EU Budgetary Responses to the ‘Refugee Crisis’: Reconfiguring the Funding Landscape. CEPS Paper Liberty and Security in Europe No. 93/May 2016

This paper analyses the EU budgetary responses to the ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe. The European Commission has proposed several changes to the EU budget as well as the establishment of new funding instruments. The paper explores what the announced funding consists of, what role it plays in policy-making and what issues it generates. Throughout these budgetary responses the search for flexibility has been dominant, motivated by the need to respond more swiftly to humanitarian and operational needs. In addition, the paper argues that beyond implementation or management, the role of funding is also symbolic and communicative. In light of limited competences that are difficult to exercise, funding represents a powerful tool enabling the Commission to shape policy-making in times of crisis. At the same time, the dominant search for flexibility also challenges established funding rules and procedures. It has furthermore led to reduced space for democratic scrutiny by the European Parliament. More profoundly, EU funding for cooperation with third countries to prevent the inflow of refugees and asylum seekers has monetised questions over the responsibility for these individuals. As the EU–Turkey agreement shows, this has created a self-imposed dependence on third countries, with the risk of potentially insatiable demands for EU funding. This paper questions the proportionality and rule of law compliance of allocating funding for the implementation of this agreement. Moreover, it proposes that the Commission take steps to practically safeguard the humanitarian aid principles in the management structures of the new funding instruments, and it stresses the need for more scrutiny of the reconfigured funding landscape by the European Parliament and the European Court of Auditors.

Why Do Some International Institutions Contain Strong Dispute Settlement Provisions: New Evidence from Preferential Trade Agreements

To understand why some international institutions have stronger dispute settlement mechanisms (DSMs) than others, we investigate the dispute settlement provisions of nearly 600 preferential trade agreements (PTAs), which possess several desirable case-selection features and are evoked more than is realized. We broaden the study of dispute settlement design beyond “legalization” and instead reorient theorizing around a multi-faceted conceptualization of the strength of DSMs. We posit that strong DSMs are first and foremost a rational response to features of agreements that require stronger dispute settlement, such as depth and large memberships. Multivariate empirical tests using a new data set on PTA design confirm these expectations and reveal that depth – the amount of policy change specified in an agreement – is the most powerful and consistent predictor of DSM strength, providing empirical support to a long-posited but controversial conjecture. Yet power also plays a sizeable role, since agreements among asymmetric members are more likely to have strong DSMs due to their mutual appeal, as are those involving the United States. Important regional differences also emerge, as PTAs across the Americas are designed with strong dispute settlement, as are Asian PTAs, which contradicts the conventional wisdom about Asian values and legalization. Our findings demonstrate that rationalism explains much of international institutional design, yet it can be enhanced by also incorporating power-based and regional explanations.

U.S. immigration policy and the national interest : the final report and recommendations of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy with supplemental views by commissioners.

"Submitted to the Congress and the President of the United States pursuant to Public Law 95-412."

The Refugee act of 1979 : report to accompany S. 643.

July 23, 1979.

Refugee program : financial accountability for refugee resettlement can be improved : report to congressional requesters /

"GAO/NSIAD-89-92"

Papers relating to the revision survey settlement of the Jacobabad taluka of the Upper Sind frontier district.

Mode of access: Internet.

Auto safety: effectiveness of Ford Transmission settlement still at issue.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Refugee act of 1979, S. 643 : hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, March 14, 1979.

"Serial no. 96-1."

Final report of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy : joint hearings before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Policy of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary and Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees, and International Law of the House Committee on the Judiciary, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, on the final report of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, May 5, 6, and 7, 1981.

Item 1042-A, 1041-B (microfiche)

The knowing employment of illegal immigrants : hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Policy of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, on employer sanctions, September 30, 1981.

Item 1042-A, 1042-B (microfiche)

Refugee and humanitarian problems in Chile : hearing ... Ninety-third Congress, first session - [Ninety-fourth Congress, first session].

[pt.1]. Hearings held September 28, 1973. -- pt.2. hearings held July 23, 1974. -- pt.3. hearings held October 2, 1975.

Defense contract settlement procedures : report of the Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, second session .

Mode of access: Internet.

Settlement of the Dollar Line case. A report by the Secretary of the Commerce to the President of the United States, December 1952.

Mode of access: Internet.

Problems and policies of dispute settlement and wage stabilization during World War II.

Mode of access: Internet.

A history of the Hebrew people : from the settlement in Canaan to the division of the kingdom /

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.