Estudo do nanocristal Qtraker 655 como marcador de células tronco mesenquimais pré e pós implante em tendinites experimentais em equinos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avifauna do estado do Acre: composição, distribuição geográfica e conservação

O estado do Acre faz fronteiras internacionais com o Peru e a Bolívia e nacionais com os estados do Amazonas e Rondônia. O Acre está localizado nas terras baixas da Amazônia sul‐ocidental, próximo ao sopé dos Andes, dentro de uma região considerada megadiversa da Amazônia brasileira. Apesar disso, a região ainda é pouco conhecida e considerada prioritária para a realização de novos levantamentos biológicos. Com o intuito de contribuir para o conhecimento da avifauna do sudoeste amazônico, este estudo teve como principais objetivos responder as seguintes questões: (a) Quantas e quais são as espécies de aves do estado do Acre? (b) Como as espécies estão distribuídas dentro do estado do Acre? e (c) Qual o estado de conservação das espécies residentes no estado do Acre? A metodologia para responder a estas questões contemplou: (a) uma ampla revisão bibliográfica; (b) dois anos de levantamento em campo, incluindo registros e a coletas de espécimes testemunhos; (c) a confecção do mapa de distribuição de cada táxon (incluindo espécies e subespécies); (d) a distribuição dos táxons pelas três grandes regiões interfluviais do Estado (leste, central e oeste); (e) a identificação de zonas de contato e hibridização, baseada na distribuição dos táxons parapátridos dentro do Estado; (f) o cálculo da distribuição potencial dos táxons dentro do Acre, baseado na extrapolação da área ocupada por cada unidade ecológica (fitofisionomia) onde eles foram registrados; (g) o cálculo da meta de conservação de cada táxon residente no Estado e (h) uma análise de lacunas, baseada na sobreposição dos mapas de distribuição potencial de cada táxon com o das Áreas Protegidas do Estado. A análise de lacuna foi realizada tendo três diferentes cenários como referência: (a) primeiro cenário ‐ levou em consideração todas as Áreas Protegidas; (b) o segundo cenário – levou em consideração apenas as Unidades de Conservação ‐ UCs de Proteção Integral e (c) terceiro cenário – levou em consideração apenas as UCs de Proteção Integral + as de Uso Sustentável (exclusas as Terras Indígenas). A revisão bibliográfica e os levantamentos (históricos e de campo) tiveram início em agosto de 2005 e se estenderam até dezembro de 2007. Após o término da revisão bibliográfica e das expedições em campo, foram compilados 7.141 registros de aves para o todo o estado do Acre. Destes, 4. 623 são de espécimes coletados, dos quais, 2.295 (49,6%) são oriundos de coletas feitas durante a realização deste estudo. Confirmou‐se para o Acre a presença de 655 espécies biológicas, distribuídas em 73 Famílias e 23 Ordens. Como consequência direta deste estudo, cinco novas espécies foram acrescentadas à lista de aves brasileiras. Registrou‐se também, 59 espécies migratórias, das quais, 30 (50,8%) são migrantes neárticas, 11 (18,6%) foram consideradas como migrantes intratropicais e 18 (30,5%) como migrantes austrais. De todas as espécies registradas no Estado, 44 são endêmicas do centro de endemismo Inambari. Dos 556 táxons de aves florestais residentes no Acre, 72,8% (405) distribui‐se nas três sub‐regiões do Estado; 10,0% (56) foi registrado apenas na sub‐região oeste; 5,3% (30) apenas na sub‐região leste e 0,5% (03) apenas na sub‐região central. Ao menos seis pares de táxons irmãos apresentaram padrão de distribuição alopátrida e 15 conjuntos de táxons apresentaram distribuição parapátrida dentro do Estado. Foram identificadas duas zonas de contato secundário (leste/oeste) e duas possíveis zonas de hibridização (leste/oeste) dentro do Estado. As análises de lacunas mostraram que no primeiro cenário, 87,1% dos táxons atingiram 100% da meta de conservação; 12% ficaram em classes de conservação intermediárias, ou seja, em lacuna parcial de proteção e apenas 0,8% ficaram em lacuna total de proteção. No segundo cenário, apenas 0,6% dos táxons atingiram 100% da meta de conservação; 97,6% ficaram em lacuna parcial e 1,8% ficaram em lacuna total de proteção. No terceiro cenário, 73,5% dos táxons atingiram 100% da meta de conservação; 25,5% ficaram em lacuna parcial e apenas 0,8% ficaram em lacuna total de proteção. As principais conclusões obtidas a partir deste estudo foram: (a) que a riqueza avifaunística do estado do Acre é bastante expressiva, porém, o número de espécies detectadas deverá aumentar à medida que novos levantamentos forem realizados; (b) que os rios Purus e Juruá não são as barreiras físicas que determinam o padrão de distribuição da maioria das aves residentes no estado do Acre; (c) que a presença de zonas de contato secundário, não coincidentes com o curso dos dois principais rios do Estado, dá suporte a ideia de que fatores não ligados a uma barreira física devem estar atuando na manutenção do padrão de distribuição atual de alguns táxons de aves residentes no Acre; (d) que o número de espécies “desprotegidas” ou em “lacuna parcial de proteção” entre a avifauna do Acre é muito baixo quando todo o sistema de Áreas Protegidas é levado em consideração, porém este número aumenta com a exclusão das Unidades de Conservação de Uso Sustentável e das Terras Indígenas; (e) que as aves restritas às campinas e campinaranas do oeste do Acre são as únicas que se encontram em lacuna do sistema de áreas protegidas do Acre, indicando a necessidade de se criar uma ou mais Unidades de Conservação para proteger este habitat específico.

From west to east: Environmental influences on the rate and pathways of Polynesian colonization

The prime movers behind the prehistoric colonization of Remote Oceania, and in particular the large c. 2000-year temporal gap (i.e. long pause') seen between West and East Polynesia, has long been major point of interest in the Pacific. To address these events and the processes that may have led to the known chronological disparity of these diasporas, we present results from two different, but equally powerful, analytical tools which are used to examine Polynesian seafaring capabilities and trajectories. The first is a statistical model known as Seascape, which simulates voyages, while the second uses ease of eastward travel estimates based on land distribution and wind pattern analysis. These analyses were done with the goal of determining the potential role of environmental factors in the colonization process, particularly as they relate to the long pause. We show that the eastern boundary of West Polynesia, the limit of the initial colonization pulse, is marked by a discontinuity in land distribution, where the distances travelers would have to cross in order to reach islands further to the east become significantly larger. At the same time, in West Polynesia, the frequency and intensity of winds favorable to eastward displacement decrease continuously from west to east. As far as winds are concerned, eastward travel in West Polynesia is favored in the northern and southern areas and much more difficult across the central portion. Favorable winds have a clear seasonality, and eastward displacement along the northern area is much easier under El Nino conditions. Voyaging simulations show that intentional eastward voyages departing from Tonga and Samoa, when undertaken with vessels capable of sailing efficiently against the wind, afford a viable route toward several island groups in East Polynesia, with trips starting in Samoa having a higher probability of success.

Nutrient cycling in two south-east Brazilian forests. I. Litterfall and litter standing crop

Examined litterfall and litter standing crops in Altitudinal forest (AF and Semideciduous forest (SF) at Serra do Japi, Jundiai, Sao Paulo State. Total litterfall was 7 t ha-1 y-1 for AF: 4.9 leaves, 1.8 woody, 0.13 flower, 0.16 fruits; and the total for SF was 8.6 t ha-1 y-1; 5.5 leaves, 2.1 woody, 0.5 flower, 0.4 fruits. Litter standing crop was 5.5 t ha-1 y-1 for the two forest sites studied with a turnover coefficient (K1) of 1.3 for AF and 1.6 for SF. Litterfall occurred throughout the year but was greater during the dry season (August-September); seasonality of litter and leaf fall was greater in SF than in AF. -from Author

Taking account of dependent species in management of the Southern Ocean krill fishery: estimating crabeater seal abundance off east Antarctica

1. The crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga is considered to be a key species in the krill-based food web of the Southern Ocean. Reliable estimates of the abundance of this species are necessary to allow the development of multispecies, predator–prey models as a basis for management of the krill fishery in the Southern Ocean. 2. A survey of crabeater seal abundance was undertaken in 1500 000 km2 of pack-ice off east Antarctica between longitudes 64–150° E during the austral summer of 1999/2000. Sighting surveys, using double observer line transect methods, were conducted from an icebreaker and two helicopters to estimate the density of seals hauled out on the ice in survey strips. Satellite-linked dive recorders were deployed on a sample of seals to estimate the probability of seals being hauled out on the ice at the times of day when sighting surveys were conducted. Model-based inference, involving fitting a density surface, was used to infer densities in the entire survey region from estimates in the surveyed areas. 3. Crabeater seal abundance was estimated to be between 0.7 and 1.4 million animals (with 95% confidence), with the most likely estimate slightly less than 1 million. 4. Synthesis and applications. The estimation of crabeater seal abundance in Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) management areas off east Antarctic where krill biomass has also been estimated recently provides the data necessary to begin extending from single-species to multispecies management of the krill fishery. Incorporation of all major sources of uncertainty allows a precautionary interpretation of crabeater abundance and demand for krill in keeping with CCAMLR’s precautionary approach to management. While this study focuses on the crabeater seal and management of living resources in the Southern Ocean, it has also led to technical and theoretical developments in survey methodology that have widespread potential application in ecological and resource management studies, and will contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the structure and function of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

2006 East Campus Arbor Day Celebration

It cannot be lost on those of us present here today that Nebraska, the land of tall skies and wide prairies, where early settlers saw grass roll to the horizon broken only by the call of the lark, is the home of Arbor Day. Nebraska is, indeed, the tree planter state.

2007 East Campus Arbor Day Celebration

As we celebrate Arbor Day, it seems fitting to begin with a J. Sterling Morton quote. "The cultivation of trees is the cultivation of the good, the beautiful, and the ennobling in man,” Morton once said, adding, "and for one, I wish to see it become universal."

Late Pliocene diatoms in a diatomite from Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

Very well-preserved Pliocene diatoms from a diatomite unit interbedded within glacial sediments at Ocean Drilling Program Site 742 in Prydz Bay, Antarctica are documented and illustrated. The presence of Thalassiosira kolbei, T torokina, Actinocyclus actinochilus, A karstenii and the absence of Nitzschia interfrigidaria, T. insigna and T. vulnifica in Sample 119-742A-15R-4, 44-46 cm constrain its age to ca. 2.2-1.8 Ma (late Pliocene). Diatoms associated with sea ice constitute 35% of the Pliocene diatom assemblage, compared with 71% of the modern sediment assemblage at the site, suggesting that sea ice was present during the late Pliocene period of deposition of the sample, although it probably was not the significant feature it is today.

Allometric growth of a common Nassariidae (Gastropoda) in south-east Brazil

The allometric growth of two groups of Nassarius vibex on beds of the bivalve Mytella charruana on the northern coast of the State of Sao Paulo, was evaluated between September 2006 and February 2007 in the bed on Camaroeiro Beach, and from March 2007 to June 2007 at Cidade Beach. The shells from Camaroeiro were longer and wider and had a smaller shell aperture than those from Cidade; a principal components analysis also confirmed different morphometric patterns between the areas. The allometric growth of the two groups showed great variation in the development of individuals. The increase of shell width and height in relation to shell length did not differ between the two areas. Shell aperture showed a contrasting growth pattern, with individuals from Camaroeiro having smaller apertures. The methodology based on Kullback-Leibler information theory and the multi-model inference showed, for N. vibex, that the classic linear allometric growth was not the most suitable explanation for the observed morphometric relationships. The patterns of relative growth observed in the two groups of N. vibex may be a consequence of different growth and variation rates, which modifies the development of the individuals. Other factors such as food resource availability and environmental parameters, which might also differ between the two areas, should also be considered.

Birth prevalence and characteristics of congenital toxoplasmosis in Sergipe, North-east Brazil

Objectives To estimate, by neonatal screening, the birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis among live-born infants in Sergipe state, Brazil, and to investigate the clinical features of affected infants. Methods Dried blood spot specimens obtained from 15 204 neonates were assayed for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies. Duplicate retesting was done in infants with positive and borderline results. Confirmatory testing in peripheral blood samples consisted of testing for anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM in infants and mothers. Those with possible congenital toxoplasmosis were evaluated and followed up to a median age of 20 months. Congenital infection was confirmed in the presence of persisting anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies beyond 12 months of age. All infants with confirmed infection were treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and folinic acid for 1 year. Results Fifty-three infants had detectable IgM in dried blood spot specimens. Confirmatory testing was reactive in 39/50, of which, 38 completed follow-up. Six of 15 204 newborns were diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, resulting in an estimated birth prevalence of four per 10 000 [CI 95% 1.48.0]. Four infants (67%) showed signs of congenital toxoplasmosis in their first year of life; three (75%) had retinochoroidal scars, and one had cerebral calcifications. Two infants remained asymptomatic until 20 months of age. Conclusions The birth prevalence of congenital toxoplasmosis is high in the Brazilian state of Sergipe, with most of the infants showing ocular lesions. Preventive measures are strongly warranted.

Differences in habitat use of two sympatric species of Ameiva in East Costa Rica

Identifying the differences in habitat use for sympatric species is important for understanding the species preferences and the limits of population distribution. We studied the differences in the habitat use of two understudied sympatric species of Ameiva (A. festiva and A. quadrilineata) in a natural reserve of the Caribbean coast of Coast Rica. Ameiva quadrilineata showed a more restrictive habitat use pattern than A. festiva. A. quadrilineata's smaller body size may be one of the factors limiting its habitat range. Both species showed higher density in regenerated forests, while A. quadrilineata was never found in swamp forests. The air temperature and the meteorological condition at the moment of the survey also influenced the occurrence of the A. quadrilineata, while the juveniles of A. festiva were only affected by the meteorological condition. None of the studied variables seemed to affect the occurrence of A. festiva adults. The results of this study can be useful to evaluate possible changes in the species distribution patterns as a consequence of direct (i.e., deforestation) or indirect (i.e., climate change) human activities in the distribution area of these species.

Incidence of Leptospirosis infection in the East Zone of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a zoonosis which is spread through contamined running water. This contaminations is seriously affected by the flooding which occurs in the area surrounding the Aricanduva river. The transmission of the disease results mainly from the contact of water with soil contaminated by the urine of infected animals. We aimed to conduct an epidemiological survey on Leptospirosis cases in Sao Paulo East Zone area. Method The analysis conducted in this study was based on data collected from the health authorities of that region close the Aricanduva river between 2007 and 2008 years, which give the rates of confirmed cases, mortality and death from human Leptospirosis. Other information concerned with the relationships among rainfall index, points of flooding and incidence of Leptospirosis. Results We observed a direct and important water contamination. Records of flooding points and dates of the reported cases in the region showed a direct relationship from which the period of higher rainfall also recorded an increase in cases. The annual record of the city and the region and rainfall regions also presented correlation. Conclusion The association between the indices of flooding and Leptospirosis cases indicates that preventive measures are necessary to avoid exposing the community.