 e LEPSau3A1, em uma amostra de 137 bovinos da raça Brangus-Ibagé, provenientes da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA-Pecuária Sul, Bagé-RS). 2. Identificar, no rebanho, animais portadores e não portadores dos alelos IDVGA51*181, LEPSau3A1*2, BMS1074*151 ou BM1500*135, previamente descritos como associados à eficiência reprodutiva e ganho de peso. 3. Avaliar os animais, criados em campo nativo, com pastagem natural, quanto à sua condição corporal. 4. Realizar procedimento cirúrgico, para obtenção de amostras de tecido adiposo subcutâneo e omental. 5. Dosar os níveis de mRNA de leptina nos adipócitos destes dois tecidos, através do método quantitativo em tempo real (Real-Time RT-PCR), comparando a expressão do gene LEP entre indivíduos portadores e não portadores dos alelos de predisposição a ganho de peso e desempenho reprodutivo.

Evaluation of the Integrity of Horse Hoof Dermal and Epidermal Tissues Collected by Dorsal Transmural Access

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Transcription profiling of signal transduction-related genes in sugarcane tissues

A collection of 237,954 sugarcane ESTs was examined in search of signal transduction genes. Over 3,500 components involved in several aspects of signal transduction, transcription, development, cell cycle, stress responses and pathogen interaction were compiled into the Sugarcane Signal Transduction (SUCAST) Catalogue. Sequence comparisons and protein domain analysis revealed 477 receptors, 510 protein kinases, 107 protein phosphatases, 75 small GTPases, 17 G-proteins, 114 calcium and inositol metabolism proteins, and over 600 transcription factors. The elements were distributed into 29 main categories subdivided into 409 sub-categories. Genes with no matches in the public databases and of unknown function were also catalogued. A cDNA microarray was constructed to profile individual variation of plants cultivated in the field and transcript abundance in six plant organs (flowers, roots, leaves, lateral buds, and 1(st) and 4(th) internodes). From 1280 distinct elements analyzed, 217 (17%) presented differential expression in two biological samples of at least one of the tissues tested. A total of 153 genes (12%) presented highly similar expression levels in all tissues. A virtual profile matrix was constructed and the expression profiles were validated by real-time PCR. The expression data presented can aid in assigning function for the sugarcane genes and be useful for promoter characterization of this and other economically important grasses.

Fermented soy product supplemented with isoflavones affects adipose tissue in a regional-specific manner and improves HDL-cholesterol in rats fed on a cholesterol-enriched diet

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lack of antidiabetic effect of a Eugenia jambolana leaf decoction on rat streptozotocin diabetes

Streptozotocin-diabetic rats were treated for 17 days with a decoction of Eugenia jambolana (Myrtaceae) leaves (15%, w/v) as a substitute for water. Body weight, food and fluid intake, urine volume, glycemia, urinary glucose and urea were evaluated every 5 days. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation and blood samples collected for the determination of glycemia, serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and angiotensin-converting enzyme. The weight of adipose and muscle tissues was also determined. There were no statistically significant differences between treated and untreated rats for any of the biochemical or physiological parameters. We conclude that, at least in this experimental model, Eugenia jambolana leaf decoction has no antidiabetic activity.

Curcumin-supplemented yoghurt improves physiological and biochemical markers of experimental diabetes

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Analysis of biological tissues in infant chest for the development of an equivalent radiographic phantom

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)