Plataforma Tecnológica Colaborativa Comunidad de Negocios San Antonio, Chile, red de aprovisionamiento local: OpenSupply

El proyecto que se quiere plantear es la creación de una Plataforma electrónica a través de la cual se pretende agrupar a los diferentes proveedores que intervienen en la cadena de abastecimiento de la comunidad logística de San Antonio, abriendo la posibilidad de participación de empresas grandes y pequeñas y más aun promoviendo la creación de las mismas por parte de los ciudadanos de la región, de esta manera, se eliminan las brechas asimétricas existentes entre la oferta y la demanda permitiendo que las empresas medianas y grandes accedan a ofertas y transacciones con empresas proveedoras medianas y pequeñas. Dicho proyecto, tiene como objetivo general el consolidar los procesos de abastecimiento implementados por las empresas a través de la organización y estandarización de los mismos mediante el uso del portal, planteado en el presente proyecto, como apoyo tecnológico. Existen dos conceptos básicos a analizar de manera teórica dentro del proyecto, el primero de ellos es el de clúster logístico-portuario, lo cuales son reconocidos como instrumentos importantes para el progreso del desarrollo industrial, innovación, competitividad y crecimiento, tomando como ejemplos a los puertos de Valencia y Long Beach en la ciudad de Los Ángeles. El segundo concepto es el de E-Procurement, el cual se desarrolla siguiendo los pasos básicos de una cadena de abastecimiento tradicional, sin embargo, lo que genera un cambio real dentro de los procesos es el hecho que los procesos de cotización y seguimiento de proveedores se van a llevar a cabo a través de una plataforma electrónica con base a las evaluaciones que se llevan a cabo por parte de las empresas demandantes de los productos o servicios ofrecidos por las compañías proveedoras. (Renko, 2011) De la misma manera, se tomaran varios proyectos de e-procurement desarrollados a nivel mundial como base comparativa y de apoyo para el presente proyecto tales como: HYDRA: Es un sistema que tiene su soporte en la web, el cual es orientado “en el medio” lo cual lo hace un sistema con una arquitectura híbrida, que posee tanto un diseño en capas como una estructura comprensiva para desarrollar integración de negocios, colaboración y monitoreo en la gestión de la cadena de suministro (Renko, 2011) IPT: BidNet ha proporcionado servicios de oferta de información a miles de proveedores y compradores de bienes en el ámbito gubernamental por más de 25 años. (Bidnet, 2013) E-BUYPLACE: E-buyplace.com es el 1° especialista en SupplierRelationship Management que ha desarrollado un original y singular SRM 100% a través de Internet. (e-buyplace, 2013) RosettaNet: La iniciativa RosettaNet anima a optimizar los procesos de la cadena de suministro mediante el establecimiento, implementación y promoción de estándares abiertos en el mercado e-Business (AQS, Advance Quality Solutions, 2002)

Estructura, conducta y desempeño en el sector de la telefonía local de la reforma regulatoria en Colombia

El objetivo central del presente trabajo, es analizar y evaluar el desempeño de las empresas prestadoras del servicio de telefonía local, a través de variables de calidad, regulatorias, control y principalmente de gobernabilidad local y corporativa bajo el esquema de estructura, conducta y desempeño, como mecanismo de análisis del sector después de la reforma regulatoria en Colombia. Para tal fin, este trabajo está organizado en seis secciones. La sección 2, presenta un análisis de la estructura del sector de las telecomunicaciones, específicamente del subsector de telefonía local. La sección 3, realiza un análisis de conducta, a través del comportamiento de variables como tarifas, financieras, entre otras. La sección 4, presenta un análisis de la relación existente entre la Gobernabilidad (Local y Corporativa) y la prestación del servicio de telefonía local. La sección 5, presenta una apreciación global del desempeño de las empresas de telefonía local, a través de la estimación de un ejercicio econométrico de datos de panel, utilizando como variables de desempeño indicadores de cobertura, rentabilidad, endeudamiento, gestión, entre otros. Finalmente, la sección 6, presenta algunas conclusiones relevantes.

Allocation rules on networks

When allocating a resource, geographical and infrastructural constraints have to be taken into account. We study the problem of distributing a resource through a network from sources endowed with the resource to citizens with claims. A link between a source and an agent depicts the possibility of a transfer from the source to the agent. Given the supplies at each source, the claims of citizens, and the network, the question is how to allocate the available resources among the citizens. We consider a simple allocation problem that is free of network constraints, where the total amount can be freely distributed. The simple allocation problem is a claims problem where the total amount of claims is greater than what is available. We focus on consistent and resource monotonic rules in claims problems that satisfy equal treatment of equals. We call these rules fairness principles and we extend fairness principles to allocation rules on networks. We require that for each pair of citizens in the network, the extension is robust with respect to the fairness principle. We call this condition pairwise robustness with respect to the fairness principle. We provide an algorithm and show that each fairness principle has a unique extension which is pairwise robust with respect to the fairness principle. We give applications of the algorithm for three fairness principles: egalitarianism, proportionality and equal sacrifice.

Espacios locales de participación y construcción de ciudadanía un estudio de caso de la Junta Administradora Local de Teusaquillo

La propuesta de la investigación consiste en observar y comprobar si efectivamente los espacios de participación local surgidos después de la constitución de 1991, en un esfuerzo del estado colombiano y la administración Distrital por descentralizar la función administrativa, han sido efectivos dentro del proceso de construcción de ciudadanía, y en qué forma los ediles interactúan con los habitantes de la localidad y canalizan las demandas de la comunidad. Por lo mismo, se pretende indagar sobre las características de la participación ciudadana en la localidad y la aparición de tensiones entre la apertura de espacios de participación, y el uso de ellos por redes políticas locales de tipo clientelista. De esta forma, se busca comprobar si surge así, un fenómeno de construcción de ciudadanía permeado por intereses de carácter particularista, limitando a los ciudadanos, que como miembros de las redes de intermediación política, acceden a los derechos de ciudadanía que ofrecen los nuevos espacios de representación

Incidencia económica de una universidad en su ámbito local.

Evaluar la incidencia económica en su ámbito local generada por la existencia de una universidad. Establecer relaciones entre variables del sistema educativo y variables del sistema económico regional. La Universidad de Navarra: incidencia económica de la universidad. Gasto local realizado por los estudiantes. Muestra: 40 estudiantes. Población 7865 estudiantes. Tipo muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Gasto realizado por los empleados de la universidad. Gasto realizado por los visitantes. Modelo sectorial que mide la incidencia económica de la universidad en los distintos sectores de la economía: sector productor, sector público, sector economías domésticas. Subdividido en varios modelos y submodelos definidos mediante ecuaciones. Modelo funcional que evalúe la incidencia económica de la universidad en las distintas variables macroeconómicas: producción local, consumo local privado, ingresos y gastos públicos locales, empleo y población, subdividido en tres modelos: modelo económico, modelo fiscal, modelo demográfico. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 1983. 'Encuesta de presupuestos familiares'. Instituto Nacional de Empleo (INEM). Banco de Bilbao. Banco de España. Cámara Oficial de Comercio e Industria de Navarra. Diputación Foral. Universidad de Navarra. Ayuntamiento de Pamplona. Encuesta estudiantes y empleados. Técnicas de análisis estadístico empleando el análisis de regresión para determinar las relaciones de dependencia funcional entre variables. Se aplica: regresión lineal múltiple, regresión polinómica de tercer grado y especialmente regresión (Steprevise) -paso a paso-. De la matriz de correlaciones obtenida se deduce que existe una fuerte relación entre las variables del sistema educativo y del sistema económico. Las rentas generadas por la universidad generan o son capaces de generar el 1,8 por ciento del consumo regional. En la formación del valor añadido bruto de Navarra el valor añadido bruto de la universidad presenta un grado de participación del 1,22 por ciento. La participación de la universidad en el total de rentas de trabajo generadas es del 2,17 por ciento. Como conclusión global se deduce que la existencia de una universidad produce efectos positivos en el desarrollo de la economía regional. La realización de este trabajo abre una línea de investigación sobre un tema que está poco estudiado.

El taller de cultura local : hacia una integración de la escuela en el entorno.

Conjugar en el proceso educativo nuevas metodologías y contenidos que hagan posible la globalización y la interdisciplinariedad. Dar a la enseñanza una dimensión más vital y práctica. Promover la elaboración y reelaboración cultural. Proyectar la escuela a su entorno y conferirle una función de dinamización cultural en el mismo. Contribuir a la adecuación educativa y renovación pedagógica en un intento global de redefinición de un nuevo modelo escolar en un medio rural. Alumnos del centro de EGB de Velez-Blanco. El encuadre teórico y el diseño pedagógico-didáctico están incluidos en la primera parte del trabajo. La segunda parte contiene algunos de los trabajos de los niños y el material más significativo que ha sido elaborado. El enfoque pedagógico es multidisciplinar, integrando todos los aspectos prácticos, sociales, naturales y lingüísticos que puedan ser relacionados dentro de la actividad a realizar. Desarrollo del taller: para cada trabajo se establecían los objetivos y se daban las instrucciones metodológicas y las actividades concretas a los niños, para realizar en un plazo determinado. Se establecían algunos días para ir revisando el trabajo y hacer las reorientaciones oportunas. Una vez concluidos los trabajos por los equipos correspondientes se divulgaban al resto de los alumnos dedicando una o dos clases a reflexionar sobre los resultados y las conclusiones obtenidas. El tema general (la cultura local) incluye los siguientes apartados: manifestaciones folklóricas; literatura local; estudio de las tradiciones; aspectos medio-ambientales; aspectos histórico-sociales; actividades plásticas y artísticas y actividades extraescolares. Los resultados prácticos más evidentes de este taller han sido los trabajos elaborados y el material recogido, los cuales se van registrando en el centro escolar de documentación creado para este fin. El taller es una tarea emprendida con voluntad de continuidad y proyección de futuro, caminando hacia su institucionalización definitiva en el centro.

La gestió turística local en el litoral català: una lectura des de la dialèctica socioespacial

L'aportació principal d'aquesta tesi és l'anàlisi de la gestió turística i les estratègies que els municipis del litoral català han desenvolupat per fer front a la crisi (o a la sensació de crisi) del model turístic tradicional que es va manifestar a principis dels anys noranta del segle passat. També proposa una nova visió de l'estructura territorial del litoral i aporta noves dades sobre l'evolució de l'oferta d'allotjament turístic a nivell municipal de tota la costa mediterrània espanyola entre els anys 1981 i 2001. El cos de la tesi s'estructura en tres parts: un marc teòric on es fa una anàlisi sistemàtica de les principals interpretacions sobre l'evolució de les destinacions madures, un capítol dedicat al models territorials litorals que, a més de l'anàlisi estadística descriptiva de les dades fa una anàlisi de conglomerats jeràrquics per definir els clusters territorials turístics, i finalment, una classificació de les estratègies que han desenvolupat els municipis litorals per adaptar-se a les noves formes de la demanda turística. Per a aquest darrer capítol s'ha entrevistat a 150 persones relacionades amb la gestió turística local i territorial dels municipis litorals catalans, a més d'estudiar els plans urbanístics i els documents d'estratègia turística. Això ha permès constatar que és principalment de l'àmbit local d'on parteixen les estratègies per adaptar-se a les noves formes de la demanda, i que aquestes respostes són diverses per què depenen del context (l'habitus habermasià) de cada municipi. Malgrat la diversitat, s'han pogut classificar les estratègies en cinc grups: les que intenten recrear l'espai turístic per convertir-lo en una autèntica ciutat per viure-hi tot l'any, les que es basen en la sostenibilitat, les que aposten per la hiperealitat, les que desenvolupen esdeveniments efímers i les que impulsen la millora de la qualitat del producte turístic tradicional. Generalment aquests canvis es desenvolupen per assaig-error, per intuïció, sense que responguin a un model preestablert. Una de les principals conclusions d'aquest apartat ens indica que hi ha pocs municipis que puguin explicitar el fons i la forma de la seva política turística. Per això es desenvolupen estratègies que es superposen, es barregen i, a vegades es contradiuen, fent que la política turística del municipi es reinventi contínuament. De fet, com dedueix una altra de les altres conclusions, el model turístic actual es basa en la innovació constant. Pel que fa al capítol teòric s'identifiquen les principals interpretacions sobre el canvi de model turístic i es classifiquen en cinc grups: les teories evolucionistes (Butler, Doxey, Miossec, Gormsen, Holder) que estableixen que les destinacions turístiques han de passar necessàriament per determinades fases, les teories que pronostiquen el col·lapse del sistema per superació de la capacitat de càrrega, les interpretacions que es basen en el canvi de l'escala, que parteixen de la idea que el turisme ha deixat de ser una activitat regional a un fenomen global, les que atribueixen als avenços tecnològics el canvi en el model i les que emmarquen els canvis turístics en un canvi més ampli que afecta a una societat que passa a ser postmoderna. De l'estudi teòric es desprèn que hi ha consens sobre la idea de crisi del model turístic però no hi ha unanimitat sobre les causes d'aquesta crisi ni sobre el nou model turístic que ha de sorgir. L'estudi empíric de les variables de l'oferta turística litoral, que és l'aportació principal del capítol dos, ha permès treure moltes conclusions, tant per l'estudi descriptiu de les dades com per l'anàlisi de conglomerats jeràrquics. En aquest breu resum només destacarem dues idees. La primera d'elles contempla que el litoral no és homogeni sinó que està constituït per cinc tipus diferents de municipis que formen unitats orgàniques que es repeteixen per tota la costa. Entre aquests tipus de municipis hi ha el que hem anomenat ociurbs, que concentren gran part de l'oferta turística, els nuclis turístics que tenen un nombre important de població resident i aporten mà d'obra i serveis, i les ciutats perifèriques que tot i estar a la costa viuen al marge del negoci turístic. L'altra idea a destacar és que en vint anys la distribució de l'oferta turística en el territori ha canviat poc: als lloc on hi havia una gran concentració de places al 1981, l'any 2001 encara són els llocs que ofereixen més serveis d'allotjament. S'observa però un important canvi en la tipologia dels allotjaments: en els 20 anys estudiats els habitatges turístics s'han consolidat com la modalitat d'allotjament emergent, a molta distància dels càmpings i l'oferta hotelera.

Modelling, control and supervision for a class of hybrid systems

The aim of this thesis is to narrow the gap between two different control techniques: the continuous control and the discrete event control techniques DES. This gap can be reduced by the study of Hybrid systems, and by interpreting as Hybrid systems the majority of large-scale systems. In particular, when looking deeply into a process, it is often possible to identify interaction between discrete and continuous signals. Hybrid systems are systems that have both continuous, and discrete signals. Continuous signals are generally supposed continuous and differentiable in time, since discrete signals are neither continuous nor differentiable in time due to their abrupt changes in time. Continuous signals often represent the measure of natural physical magnitudes such as temperature, pressure etc. The discrete signals are normally artificial signals, operated by human artefacts as current, voltage, light etc. Typical processes modelled as Hybrid systems are production systems, chemical process, or continuos production when time and continuous measures interacts with the transport, and stock inventory system. Complex systems as manufacturing lines are hybrid in a global sense. They can be decomposed into several subsystems, and their links. Another motivation for the study of Hybrid systems is the tools developed by other research domains. These tools benefit from the use of temporal logic for the analysis of several properties of Hybrid systems model, and use it to design systems and controllers, which satisfies physical or imposed restrictions. This thesis is focused in particular types of systems with discrete and continuous signals in interaction. That can be modelled hard non-linealities, such as hysteresis, jumps in the state, limit cycles, etc. and their possible non-deterministic future behaviour expressed by an interpretable model description. The Hybrid systems treated in this work are systems with several discrete states, always less than thirty states (it can arrive to NP hard problem), and continuous dynamics evolving with expression: with Ki ¡ Rn constant vectors or matrices for X components vector. In several states the continuous evolution can be several of them Ki = 0. In this formulation, the mathematics can express Time invariant linear system. By the use of this expression for a local part, the combination of several local linear models is possible to represent non-linear systems. And with the interaction with discrete events of the system the model can compose non-linear Hybrid systems. Especially multistage processes with high continuous dynamics are well represented by the proposed methodology. Sate vectors with more than two components, as third order models or higher is well approximated by the proposed approximation. Flexible belt transmission, chemical reactions with initial start-up and mobile robots with important friction are several physical systems, which profits from the benefits of proposed methodology (accuracy). The motivation of this thesis is to obtain a solution that can control and drive the Hybrid systems from the origin or starting point to the goal. How to obtain this solution, and which is the best solution in terms of one cost function subject to the physical restrictions and control actions is analysed. Hybrid systems that have several possible states, different ways to drive the system to the goal and different continuous control signals are problems that motivate this research. The requirements of the system on which we work is: a model that can represent the behaviour of the non-linear systems, and that possibilities the prediction of possible future behaviour for the model, in order to apply an supervisor which decides the optimal and secure action to drive the system toward the goal. Specific problems can be determined by the use of this kind of hybrid models are: - The unity of order. - Control the system along a reachable path. - Control the system in a safe path. - Optimise the cost function. - Modularity of control The proposed model solves the specified problems in the switching models problem, the initial condition calculus and the unity of the order models. Continuous and discrete phenomena are represented in Linear hybrid models, defined with defined eighth-tuple parameters to model different types of hybrid phenomena. Applying a transformation over the state vector : for LTI system we obtain from a two-dimensional SS a single parameter, alpha, which still maintains the dynamical information. Combining this parameter with the system output, a complete description of the system is obtained in a form of a graph in polar representation. Using Tagaki-Sugeno type III is a fuzzy model which include linear time invariant LTI models for each local model, the fuzzyfication of different LTI local model gives as a result a non-linear time invariant model. In our case the output and the alpha measure govern the membership function. Hybrid systems control is a huge task, the processes need to be guided from the Starting point to the desired End point, passing a through of different specific states and points in the trajectory. The system can be structured in different levels of abstraction and the control in three layers for the Hybrid systems from planning the process to produce the actions, these are the planning, the process and control layer. In this case the algorithms will be applied to robotics ¡V a domain where improvements are well accepted ¡V it is expected to find a simple repetitive processes for which the extra effort in complexity can be compensated by some cost reductions. It may be also interesting to implement some control optimisation to processes such as fuel injection, DC-DC converters etc. In order to apply the RW theory of discrete event systems on a Hybrid system, we must abstract the continuous signals and to project the events generated for these signals, to obtain new sets of observable and controllable events. Ramadge & Wonham¡¦s theory along with the TCT software give a Controllable Sublanguage of the legal language generated for a Discrete Event System (DES). Continuous abstraction transforms predicates over continuous variables into controllable or uncontrollable events, and modifies the set of uncontrollable, controllable observable and unobservable events. Continuous signals produce into the system virtual events, when this crosses the bound limits. If this event is deterministic, they can be projected. It is necessary to determine the controllability of this event, in order to assign this to the corresponding set, , controllable, uncontrollable, observable and unobservable set of events. Find optimal trajectories in order to minimise some cost function is the goal of the modelling procedure. Mathematical model for the system allows the user to apply mathematical techniques over this expression. These possibilities are, to minimise a specific cost function, to obtain optimal controllers and to approximate a specific trajectory. The combination of the Dynamic Programming with Bellman Principle of optimality, give us the procedure to solve the minimum time trajectory for Hybrid systems. The problem is greater when there exists interaction between adjacent states. In Hybrid systems the problem is to determine the partial set points to be applied at the local models. Optimal controller can be implemented in each local model in order to assure the minimisation of the local costs. The solution of this problem needs to give us the trajectory to follow the system. Trajectory marked by a set of set points to force the system to passing over them. Several ways are possible to drive the system from the Starting point Xi to the End point Xf. Different ways are interesting in: dynamic sense, minimum states, approximation at set points, etc. These ways need to be safe and viable and RchW. And only one of them must to be applied, normally the best, which minimises the proposed cost function. A Reachable Way, this means the controllable way and safe, will be evaluated in order to obtain which one minimises the cost function. Contribution of this work is a complete framework to work with the majority Hybrid systems, the procedures to model, control and supervise are defined and explained and its use is demonstrated. Also explained is the procedure to model the systems to be analysed for automatic verification. Great improvements were obtained by using this methodology in comparison to using other piecewise linear approximations. It is demonstrated in particular cases this methodology can provide best approximation. The most important contribution of this work, is the Alpha approximation for non-linear systems with high dynamics While this kind of process is not typical, but in this case the Alpha approximation is the best linear approximation to use, and give a compact representation.

The Ethics of Ethics Reviews in Global Health Research: Case Studies Applying a New Paradigm

With increasing calls for global health research there is growing concern regarding the ethical challenges encountered by researchers from high-income countries (HICs) working in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of literature on how to address these challenges in practice. In this article, we conduct a critical analysis of three case studies of research conducted in LMICs.We apply emerging ethical guidelines and principles specific to global health research and offer practical strategies that researchers ought to consider. We present case studies in which Canadian health professional students conducted a health promotion project in a community in Honduras; a research capacity-building program in South Africa, in which Canadian students also worked alongside LMIC partners; and a community-university partnered research capacity-building program in which Ecuadorean graduate students, some working alongside Canadian students, conducted community-based health research projects in Ecuadorean communities.We examine each case, identifying ethical issues that emerged and how new ethical paradigms being promoted could be concretely applied.We conclude that research ethics boards should focus not only on protecting individual integrity and human dignity in health studies but also on beneficence and non-maleficence at the community level, explicitly considering social justice issues and local capacity-building imperatives.We conclude that researchers from HICs interested in global health research must work with LMIC partners to implement collaborative processes for assuring ethical research that respects local knowledge, cultural factors, the social determination of health, community participation and partnership, and making social accountability a paramount concern.

The Ethics of Ethics Reviews in Global Health Research: Case Studies Applying a New Paradigm

With increasing calls for global health research there is growing concern regarding the ethical challenges encountered by researchers from high-income countries (HICs) working in low or middle-income countries (LMICs). There is a dearth of literature on how to address these challenges in practice. In this article, we conduct a critical analysis of three case studies of research conducted in LMICs.We apply emerging ethical guidelines and principles specific to global health research and offer practical strategies that researchers ought to consider. We present case studies in which Canadian health professional students conducted a health promotion project in a community in Honduras; a research capacity-building program in South Africa, in which Canadian students also worked alongside LMIC partners; and a community-university partnered research capacity-building program in which Ecuadorean graduate students, some working alongside Canadian students, conducted community-based health research projects in Ecuadorean communities.We examine each case, identifying ethical issues that emerged and how new ethical paradigms being promoted could be concretely applied.We conclude that research ethics boards should focus not only on protecting individual integrity and human dignity in health studies but also on beneficence and non-maleficence at the community level, explicitly considering social justice issues and local capacity-building imperatives.We conclude that researchers from HICs interested in global health research must work with LMIC partners to implement collaborative processes for assuring ethical research that respects local knowledge, cultural factors, the social determination of health, community participation and partnership, and making social accountability a paramount concern.

Isolating the signal of ocean global warming

Identifying the signature of global warming in the world's oceans is challenging because low frequency circulation changes can dominate local temperature changes. The IPCC fourth assessment reported an average ocean heating rate of 0.21 ± 0.04 Wm−2 over the period 1961–2003, with considerable spatial, interannual and inter-decadal variability. We present a new analysis of millions of ocean temperature profiles designed to filter out local dynamical changes to give a more consistent view of the underlying warming. Time series of temperature anomaly for all waters warmer than 14°C show large reductions in interannual to inter-decadal variability and a more spatially uniform upper ocean warming trend (0.12 Wm−2 on average) than previous results. This new measure of ocean warming is also more robust to some sources of error in the ocean observing system. Our new analysis provides a useful addition for evaluation of coupled climate models, to the traditional fixed depth analyses.

A high-order arbitrarily unstructured finite-volume model of the global atmosphere: tests solving the shallow-water equations

Simulations of the global atmosphere for weather and climate forecasting require fast and accurate solutions and so operational models use high-order finite differences on regular structured grids. This precludes the use of local refinement; techniques allowing local refinement are either expensive (eg. high-order finite element techniques) or have reduced accuracy at changes in resolution (eg. unstructured finite-volume with linear differencing). We present solutions of the shallow-water equations for westerly flow over a mid-latitude mountain from a finite-volume model written using OpenFOAM. A second/third-order accurate differencing scheme is applied on arbitrarily unstructured meshes made up of various shapes and refinement patterns. The results are as accurate as equivalent resolution spectral methods. Using lower order differencing reduces accuracy at a refinement pattern which allows errors from refinement of the mountain to accumulate and reduces the global accuracy over a 15 day simulation. We have therefore introduced a scheme which fits a 2D cubic polynomial approximately on a stencil around each cell. Using this scheme means that refinement of the mountain improves the accuracy after a 15 day simulation. This is a more severe test of local mesh refinement for global simulations than has been presented but a realistic test if these techniques are to be used operationally. These efficient, high-order schemes may make it possible for local mesh refinement to be used by weather and climate forecast models.

The acoustic signature of fluid flow in complex porous media

Effective medium approximations for the frequency-dependent and complex-valued effective stiffness tensors of cracked/ porous rocks with multiple solid constituents are developed on the basis of the T-matrix approach (based on integral equation methods for quasi-static composites), the elastic - viscoelastic correspondence principle, and a unified treatment of the local and global flow mechanisms, which is consistent with the principle of fluid mass conservation. The main advantage of using the T-matrix approach, rather than the first-order approach of Eshelby or the second-order approach of Hudson, is that it produces physically plausible results even when the volume concentrations of inclusions or cavities are no longer small. The new formulae, which operates with an arbitrary homogeneous (anisotropic) reference medium and contains terms of all order in the volume concentrations of solid particles and communicating cavities, take explicitly account of inclusion shape and spatial distribution independently. We show analytically that an expansion of the T-matrix formulae to first order in the volume concentration of cavities (in agreement with the dilute estimate of Eshelby) has the correct dependence on the properties of the saturating fluid, in the sense that it is consistent with the Brown-Korringa relation, when the frequency is sufficiently low. We present numerical results for the (anisotropic) effective viscoelastic properties of a cracked permeable medium with finite storage porosity, indicating that the complete T-matrix formulae (including the higher-order terms) are generally consistent with the Brown-Korringa relation, at least if we assume the spatial distribution of cavities to be the same for all cavity pairs. We have found an efficient way to treat statistical correlations in the shapes and orientations of the communicating cavities, and also obtained a reasonable match between theoretical predictions (based on a dual porosity model for quartz-clay mixtures, involving relatively flat clay-related pores and more rounded quartz-related pores) and laboratory results for the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation spectra of a suite of typical reservoir rocks. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The impact of global freshwater forcing on the thermohaline circulation: adjustment of North Atlantic convection sites in a CGCM

On the time scale of a century, the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) is sensitive to the global surface salinity distribution. The advection of salinity toward the deep convection sites of the North Atlantic is one of the driving mechanisms for the THC. There is both a northward and a southward contributions. The northward salinity advection (Nsa) is related to the evaporation in the subtropics, and contributes to increased salinity in the convection sites. The southward salinity advection (Ssa) is related to the Arctic freshwater forcing and tends on the contrary to diminish salinity in the convection sites. The THC changes results from a delicate balance between these opposing mechanisms. In this study we evaluate these two effects using the IPSL-CM4 ocean-atmosphere-sea-ice coupled model (used for IPCC AR4). Perturbation experiments have been integrated for 100 years under modern insolation and trace gases. River runoff and evaporation minus precipitation are successively set to zero for the ocean during the coupling procedure. This allows the effect of processes Nsa and Ssa to be estimated with their specific time scales. It is shown that the convection sites in the North Atlantic exhibit various sensitivities to these processes. The Labrador Sea exhibits a dominant sensitivity to local forcing and Ssa with a typical time scale of 10 years, whereas the Irminger Sea is mostly sensitive to Nsa with a 15 year time scale. The GIN Seas respond to both effects with a time scale of 10 years for Ssa and 20 years for Nsa. It is concluded that, in the IPSL-CM4, the global freshwater forcing damps the THC on centennial time scales.

A global climatology of wind–wave interaction

Generally, ocean waves are thought to act as a drag on the surface wind so that momentum is transferred downwards, from the atmosphere into the waves. Recent observations have suggested that when long wavelength waves, characteristic of remotely generated swell, propagate faster than the surface wind momentum can also be transferred upwards. This upward momentum transfer acts to accelerate the near-surface wind, resulting in a low-level wave-driven wind jet. Previous studies have suggested that the sign reversal of the momentum flux is well predicted by the inverse wave age, the ratio of the surface wind speed to the speed of the waves at the peak of the spectrum. ECMWF ERA-40 data has been used here to calculate the global distribution of the inverse wave age to determine whether there are regions of the ocean that are usually in the wind-driven wave regime and others that are generally in the wave-driven wind regime. The wind-driven wave regime is found to occur most often in the mid-latitude storm tracks where wind speeds are generally high. The wave-driven wind regime is found to be prevalent in the tropics where wind speeds are generally light and swell can propagate from storms at higher latitudes. The inverse wave age is also a useful indicator of the degree of coupling between the local wind and wave fields. The climatologies presented emphasise the non-equilibrium that exists between the local wind and wave fields and highlight the importance of swell in the global oceans.