Espacios y prácticas de sociabilidad letrada en Guayaquil: 1895-1920

Esta tesis tiene como propósito indagar en los aspectos más relevantes de la constitución de esferas públicas y estudiar el funcionamiento de las sociabilidades letradas, particularmente de los actores, espacios y prácticas culturales que contribuyeron a la formación de un campo literario en la ciudad de Guayaquil, entre 1895 y 1920.

La educación de las mujeres ecuatorianas a través de los Informes de Ministros de 1930 a 1940

La educación de las mujeres ecuatorianas a través de los Informes de Ministros de 1930 a 1940 muestra cómo ellas salieron de la vida privada de madres, esposas y cristianas abnegadas hacia una vida pública que les brindaba muchas oportunidades. Las que primero sobresalieron fueron las educadoras pertenecientes a la clase media de aquella época, siendo sus principales estrategias la secularización y prácticas pedagógicas como la escuela activa. Los cambios fueron sustanciales y repercutieron tanto en el ámbito social como en las políticas públicas educativas de los diferentes Ministros de Instrucción Pública destinadas a satisfacer las necesidades de la población estudiantil femenina. Fueron educadas a partir de mallas curriculares que favorecían la capacitación de la mano de obra y el fomento de valores como el trabajo en equipo y la solidaridad. Esto se realizaba en escuelas normalistas rurales y urbanas, algunas de ellas incluso nocturnas. Se estableció un esquema de unidad nacional que incluía al sector indígena, para evitar brechas en el progreso y la reconstrucción del país. La educación femenina ecuatoriana desde 1930 hasta 1940 experimentó acontecimientos esenciales para el desarrollo de una concepción de igualdad. Esto justifica y establece la relevancia de esta problemática, puesto que gracias a ello hoy en día existe en el país una visión de equidad de género que inclina la balanza hacia el reconocimiento de las mujeres en la historia de la educación nacional, que por su valor y coraje salieron del anonimato para reclamar sus derechos y una posición digna en la sociedad. El presente trabajo se realiza con el afán de analizar la participación de las mujeres dentro de las clases obreras en la primera mitad del siglo XX y su repercusión trascendental para la creación formal de organizaciones que apoyan su visibilización y el reconocimiento de sus capacidades con el único objetivo de mejorar su vida y la de su familia.

Sociabilidad letrada y modernidad en Guayaquil (1895-1920)

En este libro se explican las condiciones que posibilitaron las dinámicas de reproducción de las prácticas letradas en Guayaquil entre 1895 y 1920, particularmente en la conformación de un campo literario que puede ser considerado "moderno". La historia de la literatura ecuatoriana ha recalcado el papel innovador de los escritores y poetas modernistas en relación a la búsqueda de nuevos lenguajes. Sin embargo, no se había reflexionado sobre la constitución de los espacios y prácticas de sociabilidad letrada, cuya novedad radica en que, durante el período aquí estudiado (1895-1920), por primera vez fue viable el desarrollo de procesos creativos autónomos, separados del peso definitorio de la moral y la política. Los escritores de fines del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX se diferenciaron de los anteriores porque crearon revistas literarias y círculos de reflexión sobre su oficio, con un sentido de autonomía radical, en nombre del “ideal” de ser modernos. Para ellos la crítica literaria desempeñó un rol primordial en la formación de nuevas sensibilidades culturales. Su actitud frente al hecho artístico los convirtió en escrutadores letrados de su medio, al mismo tiempo que en artífices de su propio campo de creación intelectual.

¿Desmemoria?, ¿olvido? El arroz o la historia que faltaba (Diálogo Crítico)

Presenta el debate en torno al estudio, Desmemoria y olvido. La economía arrocera en la cuenca del Guayas, 1920-1950, del historiador ecuatoriano Roque Espinosa.

The Victoria Falls 1900-1940: Landscape, tourism and the geographical imagination

This article is about the politics of landscape ideas, and the relationship between landscape, identity and memory. It explores these themes through the history of the Victoria Falls, and the tourist resort that developed around the waterfall after 1900. Drawing on oral and archival sources, including popular natural history writing and tourist guides, it investigates African and European ideas about the waterfall, and the ways that these interacted and changed in the course of colonial appropriations of the Falls area. The tourist experience of the resort and the landscape ideas promoted through it were linked to Edwardian notions of Britishness and empire, ideas of whiteness and settler identities that transcended new colonial borders, and to the subject identities accommodated or excluded. Cultures of colonial authority did not develop by simply overriding local ideas, they involved fusions, exchanges and selective appropriations of them. The two main African groups I am concerned with here are the Leya, who lived in small groups around the Falls under a number of separate chiefs, and the powerful Lozi rulers, to whom they paid tribute in the nineteenth century. The article highlights colonial authorities' celebration of aspects of the Lozi aristocracy's relationship with the river, and their exclusion of the Leya people who had a longer and closer relationship with the waterfall. It also touches on the politics of recent attempts to reverse this exclusion, and the controversial rewriting of history this has involved.

Orde Wingate in the Phony War and After, 1939-1940

An account of Wingate's time in the UK, from his return to Palestine to his departure for Ethiopia.

Orde Wingate, 'Guerrilla' Warfare and Long-Range Penetration, 1940-44

Major General Orde Wingate was a highly controversial figure in his time and remains so among historians. However, his eccentric and colourful personality has drawn attention away from the nature of his military ideas, the most important of which was his concept of long-range penetration, which originated from his observations of his operations in Italian-occupied Ethiopia in 1941, and evolved into the model he put into practice in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943-44. A review of Wingate's own official writings on this subject reveals that long-range penetration combined local guerrilla irregulars, purpose-trained regular troops and airpower into large-scale offensive operations deep in the enemy rear, with the intention of disrupting his planning process and creating situations regular forces could exploit. This evolved organically from Major General Colin Gubbins' doctrine for guerrilla resistance in enemy occupied areas, and bears some resemblance to the operational model applied by US and Allied forces, post September 2001.

From ideals to reality: The women's smallholding colony at Lingfield, 1920-39

The immediate impetus for the colony at Lingfield in Surrey was the desire by the Women's Farm and Garden Association to enable women who had worked on the land during the First World War to be able to farm on their own account. However the motivation for the colony can also be traced back to late nineteenth-century ideals. The colony soon ran into problems which were exacerbated by the adverse agricultural conditions of the early 1920s. The association responded constructively but the colony was wound down from 1929. At one level the colony could be seen as a failure, yet this article argues that the 19 colony provided a rural community where single women lived in a mutually supportive environment.

Model inter-comparison between statistical and dynamic model assessments of the long-term stability of blanket peat in Great Britain (1940-2099)

We compared output from 3 dynamic process-based models (DMs: ECOSSE, MILLENNIA and the Durham Carbon Model) and 9 bioclimatic envelope models (BCEMs; including BBOG ensemble and PEATSTASH) ranging from simple threshold to semi-process-based models. Model simulations were run at 4 British peatland sites using historical climate data and climate projections under a medium (A1B) emissions scenario from the 11-RCM (regional climate model) ensemble underpinning UKCP09. The models showed that blanket peatlands are vulnerable to projected climate change; however, predictions varied between models as well as between sites. All BCEMs predicted a shift from presence to absence of a climate associated with blanket peat, where the sites with the lowest total annual precipitation were closest to the presence/absence threshold. DMs showed a more variable response. ECOSSE predicted a decline in net C sink and shift to net C source by the end of this century. The Durham Carbon Model predicted a smaller decline in the net C sink strength, but no shift to net C source. MILLENNIA predicted a slight overall increase in the net C sink. In contrast to the BCEM projections, the DMs predicted that the sites with coolest temperatures and greatest total annual precipitation showed the largest change in carbon sinks. In this model inter-comparison, the greatest variation in model output in response to climate change projections was not between the BCEMs and DMs but between the DMs themselves, because of different approaches to modelling soil organic matter pools and decomposition amongst other processes. The difference in the sign of the response has major implications for future climate feedbacks, climate policy and peatland management. Enhanced data collection, in particular monitoring peatland response to current change, would significantly improve model development and projections of future change.