Estudo fitoquímico e avaliação da atividade moluscicida do Calophyllum brasiliense Camb (Clusiaceae)

The bioassay-guided fractionation against Biomphalaria glabrata of hydroalcoholic extracts of Calophyllum brasiliense aerial parts led to the isolation of the coumarin, named (-) mammea A/BB. The compound had its structure determined by both spectroscopic techniques (NMR ¹H, NMR 13C, gHSQC, gHMBC and MS) and some literature comparison data. The probit analysis of (-) mammea A/BB showed LD50 = 0.67 ppm and LD90 = 1.47 ppm. In addition, the dichloromethane extract obtained from C. brasiliense leaves with significant molluscicidal activity against Biomphalaria glabrata was analyzed by HPLC-UV.

Paineviemärissä muodostuvan rikkivedyn vähentäminen kemikaloimalla

Anaerobisissa olosuhteissa muodostuva rikkivetykaasu on tyypillinen ongelma etenkin pitkillä paineviemäriosuuksilla. Sille ominainen epämiellyttävä haju aiheuttaa jätevedenkäsittelyverkostoissa ja viemärilinjojen lähialueilla merkittäviä hajuongelmia. Lisäksi rikkivedyn hapettuessa rikkihapoksi viemäri joutuu alttiiksi korroosiolle. Helsingin Etelä rannassa sijaitsevaan Munkkisaareen päätyy 4,4 km pitkä paineviemäri. Viemärin tuuletusputken kautta leviävä rikkivety on aiheuttanut hajuongelmia alueella. Korkeimmat mitatut rikkivetypitoisuudet tuuletusputken läheisyydessä olivat jopa 300 ppm. Tutkimuksessa tehtiin koeajoja erilaisilla hajunpoistokemikaaleilla rikkivetyongelman ratkaisemiseksi. Viemäriin annosteltiin sen alkupäässä jatkuvatoimisesti ferrosulfaattia ja ferrinitraattisulfaattia, sekä shokki-käsittelyllä natriumhydroksidia (lipeää). Munkkisaaressa mitatut rikkivetypitoisuudet osoittivat käytettyjen kemikaalien tehokkuuden rikkivedyn poistossa. Rikkivedyn saostamiseen tarkoitetut rautasuolat (ferrosulfaatti ja ferrinitraattisulfaatti) vähensivät 100 - 150 g annoksilla rikkivetyä yli 90 prosenttia. Natriumhydroksin annoksella 3600 g/m³ viemärin mikrobiologinen toiminta voitiin estää keskimäärin kymmeneksi päiväksi, mutta tehokas rikkivedyn muodostumisen esto vaatisi käsittelyn uusimisen noin 5 päivän välein. Normaaleissa viemärin olosuhteissa rikkivetyä muodostui vuorokauden aikana yhtä neliömetriä kohden noin 10 g. Kemikaalikäsittelyjen avulla muodostuminen aleni parhaimmillaan kymmenesosaan alkuperäisestä. Tulosten perusteella kemikaalien käytöllä viemärissä voisi välttyä kalliilta saneeraukselta Munkkisaaressa sekä muissa korroosiolle alttiiksi joutuvissa viemäreissä. Kemikalointikustannukset rautasuoloilla olivat noin 11 000 - 34 000 € ja lipeällä noin 7 000 € vuodessa.

Determinação da composição isotópica de estrôncio em águas naturais: exemplos de sua aplicação em águas subsuperficiais da zona costeira na região Bragantina-PA

Analytical procedures used for determining the concentrations and isotope composition of strontium in subsurface waters, by mass spectrometry, are described. Sampling was performed in coastal plateaus, salt marsh and mangrove environments in the coastal region of Pará. Coastal plateau waters have delta87Sr between 1.51 and 6.26‰ and Sr concentration bellow 58 ppb. Salt marsh waters show delta87Sr between 0.55 and 0.90‰ and Sr concentration between 93 and 114 ppm, while mangrove waters have delta87Sr‰ around zero and Sr concentration above 15 ppm. Differences in the 87Sr/86Sr ratio in these subsurface waters are detected, as well as seasonal variations in the coastal pleteau waters.

Caracterização da pureza de fosfatidilcolina da soja através de RMN de ¹H e de 31P

A strategy is proposed to evaluate the purity of phosphatidylcholine from soybean lecithin, obtained by extraction or column chromatography, using the integrals ratio of ¹H NMR spectra. Integrals of methylene signals, around 1.3 and 1.6 ppm, are added and divided by the integral of the choline methyl groups, around 3.3 ppm. Before purification, a ratio of 19.68±1.37 was determined. Using extraction, a ratio of 10.70±0.61 was found, while from column chromatography, a value of 2.99±0.25 was detected. 31P NMR of standard phosphatidylcholine showed signals at -0.2 and -0.9 ppm, whereas the purified one showed a single signal at -0.9 ppm.

Estudo químico e biológico de Tephrosia toxicaria Pers.

The ethanol extracts from leaves, stems, pods and roots were assayed against the 3rd instar Aedes aegypti larvae and the highest activity was observed in the roots extracts (LC50 47.86 ppm). This extract was submitted to partition with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The respective fractions were bioassayed and the best larvicidal activities were identified in the hexane (LC50 23.99 ppm) and chloroform (LC50 13.80 ppm) fractions. Antioxidant activity (DDPH method) was observed in the ethanol extract (IC50 276 µg/mL) from roots of T. toxicaria. Fractions from this extract were also tested and the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 89 µg/mL) was found in the methanol fraction. The flavonoids iso-obovatin (1), obovatin (2), 6a,12a-dehydro-β-toxicarol (3), 6a,12a-dehydro-α-toxicarol (4) and α-toxicarol (5) were isolated and bioassayed against A. aegypti. The flavonoid 5 showed the best larvicidal activity (LC50 24.55 ppm). The antioxidant activity of 2 was investigated and showed IC50 3.370 µg/mL. The antioxidant and larvicidal activities of Tephrosia toxicaria are reported for the first time.

Biodiesel metílico de Dipteryx lacunifera: preparação, caracterização e efeito de antioxidantes na estabilidade à oxidação

The objective of this work was to study the potentialities of Dipteryx lacunifera Ducke seeds oil for biodiesel production. The yield in oil was of 46.11 ± 0.37%. Methyl biodiesel was prepared by base catalyzed transesterification yielding 88.13% and percentage conversion of triglycerides to corresponding methyl ester of 89.1%. The addition of the tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, 50 ppm), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, 50 ppm) and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL, 2000 ppm) antioxidants in the biodiesel contributed to the increase of the induction period of 2.97 h for 8.08; 6.06 and 6.02 h, respectively.

Sonication-assisted preparation of CaO nanoparticles for antibacterial agents

The effect of calcination conditions on the size and killing activity of CaO nanoparticles towards L. plantarum was studied in this paper. The results showed that CaO nanoparticles with a diameter of 20 nm could be obtained under the investigated conditions. The lethal effect of CaO nanoparticles after incubation of 6 or 24 h increased with increasing calcination time. Using CaO-SA, CaO-SB, and CaO-SC after a 24-h exposure, 2.25, 3.37, and 5.97 log L. plantarum were killed, respectively, at a concentration of 100 ppm. The current results show that the use of CaO nanoparticles as antibacterial agents has significant potential in food-relevant industries.

Actividad insecticida sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidóptera: Noctuidae) de los compuestos aislados de la parte aérea de Piper septuplinervium (Miq.) c. dc. y las inflorescencias de Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck. (Piperaceae)

The bioassay-guided purification of ethanolic extracts from inflorescences of Piper subtomentosum Trel. & Yunck and aerial part of Piper septuplinervium (Miq. ) C. DC. led to isolation of five flavonoids, uvangoletin (1), galangin (2), chrysin (5), 5-hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxy-flavone (6), pinostrobin (7); one amide, N-p-coumaroil-tyramine (4); one acylglycerol, monopalmitin (3); one derivative of acid, protocatechuic acid (8); and glycosydated sterol, daucosterol (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopy and spectrometry data and by comparison with data reported in the literature. The isolated compounds were tested against Spodoptera frugiperda. The results showed galangin and protocatechuic acid to be the most active (LC 50 13.63 and 17.16 ppm, respectively).

Potentiometric determination of Nickel (II) ion using 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene-N-cyanoacetohydrazone as electroactive material

A potentiometric Nickel sensor was prepared using 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylidene-N-cyanoacetohydrazone as electro-active material and epoxy resin as a binding material. A membrane composed of 40% Schiff's base and 60% epoxy resin exhibited the best performance. The membrane showed excellent response in the concentration range of 0.15 ppm to 0.1 mol L- 1 Ni+2 ions with non-Nernstian slope of 22.0 mV/decade, had a rapid response time (less than 10 s), and can be used for three months without any considerable loss of potential. The sensor was useful within the pH range of 1.3 to 9.6, and was able to discriminate between Ni2+ and a large number of alkaline earth and transition metal ions. The practical utility of the sensor has been demonstrated by using it successfully as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Ni2+ with EDTA and oxalic acid.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UMA TÉCNICA ULTRASSÔNICA PARA AVALIAR TEORES DE ÓLEO E GRAXA EM EFLUENTES DE BIOCOMBUSTÍVEIS

Ultrasound as a metrology tool has many applications in health care, industrial, and chemical analyses. Ultrasonic techniques are rapid, low-cost, non-invasive, and highly repeatable. Although ultrasound can be used to measure emulsions, no effort had been made thus far to optimize its sensitivity for metrological analysis. In this work, a technique for analyzing oil in water was validated. The wave velocity and attenuation were chosen as the ultrasonic parameters. The technique was implemented in the boundary region established by law for effluents from industrial plants involved with biofuel manufacturing. A technical effort of this study was to establish stable emulsions in concentrations close to the desired limit of study. The phase behaviours of pseudo-ternary oil, sodium chloride, and sodium lauryl sulphate were studied. The composition in the widest region of the diagram allowed for the formation of a stable emulsion, from which the ultrasound measurement was carried out. An analytical curve was obtained using ultrasonic attenuation to determine the content of oils and greases in wastewater ranging 15–240 ppm. The speed of sound did not appear to be an applicable parameter for this application. The technique was demonstrated to be an important alternative solution for the continuous monitoring of wastewater with regard to oil concentrations.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NEW SERIES OF ORGANOTIN(IV) ESTERS WITH N,N-DIACETYLGLYCINE

A bioactive N,N-diacetylglycine (NNDAG) and new organotin(IV) complexes (OTCs) (1-7) were synthesized. Spectroscopic techniques were employed to characterize NNDAG and OTCs. FTIR was employed to verify N,N protection of glycine by acetyl groups. The disappearance of υ(OH) at 3000-2600 cm-1 showed de-protonation of free ligand. The Δυ 150<200 cm-1 of OTCs 4-7 verified bidentate coordination with tetrahedral geometry. The Δυ of OTCs1 and 3 was <200 cm-1 exhibitingtrans -octahedral geometry while OTC 2 dimer was assigned a unique sinusoidal view. The 1H NMR spectra of OTCs verified their synthesis by de-protonation of NNDAG and no chemical shift was found downfield for carboxylic acid proton. The 13C, 119Sn NMR and Mass spectrometric data also supported FTIR and 1H NMR descriptions. The OTCs 4, 5, 6 and7 (500 ppm) proved twice as active against Escherichia coli as the standard antibiotic enoxacin (1000 ppm). The promising property of the OTCs (4, 5, 6 and7) is clearly due to their tetrahedral. The OTCs 4and 5 exhibited excellent activity against M. minimum and good activity against T. castaneum.LD50 of all the compounds were determined and OTCs4, 5 and 7 were found to be active.

Efeito de fungicidas em Colletotrichum acutatum e controle da antracnose do morangueiro

Onze fungicidas foram analisados in vitro e seus efeitos testados em campo para o controle de Colletotrichum acutatum, agente da flor-preta do morangueiro (Fragaria X ananassa). Os tratamentos (campo) foram (dosagens de i.a/100 l): iprodione (75 ml), benomil (100 g), tebuconazole (50 ml), tiofanato metílico (70 g), prochloraz (100 ml), propiconazole (50 ml), mancozeb (200 g), folpet (270 g), sulfato de cobre (200 g) e chlorotalonil (200 g), em pulverizações semanais (protetores) e quinzenais (sistêmicos). Foram avaliados a produção de frutos e o número de flores com sintoma de queima. Nos testes de fungitoxicidade in vitro, estudou-se o crescimento micelial, a germinação de conídios e a formação de apressórios. Nos testes in vitro foram utilizadas as concentrações de 1 e 10 ppm de i.a. para todos os fungicidas e posteriormente testadas as concentrações de 0,01, 0,1 e 1 ppm para os mais eficientes, e 10, 50 e 100 ppm para os menos eficazes. Os que resultaram em maior inibição micelial em baixas concentrações foram prochloraz e tebuconazole e os que menos inibiram o crescimento micelial foram sulfato de cobre, clorotalonil e folpet. Para inibir a germinação conidial mostraram-se mais eficientes chlorotalonil, tebuconazole, prochloraz e benomil, e para inibir a formação de apressórios, chlorotalonil e benomil. Os resultados de campo diferiram parcialmente dos testes in vitro: prochloraz e sulfato de cobre apresentaram os menores percentuais de flores doentes (53-55%), enquanto benomil apresentou 100% de ataque. Embora prochloraz, seguido de iprodione, folpet e mancozeb tenham resultado em maiores produções, nenhum fungicida controlou a doença satisfatoriamente.

Purificação de metabólitos fúngicos com efeitos tóxicos sobre Meloidogyne incognita

Objetivando o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de controle de fitonematóides, este trabalho buscou purificar as substâncias nematicidas produzidas por Cunninghamella elegans, Fusarium sp., Paecilomyces lilacinus eP. variotii. Esses fungos foram cultivados em meio líquido Czapek-Dox durante 15 dias, a 25 ºC, em agitador orbital. Em seguida, filtraram-se as misturas, o que permitiu a obtenção de soluções que foram concentradas sob vácuo e submetidas à purificação direcionada por testes in vitro com Meloidogyne incognita. Observou-se que os filtrados de P. lilacinus e P. variotii perdiam suas atividades nematicidas após a concentração sob vácuo, sugerindo que as substâncias ativas produzidas por esses fungos são consideravelmente voláteis. Para o filtrado de Fusarium sp., observou-se perda total da atividade contra M. incognita após fracionamento em coluna de sílica gel, indicando instabilidade da substância nematicida frente às condições empregadas.Do filtrado de C. elegans isolou-se uma substância que, em solução aquosa na concentração de 250 ppm, imobilizou 94% dos juvenis do segundo estádio de M. incognita expostos a tal solução durante 48 h.

Controle químico da queima de folhas e da mela de estacas de eucalipto, causadas por Rhizoctonia spp.

Visando ao controle químico da queima de folhas e mela de estacas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp.) em viveiros florestais, avaliou-se a eficiência de 12 fungicidas em inibir in vitro o crescimento micelial de um isolado epifítico de Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB (RH-2). Sete fungicidas que inibiram totalmente o crescimento micelial do fungo, a concentrações inferiores a 100 ppm, foram pré-selecionados: methyl-tolclophos, benomyl, pencycuron, iprodione, thiabendazol, thiram e captan. Avaliou-se, ainda, a sensibilidade (EC50 = dose provável que inibe o crescimento micelial em 50%) aos fungicidas methyl-tolclophos, benomyl, iprodione e pencycuron de mais oito isolados patogênicos ao eucalipto, que diferem entre si quanto a virulência, morfologia, grupo de anastomose, número de núcleos por célula vegetativa e padrões eletroforéticos de proteínas e isoenzimas. Embora variações nos valores de EC50 entre algumas combinações de fungicidas e isolados tenham ocorrido, todos os isolados foram sensíveis aos quatro fungicidas testados (EC50 < 11 ppm). Sob condições controladas, pulverizações com iprodione (1,5 g/l), benomyl (1 g/l), methyl-tolclophos (1,5 g/l), thiram ( 2,1 g/l), captan (2 g/l) e pencycuron (2 g/l) reduziram significativamente (alfa=5%) a incidência de folhas lesionadas por R. solani AG1, em brotações de mudas envasadas. Associadas à poda de limpeza, pulverizações de brotações de eucalipto em jardim clonal (no campo) com iprodione (1 g/l) ou com mistura de benomyl (0,5 g/l) + captan (1 g/l), alternada com mistura de benomyl (0,5 g/l) + thiram (1 g/l), reduziram a incidência da mela de estacas na casa de vegetação (alfa=5%).

Efeito de kasugamicina e oxicloreto de cobre no controle da mancha-aquosa do meloeiro

A mancha-aquosa, causada por Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, é a mais importante doença bacteriana do meloeiro (Cucumis melo) no Nordeste. Objetivando buscar alternativas para seu controle, diferentes doses de kasugamicina (100, 200, 300, 500 e 700 ppm), oxicloreto de cobre (500 ppm) e mistura dos dois produtos (200+500 ppm) foram avaliadas quanto à inibição do patógeno, in vitro. Em seguida, dois ensaios de campo foram realizados no Rio Grande do Norte (RN) e Ceará (CE), registrando-se inicialmente as incidências médias da doença em plantas. Os tratamentos: 1 a 4 - kasugamicina 40, 50, 60 e 70 ppm; 5 - kasugamicina + oxicloreto de cobre 40 + 1250 ppm; 6 - oxicloreto de cobre 1250 ppm; 7 - sal de oxitetraciclina 82 ppm e 8 - testemunha, foram aplicados quatro vezes, sendo avaliada a incidência da doença em frutos, 67 dias após plantio. In vitro, 300, 500 e 700 ppm de kasugamicina inibiram significativamente o crescimento do patógeno, diferindo dos demais tratamentos, mas não diferindo entre si (teste não paramétrico de Friedman, P=0,01). Nos campos do RN e CE, incidências médias da doença de 67,8 e 46,3%, respectivamente, foram registradas inicialmente. Aos 67 dias após plantio, os tratamentos 4 e 6 no RN, bem como 5 e 7 no CE, reduziram significativamente a incidência da doença em frutos, com relação aos demais (teste z de duas proporções, P= 0,05).