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我们从A. vinelandii突变株DJ35中纯化得到了ΔnifE Av1,并通过与OP Av1相比较对其特性进行了研究。虽然ΔnifE Av1以四聚体形式(α2β2)存在,但却表现出两种天然电泳行为。与OP Av1相比,ΔnifE Av1中的金属含量较低,每个蛋白分子仅含9.96个铁原子、0.36个钼原子。OP Av1和ΔnifE Av1的吸收光谱相似,均在280 nm附近出现蛋白吸收峰,在300-600 nm波长范围内光吸收普遍降低,并无特征峰出现。虽然ΔnifE Av1可见光区域CD谱的摩尔消光系数(Δε)总比OP Av1小,但在520nm区域附近摩尔消光系数减少的相对值明显大于在450nm附近摩尔消光系数减少的相对值。ΔnifE Av1的EPR信号明显与OP Av1不同,在g≈3.7处的EPR信号完全消失,在g≈4.3 和2.0处的EPR信号强度也分别降低了75%和50%以上。ΔnifE Av1不能与Fe蛋白组成活性单位,但被FeMoco激活后可与Fe蛋白组成活性单位。上述结果表明, ΔnifE Av1不含FeMoco,但具有与OP Av1相同的P-cluster。 我们在纯化ΔnifE Av1的过程中,发现一个类似OP Av1的β亚基的污染蛋白,经MALDI-TOF质谱鉴定这种蛋白是棕色固氮菌中一预测基因的产物。通过改进纯化方法, 我们首次得到80%电泳纯的蛋白,并将其命名为HBP59蛋白。HBP59为一单体蛋白,分子量约为59k Da。金属测定结果表明每个蛋白分子中含有0.42个铁原子。HBP59蛋白的可见光谱表现出典型的血红素蛋白光谱特征,还原态的HBP59蛋白在421nm处有最大吸收峰,同时在517nm、556nm处有两个伴随肩峰出现, A421/A280仅为0.146。HBP59蛋白氧化后,吸收峰发生蓝移,最大吸收峰从421nm移到413nm,517nm和556nm处的肩峰消失,A413/A280为0.168。HBP59蛋白的可见光区圆二色谱比较复杂,正峰出现在420nm, 406nm, 379nm 和364nm; 其摩尔消光系数分别为0.75, 0.94, 0.68 和 0.99;负峰出现在433 nm 和392nm,其摩尔消光系数分别为-1.13 和-0.78。血红素滴定实验结果说明每个HBP59蛋白分子结合了0.1个血红素,但每个蛋白分子具有最大结合1个血红素的能力。这低结合能力与这低比率的比率是非常一致的。该蛋白对温度相对敏感,高于40℃蛋白开始沉淀。上述结果说明HBP59是一个结合具有低自旋和不对称的血红素的蛋白,它在菌体内可能并未扮演贮藏血红素的角色,而是可能参与血红素的运输或附着。 此外,经过结晶条件的大量筛选后获得了ΔnifE Av1和ΔnifH Av1的优质小单晶,并对HBP59的晶体培养进行了初步探索。

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自工业革命以来,大气的C02浓度以前所未有的速度增加,已经由280μmol mol-1升高到了360μmol mol-l。据预测,到下个世纪中/末期,C02浓度将为目前的二倍。C02浓度升高及其引起的全球气候变化必将影响到植物的生长发育,进而对整个生态系统产生巨大影响。因此,有关C02浓度升高对各类生态系统的影响的研究引起了广泛关注,成为近年来的研究热点。早期的研究多数集中于考察C02浓度升高对植物个体水平生长发育的影响。然而,高C02对植物的效应严重依赖于具体物种和具体环境条件,使得基于由短期盆栽实验获得的研究结果不能够有效地预测自然生态系统的行为。因此,长期、原位处理实验越来越受到重视。由于原位研究的难度较大,目前这方面的研究还不是很多。有限研究结果显示,由于生境条件和种间关系方面的巨大差异,自然生态系统对C02浓度升高的反应迥异。 草原生态系统由于C02浓度控制上比较容易实现,而且其物质循环相对较快,因而一直是C02富集实验研究最多的一类植被,生态系统水平的研究更是如此。然而涉及的区域和草原类型并不多,不足以进行可靠预测。目前,关于C02升高效应,研究比较系统的草原生态系统主要集中在:美国Kansas的高草草原、美国California的一年生草原、瑞士西北部的石灰质草原、美国Colorado的矮草草原和一些牧场。我国总土地面积的40%为草地,类型丰富,然而相关研究不多,尤其是对自然生态系统的原位研究几乎为空白。 为揭示C02浓度升高对羊草草原生产力和碳平衡的效应,我们在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站的永久羊草样地开展了两年的C02倍增实验(2001,2002)。在羊草样地选择相对均匀地段设置12个开顶式气室(直径1.8m),每个气室内分成4个小样方(0.5m×0.5m),其中6个气室在生长季给予加倍C02处理(约600μmol mol-l),另6个气室不补充C02(约300μmol moI-l)。地上部分用收割法取样,分种记录数量、高度和重量等指标,地下部分取样用环刀法。用Li-cor6400光合系统测定群落光合和呼吸速率。野外实验结束后,统一分析植物和土壤样品中的C、N等元素含量。另外,在内蒙古草原站院内设置了两组桶培实验,一组是取自羊草样地的带苗原状土,一组是取自羊草样地的混匀土,种上冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)的种子。2组桶培实验分别用两个水分梯度和两个C02梯度处理。水分处理分别为:浇水处理——每4天浇lOOOml水,相当于平均降雨量的160%;干旱处理——持续干旱,适时补水以保持植物不萎蔫,共浇水4000ml水。C02处理和取样方法与样地原位实验相同。主要研究结果和结论如下: 1)两年的C02加倍处理没有使羊草草原的生物量、植物种和功能型组成发生显著改变,桶培实验中,浇水处理显著促进了植物生长,原状土植物、种子苗实验的冰草和无芒雀麦对C02加倍处理同样不敏感,而种子苗实验的豆科植物紫花苜蓿在C02加倍处理下生物量显著提高。以上结果显示,由于水分和养分(特别是N)的限制,以及优势植物对C02的相对不敏感,C02浓度升高对羊草草原地上生物量和结构的效应相对不大。 2)羊草草原的根垂直分布在加倍C02条件下发生显著改变,但根生物量对C02加倍处 理相对不敏感。在4次取样中只有一次对C02加倍处理表现出显著变化,根长的变化与根生物量的变化不完全一致,根的比根长在加倍C02条件下增加。根垂直分布的变化趋势与降雨的时间分布相适应,干旱少雨时期C02使下层根量增加,多雨时期C02则使上层根量增加。以上结果显示,根的空间分布比根生物量对C02加倍处理更敏感。水分是根空间分布变化的驱动因子,加倍C02条件下,根空间分布的变化趋势倾向于优化对水分的充分利用。 3)加倍C02处理使羊草草原的群落光合速率显著提高,群落呼吸速率显著降低,因而使群落碳净输入量增加。土壤碳贮量占羊草草原碳总贮量的70%以上,碳总贮量及其组分(包括地上碳贮量、根碳贮量、土壤碳贮量)在两个C02浓度处理之问均没有显著差异。另外,加倍C02处理使羊草草原群落及其优势植物羊草的c:N比增加。以上结果显示,在加倍C02条件下羊草草原的碳净输入量增加,这意味着在未来高 C02条件F,羊草草原将作为碳汇对大气C02起反馈调节作用。其碳贮量对加倍C02 处理的不敏感与许多以前的研究结果相似,一般认为是由于土壤碳贮量本底太大, 掩盖了C02效应,这还有待于更长期原位实验的证实。羊草草原群落c:N比在高C02 浓度下的变化将影响凋落物降解、N素循环和动植物营养关系等,进而对生态系统 功能产生深远影响。

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Resting metabolism in Indian major carp, Catla catla Ham. fingerlings were investigated. For this purpose a water recirculatory system in the laboratory was used. The metabolic energy losses were determined by the indirect method of oxygen consumption by the fish and were then multiplied by an oxycalorific coefficient (Q-ox). Five metabolism chambers in the experimental system were used where there were two same treatment runs in quadruplicate of mean total weight of fish fingerlings of 109.5, 110.4, 112.8 and 111.6g/chamber. The water temperature in the system was 28±0.5°C. The mean metabolic rate in the replicates showed no significant variation (p>0.05) and was found to be 151.66, 153.91, 150.25, 152.74 mgO-2/kg/h respectively. This showed an equivalent energy loss 5.40, 5.52, 5.51 and 5.56 KJ/chamber/day (35.60, 35.92, 36.67 and 36.40 KJ/kg/day) respectively. Energetics of resting metabolism in an Indian major carp (Catla catla Ham.)

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本研究建立了沉积物中氯化石蜡(CPs)的分析方法,对莱州湾和该区域主要河流的表层沉积物中多氯萘(PCNs),多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和CPs进行了分析,获得了他们在研究区域的含量水平、空间分布和单体分布模式,并初步探讨了它们在环境中的来源和迁移规律,估算了这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量,初步评估了莱州湾沿岸的工业排放与人类活动对海洋生态环境的影响。 莱州湾海洋和河流沉积物PCNs的含量分别为65-470 pg/g dw,52-5100 pg/g dw,平均值分别为260 pg/g dw,1100 pg/g dw。莱州湾沉积物中PCNs的含量较低,与发达国家的背景值相当,主要河流沉积物与其他地区的近海、海湾、湖泊沉积物的含量相当。该区域的PCNs主要以5-Cl和6-Cl为主,为工业来源,主要受化工行业的影响。石化工厂热过程产生的低氯组分可能也是该区域PCNs的一个重要来源。莱州湾的PCNs主要来自水体颗粒的输入,而大气沉降来源的贡献不明显。 河流沉积物ΣPBDEs(不包括BDE-209)的含量分别为0.01- 53 ng/g dw,BDE-209的含量为0.74- 280 ng/g dw,平均值分别为4.4 ng/g dw,51 ng/g dw。在组成上,BDE-209占绝对优势,比低溴代BDEs高1-2个数量级,这是由于我国市场上十溴联苯醚是最主要的溴代阻燃剂。ΣPBDEs与亚洲一些地区含量相当,比北美和欧洲一些地区要低;BDE-209含量含量高出北美和欧洲一些地区,处于较高的水平。河流沉积物中BDE-47与-99,BDE-183与-153、-154具有很好的相关性,而且这几种单体质量分数相当,说明莱州湾区域存在五溴和八溴两种工业BDE阻燃剂来源。海洋沉积物中ΣPBDEs的含量为nd- 0.66 ng/g dw,平均值为0.32 ng/g dw,处于较低水平,BDE-209的含量为0.66- 12 ng/g dw,平均值为5.1 ng/g dw,与欧美一些地区相当,主要来自水体颗粒的输入。 本研究用电子捕获低分辨质谱(ECNI-LRMS)建立了沉积物中CPs的分析方法。该方法基于ECNI质谱对SCCP的响应与其氯含量在一定范围内呈线性关系的特性,建立SCCP的总响应因子与氯含量的工作曲线,从而建立定量方法。重点改进了传统方法中由于SCCP标准品和样品中氯含量不同所造成的响应因子的差别,不再要求标准品的含氯量与样品一致,从而提高了SCCP的分析效率与方法准确性。实验发现,当SCCP的实际氯含量在51%-63%之间时,二者线性关系良好(r2>0.96)。用不同氯含量的标准参考品测试,误差为8%-43%。仪器检测限和方法检测限分别为25-400 μg/L,20 ng/g。类似地,建立了中链氯化石蜡(MCCP)的分析方法,工作曲线的实际氯含量范围为44-57%,仪器检测限40-600 μg/L,方法检测限为6 ng/g。通过对比样品与标准品的峰形特征,严格控制保留时间来辨别SCCP与MCCP,实验证明由于二者叠加导致的误差:SCCP为8%,MCCP为14%,总体来说,用该方法得到的CPs数据是可靠的。本文所使用的净化方法能实现CPs与大部分有机氯化合物的分离。 用该方法对莱州湾的沉积物的CPs进行定量,除了两个河流样品MCCP的计算含氯量低于工作曲线以外,其他样品的SCCP和MCCP的计算氯含量都在工作曲线的范围之内。河流沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为1-1200 ng/g dw,1-3300 ng/g dw,MCCP/SCCP均值为1.2;含量分布变化较大,一些河段受到工业排放的影响,CPs浓度高出均值1-2个数量级,MCCP/SCCP值也显著高出平均值。莱州湾区域大部分河流的CPs含量与欧洲、北美和日本一些地区相当,而一些受到点源污染的河段则处于较高的水平。河流中SCCP的质量分布在不同的站位不一样,在受到点源影响的样品中,C13的质量分数明显增大,占优势地位,可能是由MCCP携带的SCCP组分所致。MCCP的质量分布在河流和海洋中没有区别,都是C14占绝对优势。从氯取代的组分来讲,所有样品都是以6-8氯取代为主。海洋沉积物中SCCP和MCCP的含量分别为3-18 ng/g dw,1-13 ng/g dw, MCCP/SCCP均值为0.68,显著低于河流沉积物;SCCP的质量分布较为一致,都是以C10和C11为主。研究发现莱州湾区域SCCP与MCCP来源相似,但迁移规律有的不同。海洋环境中的MCCP可能主要来自水体颗粒的输入,而溶解态输入也是海洋环境中SCCP的重要来源。 对这三类污染物在莱州湾表层沉积物中的储量估算得到PCNs、ΣPBDEs、BDE-209、SCCP和MCCP在莱州湾表层0-10 cm沉积物中的储量分别为0.20t,0.25t,3.95t,6.52t,4.30t。拥有10%的渤海海域面积的莱州湾ΣPBDEs和BDE-209的储量分别占渤海海区总量的18-23%,18-32%,远远超过渤海的平均值。

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Phytoplankton cell count, percentage composition and species diversity at 4 locations of different depth contours in the coastal waters of Mangalore, west coast of India were studied for a period of 8 months. A total of 27 genera of phytoplankton were recorded from the area of which 20 belonged to diatoms, 6 /dinoflagellates and 1 blue-green algae. On an average the population density was higher at 4 m depth contour (280.48xl04 cells/m3 ) than 8m depth contour (97.79xl04 cells/m3 ). The plankton cell density in the present study is much higher than the earlier observations made elsewhere which might be due to intense blooming of Chaetoceros, Cosctnodiscus, Ceratium, Dinophysis and blue-green algae along this coast during the study period.

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本发明涉及大蹼铃蟾缓激肽及其制备方法和其基因,属于生物医学领域。其缓激肽为从中国两栖类动物大蹼铃蟾(Bombina maxima)皮肤分泌物中分离得到的由19个氨基酸组成的一种单链多肽,分子量2180,等电点11.7,多肽氨基酸全序列一级结构为:DLPKINRKGPRPPGFSPFR。制备方法是收集大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物,离心去除沉淀、冷冻干燥后,经凝胶过滤、高压液相反相柱层析分离纯化后即得到。编码大蹼铃蟾缓激肽基因核苷酸序列由cDNA由829个核苷酸组成,编码成熟大蹼铃蟾缓激肽为第140-196,224-280,308-364,392-448,476-532,560-616位6个核苷酸重复单元片断,从两栖类动物皮肤中得到的缓激肽基因作为基因工程制备缓激肽的应用。

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Populations of kilka in the Caspian Sea have important role in the food chain. This study was conducted to determine population parameters of three species of kilka in the south of the Caspian Sea, during 2006-2007. Mean length was 102.4±9.7 mm for common kilka, 117.8±6.9 mm for anchovy and 119.5±10.9 mm for bigeye. The relationship between length and weight indicated the negative allometric growth in the all three species. Mean age for common kilka, anchovy and bigeye were 3.6, 4.6 and 4.6 years, respectively. Sex ratio (M:F) were 0.52:1 for anchovy, 0.60:1 for common kilka and 1.60:1 for bigeye. The value of growth coefficient (K) was the highest (0.321) for the common kilka, (0.267) for the bigeye, and the lowest for the anchovy kilka (0.245). Total mortality estimated from the descending of the catch curve using the age structure, Z=1.280 yr-1 for common kilka, Z=1.067 yr-1 for anchovy, and Z=1.015 yr-1 for bigeye. Natural mortality (M) were estimated using Pauly formula as M=0.622, M=0.537 and M=0.503 per year for common kilka, bigeye and anchovy, respectively. Value of fishing mortality (F) were estimated from Z and M, as F=0.658 for common kilka, F=0.564 for anchovy and F=0.478 for bigeye. The exploitation rate (E) were estimated E=0.514 for common kilka, E=0.528 for anchovy and E= 0.471 for bigeye. The estimate of MCY (Maximum Constant Yield) was calculated using the more reliable time series of commercial catch data from 2001-2007, which resulted in an estimate of MCY for the kilka fishery of 14100 tonnes.

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The main aim of this research was to identify fatty acids composition of Caspian sea of White fish Rutilus frisi kutum tissue and their changes during one year cold storage (-18Ċ).The secondary aim was to determine the changes of moisture, ash, protein, fat, and to investigate the effects of storage time on peroxide, TBAi, FFA, and extractability of myofibrillar proteins of the fish tissue during one year cold storage (-18 Ċ). 10 samples of (Rutilus frisi kutum) were randomly collected from Anzali landings. The samples were frozen at -30 Ċ and kept in cold storage at -18Ċ for one year. According to time table, the samples were examined. The results showed that 27 fatty acids were identified. The unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were 74/09 and 21/63 %, respectively, in fresh tissue. So that DHA (C22:6) oleic acid (C18:1c) had high amounts (15/07 ,20/57 ) among the UFA and palmitic acid (C16:0) was the most (13/09 %) among the SFA. The effects of freezing and cold storage on fish tissue showed that UFA and SFA contents have reached to 58/79 and 22/17 %, respectively, at the end of cold storage. It indicated that these compound change to each other during frozen storage. Also ω-3 and ω-6 series of fatty acids was 24/22 and 15/56% in fresh tissue, but their contents decreased to 8/68 and 5/11% at the end of period. Among the fatty acids C22:6, C18:1c and C16:0 had the most changes. The changes of fatty acids were significantly at 95% level expected for C18:0. Results showed that moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 75/9±0/03, 1/28±0/012, 21/8±0/2, and 4/1±0/01 % respectively, in fresh tissue. The moisture, ash, protein, and fat contents were 72/3±0/04, 1/83±0/05, 1/91±0/01 and 19/9±0/01 % respectively, at the end of storage period. Lipid damage was measured on the basis of free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and Thiobarbituric acid index (TBA-i). PV, TBARS and FFA concentration of frozen Caspian Sea white fish stored at -18 Ċ the temporal variation of these three variables were statistically significant (p<0.001). Results of White fish myofibrillar proteins showed aggregation of bound reduced for stored at 12 months. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that, the intensity of the myosin heavy chain and actin bound was reduced with increasing storage time. SDS-PAGE patterns showed that myosin heavy chain was much more susceptible to hydrolysis than actin. Key words: Rutilus frisi kutum, frozen storage, ω-3, ω-6, protein myofibrillar