Nicaragua: Neue Wege in Sozialpolitik und ländlicher Entwicklung?

Seit Anfang 2007 wird Nicaragua wieder von Daniel Ortega und der FSLN regiert. Trotz weit verbreiteter Skepsis auch innerhalb der Nicaragua-Solidaritätsbewegung, erhoffte man sich zumindest einige soziale Verbesserungen. Das vorliegende Working Paper beschäftigt sich mit der Politik der FSLN in den Bereichen Sozialpolitik und ländliche Entwicklung. Dabei wird insbesondere das unter dem Namen ‚Hambre Cero’ (Null Hunger) bekannt gewordene Programa Productivo Alimentario (PPA) genauer untersucht und im Kontext des sich wandelnden nicaraguanischen Wohlfahrtsregimes diskutiert. Die Analyse des Programms schließt an eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Sozialpolitik der Regierung Ortega an. Es wird aufgezeigt inwiefern sich der soziale Regierungsdiskurs, der u.a. die Bedeutung kleinbäuerlicher sowie in Kooperativen organisierter landwirtschaftlicher Produktion betont, tatsächlich in eine sozialere Politik umsetzt.

Informalidad laboral y clases sociales en Argentina

Das Working Paper analysiert die Sozialstruktur Argentiniens in den letzten vierzig Jahren. Schwerpunktmäßig werden dabei die Veränderungen der gesellschaftlichen Stratifizierung identifiziert, die in drei soziale Klassen, die obere, die mittlere und die untere Klasse eingeteilt werden. Drei Debatten werden dabei beleuchtet: Erstens die methodologische Frage, welche Kriterien geeignet sind um angemessene Unterscheidungen zwischen den verschiedenen Klassen, insbesondere die Abgrenzung der Mittelklasse vorzunehmen. Zweitens wird im Rückgriff auf unterschiedliche Forschungsansätze der Wandel der Sozialstruktur beschrieben, um dabei gemeinsame Tendenzen zu erkennen. Drittens wird der Blick auf die Charakteristika des Arbeitsmarktes gelegt und darauf, wie dieser die argentinische Sozialstruktur prägt.

Klimaanpassungspolitik in Nicaragua

Das Working Paper diskutiert top down initiierte Klimaanpassungspolitik in Nicaragua und präsentiert alternative Akteure der Sensibilisierung für Klimawandel und Partizipationsformen im ländlichen Raum. Aufbauend auf früheren Studien wird dabei angenommen, dass die top down initiierten Partizipationsformen in dem zentralamerikanischen Land keine gleichberechtigten Zugangsmöglichkeiten der Gesellschaftsmitglieder an politischen Verhandlungen erzeugen und strukturelle Exklusionsmechanismen nur durch die BewohnerInnen selbst verändert werden können. Diese Erkenntnisse werden im Working Paper aufgenommen und auf die Fragestellung nach dem Potential von Basisorganisationen analysiert, gerechtere Zugangsmöglichkeiten für ländliche BewohnerInnen zu politischen Verhandlungen und/oder Entscheidungsprozessen zu schaffen. Empirisch basiert die Studie auf der Untersuchung des Beitrags von zwei Basisorganisationen für eine verfahrensgerechte Klimapolitik zur Reduzierung der Ausschlussmechanismen ländlicher Personen(gruppen) und Einbindung lokaler Klimawandelerfahrungen unterschiedlicher sozialer Gruppen.

Together?

This paper explores the relationship between migrant leaders and labour rights activists starting with the acknowledgment that this is often a source of frustration for all subjects involved. The collaboration between organisations of migrants and those of workers is not always smooth and truly collaborative, yet foreign workers have an increasing importance in the negotiation of better labour rights in Europe. The topic is discussed by taking the case of migrant domestic labour in Italy and the experience of Italian and Filipino organisation leaders who campaign for better rights in this sector. The discussion will be developed by bringing together the perspectives of three key actors in the field: trade unions, Christian labour organisations, and Filipino women's groups. Through the analysis of indepth interviews with women representatives of these organisations, impediments in the collaborations among them will be discussed, including difficulties in identifying an egalitarian method for pursuing common goals together, lack of 'trust' in the good-will of labour organisations from the side of migrants, and finally, the limits of what will be called 'bridge-persons', i.e. trade unionists with migrant backgrounds who are expected to facilitate the connection between the two groups.

Opportunities and constraints of peri-urban buffalo and dairy cattle systems in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

In the big cities of Pakistan, peri-urban dairy production plays an important role for household income generation and the supply of milk and meat to the urban population. On the other hand, milk production in general, and peri-urban dairy production in particular, faces numerous problems that have been well known for decades. Peri-urban dairy producers have been especially neglected by politicians as well as non-government-organizations (NGOs). Against this background, a study in Pakistan’s third largest city, Faisalabad (Punjab Province), was carried out with the aims of gathering basic information, determining major constraints and identifying options for improvements of the peri-urban milk production systems. For data collection, 145 peri-urban households (HH) engaged in dairy production were interviewed face to face using a structured and pretested questionnaire with an interpreter. For analyses, HH were classified into three wealth groups according to their own perception. Thus, 38 HH were poor, 95 HH well off and 12 HH rich (26.2%, 65.5% and 8.3%, respectively). The richer the respondents perceived their HH, the more frequently they were actually in possession of high value HH assets like phones, bank accounts, motorbikes, tractors and cars. Although there was no difference between the wealth groups with respect to the number of HH members (about 10, range: 1 to 23), the educational level of the HH heads differed significantly: on average, heads of poor HH had followed education for 3 years, compared to 6 years for well off HH and 8 years for rich HH. About 40% of the poor and well off HH also had off-farm incomes, while the percentage was much higher - two thirds (67%) - for the rich HH. The majority of the HH were landless (62%); the rest (55 HH) possessed agricultural land from 0.1 to 10.1 ha (average 2.8 ha), where they were growing green fodder: maize, sorghum and pearl millet in summer; berseem, sugar cane and wheat were grown in winter. Dairy animals accounted for about 60% of the herds; the number of dairy animals per HH ranged from 2 to 50 buffaloes (Nili-Ravi breed) and from 0 to 20 cows (mostly crossbred, also Sahiwal). About 37% (n=54) of the HH did not keep cattle. About three quarters of the dairy animals were lactating. The majority of the people taking care of the animals were family workers; 17.3% were hired labourers (exclusively male), employed by 11 rich and 32 well off HH; none of the poor HH employed workers, but the percentages were 33.7% for the well off and 91.7% for the rich HH. The total number of workers increased significantly with increasing wealth (poor: 2.0; well off:2.5; rich: 3.4). Overall, 69 female labourers were recorded, making up 16.8% of employed workers and one fourth of the HH’s own labourers. Apparently, their only duty was to clean the animals´ living areas; only one of them was also watering and showering the animals. Poor HH relied more on female workers than the other two groups: 27.1% of the workers of poor HH were women, but only 14.8% and 6.8% of the labour force of well off and rich HH were female. Two thirds (70%) of the HH sold milk to dhodis (middlemen) and one third (35%) to neighbours; three HH (2%) did doorstep delivery and one HH (1%) had its own shop. The 91 HH keeping both species usually sold mixed milk (97%). Clients for mixed and pure buffalo milk were dhodis (78%, respectively 59%) and neighbours (28%, respectively 47%). The highest milk prices per liter (Pakistani Rupees, 100 PKR @ 0.8 Euro) were paid by alternative clients (44 PKR; 4 HH), followed by neighbours (40 PKR, 50 HH); dhodis paid lower prices (36 PKR, 99 HH). Prices for pure buffalo and mixed milk did not differ significantly. However, HH obtaining the maximum price from the respective clients for the respective type of milk got between 20% (mixed milk, alternative clients) and 68% (mixed milk, dhodi) more than HH fetching the minimum price. Some HH (19%) reported 7% higher prices for the current summer than the preceding winter. Amount of milk sold and distance from the HH to the city center did not influence milk prices. Respondents usually named problems that directly affected their income and that were directly and constantly visible to them, such as high costs, little space and fodder shortages. Other constraints that are only influencing their income indirectly, e.g. the relatively low genetic potential of their animals due to neglected breeding as well as the short- and long-term health problems correlated with imbalanced feeding and insufficient health care, were rarely named. The same accounts for problems accompanying improper dung management (storage, disposal, burning instead of recycling) for the environment and human health. Most of the named problems are linked to each other and should be addressed within the context of the entire system. Therefore, further research should focus on systematic investigations and improvement options, taking a holistic and interdisciplinary approach instead of only working in single fields. Concerted efforts of dairy farmers, researchers, NGOs and political decision makers are necessary to create an economic, ecological and social framework that allows dairy production to serve the entire society. For this, different improvement options should be tested in terms of their impact on environment and income of the farmers, as well as feasibility and sustainability in the peri-urban zones of Faisalabad.

Social Inequality and Social Policy outside the OECD

Almost all Latin American countries are still marked by extreme forms of social inequality – and to an extent, this seems to be the case regardless of national differences in the economic development model or the strength of democracy and the welfare state. Recent research highlights the fact that the heterogeneous labour markets in the region are a key source of inequality. At the same time, there is a strengthening of ‘exclusive’ social policy, which is located at the fault lines of the labour market and is constantly (re-)producing market-mediated disparities. In the last three decades, this type of social policy has even enjoyed democratic legitimacy. These dynamics challenge many of the assumptions guiding social policy and democratic theory, which often attempt to account for the specificities of the region by highlighting the purported flaws of certain policies. We suggest taking a different perspective: social policy in Latin American should not be grasped as a deficient or flawed type of social policy, but as a very successful relation of political domination. ‘Relational social analysis’ locates social policy in the ‘tension zone’ constituted by the requirements of economic reproduction, demands for democratic legitimacy and the relative autonomy of the state. From this vantage point, we will make the relation of domination in question accessible for empirical research. It seems particularly useful for this purpose to examine the recent shifts in the Latin American labour markets, which have undergone numerous reforms. We will examine which mechanisms, institutions and constellations of actors block or activate the potentials of redistribution inherent in such processes of political reform. This will enable us to explore the socio-political field of forces that has been perpetuating the social inequalities in Latin America for generations.

Core Labor Rights

The working paper’s main objective is to explore the extent to which non-compliance to international labor rights is caused by global competition. From the perspective of institutional economics, compliance with core labor rights is beneficial for sustainable development. Nonetheless, violations of these rights occur on a massive scale. The violators usually blame competitive pressures. A number of studies have come to the conclusion that non-compliance does not provide for a competitive edge, thereby denying any economic rationale for non-compliance. While we sympathize with this conclusion, we find that these studies suffer from faulty assumptions in the design of their regression analyses. The assumption of perfect markets devoid of power relations is particularly unrealistic. While workers' rights promise long-term benefits, they may incur short-term production cost increases. On the supply side, the production sites with the highest amount of labor rights violations are characterized by a near perfect competitive situation. The demand side, however, is dominated by an oligopoly of brand name companies and large retailers. Facing a large pool of suppliers, these companies enjoy more bargaining power. Developing countries, the hosts to most of these suppliers, are therefore limited in their ability to raise labor standards on their own. This competitive situation, however, is the very reason why labor rights have to be negotiated internationally. Our exploration starts with an outline of the institutionalist argument of the benefits of core labor rights. Second, we briefly examine some cross-country empirical studies on the impact of trade liberalization (as a proxy for competitive pressures). Third, we develop our own argument which differentiates the impact of trade liberalization along the axes of labor- and capital-intensive production as well as low and medium skill production. Finally, we present evidence from a study on the impact of trade liberalization in Indonesia on the garment industry as an example of a low skill, laborintensive industry on the one hand, and the automobile as an example for a medium skill, capital-intensive industry on the other hand. Because the garment industry’s workforce consists mainly of women, we also discuss the gender dimension of trade liberalization.

Cuaderno didáctico : el Molino de la Ciudad : Orihuela 2000-01.

Elaborado con papel reciclado y muy cuidada presentación

Mou-te. Número 01

La revista digital del Servei d'Esports de la Universitat de Girona

Carta de navegación del proceso de regionalización en Colombia

La discusión sobre la división político administrativa del Estado está en plena vigencia y su solución implica sopesar las aspiraciones de las regiones particularmente consideradas, en consonancia con el conjunto de los altos intereses nacionales. Por tal motivo, este texto pretende centrar sus esfuerzos en la indagación sobre el proceso que ha reordenado el territorio colombiano y, con base en dicho examen, proyectar los lineamientos de un Estado regional que supere la versión del Estado unitario descentralizado. El resultado es una carta de navegación que sirven tanto a versados sobre el tema que deseen encontrar nuevas lecturas o recordar ciertos hechos en su contexto, como a neófitos que quieran tener una visión global integral sobre el mismo.

Cartilla pedagógica de actualidad internacional : taller: un mundo más allá de nuestras fronteras, realizado durante el primer semestre de 2007 en la localidad de Suba

Esta cartilla recoge una serie de reflexiones sobre temas de actualidad internacional, tratados por jóvenes investigadores de la Universidad del Rosario en un taller realizado a estudiantes de últimos años de colegio. En el texto se describe el proceso de transformación del sistema internacional y el paso de la Guerra Fría a la Globalización. Luego, se explican los principales dilemas que han entrañado para América del Sur la globalización y las dinámicas que determinarán su futuro inmediato. Más adelante se profundiza en el proceso de construcción en el seno de la Unión Europea y se dan luces sobre los desafíos que enfrenta uno de los experimentos de integración regional más avanzados del mundo, pero no por ello exento de vicisitudes. Posteriormente, se describen el conflicto árabe israelí y la guerra en Irak para dar una idea general sobre dos hechos trascendentales para el futuro del Medio Oriente y sobre la relación entre las naciones que lo componen y Occidente. Finalmente se analiza, en lo que tiene que ver con África, el conflicto de Dafur.

Estado, democracia y populismo en América Latina

Este libro ofrece elementos para un diagnóstico actual de los Estados latinoamericanos, en un momento en el cual, en varios países de la región, la nostalgia por el Estado de bienestar, las exigencias globales para establecer un Estado mínimo neoliberal y las expectativas de un nuevo tipo de Estado socialista están en plan evaluación teórica y transformación práctica. Para abordar ese horizonte incierto concurre aquí un núcleo importante de investigadores, reconocidos por su aporte a los estudios latinoamericanos; son ellos : Evelina Dagnino, Fenán González, Carlos Vilas, Christian Gros, Luis Tapia, Wolfgang Merkel, Margarita Lopez Maya, Luis Javier Orjuela, Medófilo Medina Liisa North. A partir de estudios de caso y análisis más amplios que sintetizan las tendencias de la economía, la política y los movimientos sociales en la región, los autores profundizan en cinco aspectos de la ciencia política, especialmente útiles para comprender la realidad actual de América Latina : el análisis de la democracia, el concepto de hegemonía, la autonomía relativa del Estado, el problema de la ciudadanía y los movimientos sociales, y el debate sobre el populismo. A pesar de los diferentes contextos y perspectivas teóricas, todos coinciden en vincular el ‘destino’ del Estado a la consolidación de la democracia, al auge de los nuevos populismos y/o a la incidencia de los movimientos sociales en el acceso a un tipo de ciudadanía decisoria y participativa. Igualmente, con distintos lenguajes, todos abogan por la autonomía del Estado respecto a las fuerzas económicas y de las élites tradicionales en el poder. Aunque del texto no se deduce un consenso sobre el futuro político de la región, sí se puede establecer las tendencias del Estado en relación con las diferentes formas de repolitización que caracterizan el presente de los países latinoamericanos.

Exclusión social y discapacidad

Esta obra es producto de la convergencia de intereses académicos e investigativos de sus autores en el tema de la política y economía en discapacidad, y el resultado de las reflexiones que se vienen sucediendo al interior del grupo de investigación de Rehabilitación e Integración Social de la persona con discapacidad de la Universidad del Rosario. La obra expone una visión crítica de la discapacidad desde las perspectivas histórica, publica, social, económica y filosófica. Dicho análisis se presenta en cinco capítulos que conducen al lector una visión distinta de la discapacidad: una perspectiva social. Ofrece una aproximación a la realidad de los colombianos y las colombianas en situación de discapacidad. Se trata de reseñar algunos hechos que han agravado el fenómeno de exclusión social de las personas en situación de discapacidad, tales como la pobreza, la violencia y a la falta de cohesión social. El texto es a su vez un pretexto para ampliar los círculos de discusión en el tema de la discapacidad en Colombia.