974 resultados para AA AMYLOIDOSIS
Resumo:
This paper presents a method for the fast and direct extraction of model parameters for capacitive MEMS resonators from their measured transmission response such as quality factor, resonant frequency, and motional resistance. We show that these parameters may be extracted without having to first de-embed the resonator motional current from the feedthrough. The series and parallel resonances from the measured electrical transmission are used to determine the MEMS resonator circuit parameters. The theoretical basis for the method is elucidated by using both the Nyquist and susceptance frequency response plots, and applicable in the limit where CF > CmQ; commonly the case when characterizing MEMS resonators at RF. The method is then applied to the measured electrical transmission for capacitively transduced MEMS resonators, and compared against parameters obtained using a Lorentzian fit to the measured response. Close agreement between the two methods is reported herein. © 2010 IEEE.
Resumo:
This paper details the design and enhanced electrical transduction of a bulk acoustic mode resonator fabricated in a commercial foundry MEMS process utilizing 2.5 μm gaps. The I-V characteristics of electrically addressed silicon resonators are often dominated by capacitive parasitics, inherent to hybrid technologies. This paper benchmarks a variety of drive and detection principles for electrostatically driven square-extensional mode resonators operating in air via analytical models accompanied by measurements of fabricated devices with the primary aim of enhancing the ratio of the motional to feedthrough current at nominal operating voltages. In view of ultimately enhancing the motional to feedthrough current ratio, a new detection technique that combines second harmonic capacitive actuation and piezoresistive detection is presented herein. This new method is shown to outperform previously reported methods utilizing voltages as low as ±3 V in air, providing a promising solution for low voltage CMOS-MEMS integration. To elucidate the basis of this improvement in signal output from measured devices, an approximate analytical model for piezoresistive sensing specific to the resonator topology reported here is also developed and presented. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Electrically addressed silicon bulk acoustic wave microresonators offer high Q solutions for applications in sensing and signal processing. However, the electrically transduced motional signal is often swamped by parasitic feedthrough in hybrid technologies. With the aim of enhancing the ratio of the motional to feedthrough current at nominal operating voltages, this paper benchmarks a variety of drive and detection principles for electrostatically driven square-extensional mode resonators operating in air and in a foundry MEMS process utilizing 2μm gaps. A new detection technique, combining second harmonic capacitive actuation and piezoresistive detection, outperforms previously reported methods utilizing voltages as low as ± 3V in air providing a promising solution for low voltage CMOS-MEMS integration. ©2009 IEEE.
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We use vibration localization as a sensitive means of detecting small perturbations in stiffness in a pair of weakly coupled micromechanical resonators. For the first time, the variation in the eigenstates is studied by electrostatically coupling nearly identical resonators to allow for stronger localization of vibrational energy due to perturbations in stiffness. Eigenstate variations that are orders of magnitude greater than corresponding shifts in resonant frequency for an induced stiffness perturbation are experimentally demonstrated. Such high, voltagetunable parametric sensitivities together with the added advantage of intrinsic common mode rejection pave the way to a new paradigm of mechanical sensing. ©2009 IEEE.
Resumo:
Capacitive parasitic feedthrough is an impediment that is inherent to all electrically interfaced micron scale resonant devices, resulting in increased challenges to their integration in more complex circuits, particularly as devices are scaled to operate at higher frequencies for RF applications. In this paper, a technique to cancel the undesirable effects of capacitive feedthrough that was previously proposed is here developed for an on-chip implementation. The method reported in this paper benefits from the simplicity of its implementation, and its effectiveness is demonstrated in this paper. This technique is demonstrated for two disk-plate resonators that have been excited in the wine glass mode at 5.4 MHz, though applicable to almost any electrically interfaced resonator. Measurements of the electrical transmission from these resonators show that the magnitude of the frequency response of the system is enhanced by up to 19 dB, while the phase is found to shift through a full 180° about the resonant frequency. This method is proposed as a useful addition to other techniques for enhancing the measured response of electrostatic micromechanical resonators. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
This paper reports the design and electrical characterization of a micromechanical disk resonator fabricated in single crystal silicon using a foundry SOI micromachining process. The microresonator has been selectively excited in the radial extensional and the wine glass modes by reversing the polarity of the DC bias voltage applied on selected drive electrodes around the resonant structure. The quality factor of the resonator vibrating in the radial contour mode was 8000 at a resonant frequency of 6.34 MHz at pressure below 10 mTorr vacuum. The highest measured quality factor of the resonator in the wine glass resonant mode was 1.9 × 106 using a DC bias voltage of 20 V at about the same pressure in vacuum; the resonant frequency was 5.43 MHz and the lowest motional resistance measured was approximately 17 kΩ using a DC bias voltage of 60 V applied across 2.7 μm actuation gaps. This corresponds to a resonant frequency-quality factor (f-Q) product of 1.02 × 1013, among the highest reported for single crystal silicon microresonators, and on par with the best quartz crystal resonators. The quality factor for the wine glass mode in air was approximately 10,000. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
We present a technique for independently exciting two resonant modes of vibration in a single-crystal silicon bulk mode microresonator using the same electrode configuration through control of the polarity of the DC actuation voltage. Applications of this technique may include built-in temperature compensation by the simultaneous selective excitation of two closely spaced modes that may have different temperature coefficients of resonant frequency. The technique is simple and requires minimum circuit overhead for implementation. The technique is implemented on square plate resonators with quality factors as high as 3.06 × 106. Copyright © 2008 by ASME.
Resumo:
This paper reports on the design and electrical characterization of a single crystal silicon micromechanical square-plate resonator. The microresonator has been excited in the anti-symmetrical wine glass mode at a resonant frequency of 5.166 MHz and exhibits an impressive quality factor (Q) of 3.7 × 106 at a pressure of 33 mtorr. The device has been fabricated in a commercial foundry process. An associated motional resistance of approximately 50 kΩ using a dc bias voltage of 60 V is measured for a transduction gap of 2 νm due to the ultra-high Q of the resonator. This result corresponds to a frequency-Q product of 1.9 × 1013, the highest reported for a fundamental mode single-crystal silicon resonator and on par with some of the best quartz crystal resonators. The results are indicative of the superior performance of silicon as a mechanical material, and show that the wine glass resonant mode is beneficial for achieving high quality factors allowed by the material limit. © 2009 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Resumo:
Abstract-This paper reports a single-crystal silicon mass sensor based on a square-plate resonant structure excited in the wine glass bulk acoustic mode at a resonant frequency of 2.065 MHz and an impressive quality factor of 4 million at 12 mtorr pressure. Mass loading on the resonator results in a linear downshift in the resonant frequency of this device, wherein the measured sensitivity is found to be 175 Hz cm2/μg. The silicon resonator is embedded in an oscillator feedback loop, which has a short-term frequency stability of 3 mHz (approximately 1.5 ppb) at an operating pressure of 3.2 mtorr, corresponding to an equivalent mass noise floor of 17 pg/cm2. Possible applications of this device include thin film monitoring and gas sensing, with the potential added benefits of scalability and integration with CMOS technology. © 2008 IEEE.
Resumo:
We report on the experimental characterization of a single crystal silicon square-plate microresonator. The resonator is excited in the square wine glass (SWG) mode at a mechanical resonance frequency of 2.065 MHz. The resonator displays quality factor of 9660 in air and an ultra-high quality factor of Q = 4.05 × 106 in 12 mtorr vacuum. The SWG mode may be described as a square plate that contracts along one axis in the fabrication plane, while simultaneously extending along an orthogonal axis in the same plane. The resonant structure is addressed in a 2-terminal configuration by utilizing equal and opposite drive polarities on surrounding capacitor electrodes, thereby decreasing the motional resistance of the resonator. The resonant micromechanical device has been fabricated in a commercial silicon-on-insulator process through the MEMSCAP foundry utilising a minimum electrostatic gap of 2 μm. © 2008 IEEE.
Resumo:
This paper reports a preliminary examination of the effect of anchor geometry design on the quality factor of flexural mode resonators operating in vacuum using both FE simulation and measurements of resonator frequency response. Three types of structures have been considered in this study: an elliptical mode ring, a double ended tuning fork, and a doubly-clamped beam. We consider the relative distribution of strain energies in both the resonant structure and the connecting stem, which is indicative of the measured quality factor. The measured quality factors of the different structures are compared against each other, based on which suggestions are proposed for optimizing the anchor limited quality factor (Q) in flexural mode micromechanical resonators. ©2008 IEEE.
Resumo:
Con el objetivo de aportar información agronómica sobre germoplasma de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en el ciclo octubre 2004-octubre 2005, se evaluaron en el Centro Experimental de Occidente (CEO-INTA), Posoltega, Chinandega, 17 genotipos de yuca provenientes de Colombia, y el testigo local, la variedad mejorada ALGODÓN. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un Bloque Completamente al Azar (BCA) con cuatro réplicas y se consideraron las variables propuestas por el CIAT. Se utilizó análisis de varianza (ANDEVA), así como separación de medias de rangos múltiples de Tukey ( 8=0.05), en variables cuantitativas. Se conformaron análisis de correlación, de componentes principales (ACP) y análisis de agrupamiento (AA). En base a los resultados se concluye que las variables cuantitativas presentaron efecto significativo en los genotipos evaluados. El rendimiento de raíces presentó un rango entre 8.14 y 62.9 tn ha-1, con un promedio general de 40.03 tn ha-1. El testigo local, ALGODÓN, destinado para el consumo fresco presento un rendimiento total de 38.64 tn ha-1 con 45.45, 16.3 y 17.8 tn ha-1 en las calidades A, B y C, respectivamente. Se encontraron correlaciones fenotípicas significativas de interés. El ACP aisló el 71.2 % de la varianza total con los primeros cinco componentes. Se seleccionaron 9 descriptores cualitativos (forma de la planta, caracteres de hoja y raíz, entre otros) que ayudaron a diferenciar las plantas de yuca. De igual manera, los descriptores cuantitativos de raíz, materia seca y número de yemas, entre otros, fueron de interés secundario. El AA (Ward y R2) agruparon a la variedad testigo ALGODÓN y PER 183, los cuales presentaron características cualitativas y cuantitativas muy diferentes al resto de materiales.
Resumo:
Para evaluar el comportamiento del cultivo del caupí rojo (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walpers.), se estableció el ensayo en tres lotes cercanos ubicados en la comunidad Dulce Nombre de Jesús, municipio de Ciudad Darío, departamento de Matagalpa. El diseño utilizado fue un Bloques Completos al Azar repetidos en el tiempo, en donde se conformaron los siguientes factores: época de siembra (Primera, Postrera y de Riego) y distancia de siembra en te hileras (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 y 1.2 metros), para la conformación de 15 tratamientos. Se utilizaron análisis de varianza (ANDEVA) sobre variables de crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento, y agrupación mediante LSD (α=0.05). Además, se conformaron análisis de correlación, componentes principales (ACP) y agrupamientos (AA). En base a los resultados, se concluye que las variables presentaron efecto significativo sobre los efectos principales. Se encontraron correlaciones fenotípicas significativas de variables de interés con la longitud de hojuela; y entre variables de vaina y semillas con el rendimiento. Ciertas variables de crecimiento, y de rendimiento discriminaron los tratamientos conformados. Los mejores rendimientos promedios se obtuvieron en época de Riego (1,987.5 kg ha1) y Primera (1,839.7 kg ha-1) con distancias de siembra de 0.6 y 0.4 metros entre hileras. Los mejores tratamientos (interacciones) se alcanzaron en Riego con 0.4 y 0.6 m entre hileras, con rendimientos promedios de 1,968.97 y 2,035.69 kg ha-1, respectivamente. La asociación a través de análisis cluster agrupó las tres épocas de siembra, y relacionó las densidades de siembra evaluadas. El núcleo conformado en Primera se diferenció del grupo formados por los tratamientos de Riego y Postrera.
Resumo:
The propensity of protein molecules to self-assemble into highly ordered, fibrillar aggregates lies at the heart of understanding many disorders ranging from Alzheimer's disease to systemic lysozyme amyloidosis. In this paper we use highly accurate kinetic measurements of amyloid fibril growth in combination with spectroscopic tools to quantify the effect of modifications in solution conditions and in the amino acid sequence of human lysozyme on its propensity to form amyloid fibrils under acidic conditions. We elucidate and quantify the correlation between the rate of amyloid growth and the population of nonnative states, and we show that changes in amyloidogenicity are almost entirely due to alterations in the stability of the native state, while other regions of the global free-energy surface remain largely unmodified. These results provide insight into the complex dynamics of a macromolecule on a multidimensional energy landscape and point the way for a better understanding of amyloid diseases.
Resumo:
MEMS resonators fabricated in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology must be clamped to the substrate via anchoring stems connected either from within the resonator or through the sides, with the side-clamped solution often employed due to manufacturing constraints. This paper examines the effect of two types of commonly used side-clamped, anchoring-stem geometries on the quality factor of three different laterally-driven resonator topologies. This study employs an analytical framework which considers the relative distribution of strain energies between the resonating body and clamping stems. The ratios of the strain energies are computed using ANSYS FEA and used to provide an indicator of the expected anchor-limited quality factors. Three MEMS resonator topologies have been fabricated and characterized in moderate vacuum. The associated measured quality factors are compared against the computed strain energy ratios, and the trends are shown to agree well with the experimental data. © 2011 IOP Publishing Ltd.