How Can Local Manufacturing Improve Economic Sustainability? Saint Brissant: a case study of local manufacturing in Spain

Fast-fashion retailers and mass production dominate the fashion and apparel industry. Increased globalization, labor intensity and outsourcing to developing countries are fostering the interest in sustainability within the industry. There is a growth of a new movement attempting to offset the demand for fast fashion, "Slow Fashion" movement. Slow fashion is not time-based but quality-based approach in which designers, buyers, retailers and consumers are more aware of the impacts on workers, communities and ecosystems (Fletcher 2007). European Union has also some critical targets to reach by 2020. Spain, specifically, has to meet some requirements in terms of economy and sustainability. This exploratory study analyzed how slow fashion concept, precisely manufacturing locally, could improve economic development. Local manufacturing, its impact on economic development and the challenges of Spanish market are illustrated through a case study of one Spanish fashion brand, Saint Brissant.

Maintaining distances with the engineer: patterns of coexistence in plant communities beyond the patch-bare dichotomy

Two-phase plant communities with an engineer conforming conspicuous patches and affecting the performance and patterns of coexisting species are the norm under stressful conditions. To unveil the mechanisms governing coexistence in these communities at multiple spatial scales, we have developed a new point-raster approach of spatial pattern analysis, which was applied to a Mediterranean high mountain grassland to show how Festuca curvifolia patches affect the local distribution of coexisting species. We recorded 22 111 individuals of 17 plant perennial species. Most coexisting species were negatively associated with F. curvifolia clumps. Nevertheless, bivariate nearest-neighbor analyses revealed that the majority of coexisting species were confined at relatively short distances from F. curvifolia borders (between 0-2 cm and up to 8 cm in some cases). Our study suggests the existence of a fine-scale effect of F. curvifolia for most species promoting coexistence through a mechanism we call 'facilitation in the halo'. Most coexisting species are displaced to an interphase area between patches, where two opposite forces reach equilibrium: attenuated severe conditions by proximity to the F. curvifolia canopy (nutrient-rich islands) and competitive exclusion mitigated by avoiding direct contact with F. curvifolia.

Estudio para un Modelo de Gestión de un Acuífero Costero, mediante Metodologías Participativas y Análisis Geoestadístico en el marco del Desarrollo Local. Manglaralto, Ecuador

El presente estudio se fundamenta en la investigación-acción-participativa (IAP), para buscar alternativas que tiendan al desarrollo local de un territorio. Se centra en la cuenca hidrográfica del rio Manglaralto-Santa Elena-Ecuador, aplicando un sistema metodológico participativo que considera las características peculiares del territorio, que se analizan geoespacialmente reconociendo la influencia de la dinámica de sus cambios y observando los móviles que la propiciaban. A través de mecanismos participativos, se conectan los aspectos técnicos para el conocimiento y el aprovechamiento racional del acuífero costero, con los valores de los habitantes del territorio, para mejorar su abastecimiento de agua y crear nuevas condiciones y oportunidades en el camino del desarrollo local, vislumbrando la sostenibilidad. Cabe indicar que el ente administrativo y propulsor es la Junta de Agua Potable Regional Manglaralto (JAPRM). La hipótesis del estudio considera, que los métodos participativos generan en la comunidad una respuesta basada en su identidad y sus deseos de mejorar, que propiciará una gestión del acuífero costero que conlleve al desarrollo local. Otra hipótesis complementaria estipula que las estrategias del gobierno respecto al turismo propicia un crecimiento en la demanda del agua del acuífero. En Manglaralto-Ecuador, una parroquia de 30.000 habitantes aproximadamente, donde la JAPRM, administra y suministra agua a 23.586 habitantes que cuenta en su organización, llevada por 6 representantes de las comunidades rurales que la conforman, empezaron hace 7 años a buscar una forma de lograr un cambio, de tener agua para el desarrollo de la comunidad. Buscaron ayuda por diferentes medios, políticos, económicas, sociales y encontraron como base fundamental a la cooperación con el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OIEA) y la Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) para entrelazar aspectos técnicos, ambientales, sociales y culturales. La gestión del acuífero costero, desde la perspectiva del IAP repercute en el desarrollo de Manglaralto. También se realiza un análisis geoespacial-geoestadístico, para vislumbrar aspectos de cambios en el territorio ligados al crecimiento turístico, que afectan a la demanda del recurso agua proveniente del acuífero costero bajo la administración de la JAPRM. La tesis presenta el modelo integral y propio de la comunidad de Manglaralto, que refleja una evolución que alcanzó un apogeo en 2011 y parte del 2012, con 9 pozos de agua que daban servicio los 365 días del año, 24 horas al día ininterrumpidamente. Las condiciones externas (promociones turísticas de la ruta del Spondylus) han repercutido en nuevas problemáticas (crecimiento elevado de la demanda del agua). El acuífero costero se convierte en el emblema y móvil de solución, gracias a la gestión integral y a la interacción IAP que se amolda a la evolución de las condiciones, buscando soluciones para la comunidad y su entorno. El modelo integral del territorio con la participación de sus pobladores, considera el aspecto turístico, como un agente que propicia la mayor demanda del agua. Situación a la que hay que dar respuesta mediante la observación-reflexión en el ciclo del IAP para generar nuevas directrices estratégicas y gestionar el desarrollo local. ABSTRACT The present study is based on the participatory action research (PAR) methodology in order to look for alternatives which tend to the local development of a territory. It focuses on the Manglaralto hydrographic river basin located in Santa Elena-Ecuador through the application of the participatory methodology which considers the peculiar characteristics of the territory. These are geospatially analyzed recognizing the influence of its dynamic of changes and observing the causes that originated them. Through the use of participatory mechanisms, technical aspects are connected for stimulating knowledge and rational use of the coastal aquifer with the values of inhabitants of the territory to improve the water supply and create new conditions of sustainability. It is important to point out that the administrative organism and promoter is the Manglaralto Regional Fresh Water Board (JAPRM). In Manglaralto-Ecuador, a parish of approximately 30,000 inhabitants, the MRFWB manages and supplies water to 23.586 inhabitants. This organization is composed by 6 representatives of rural communities. It started 7 years ago looking for a way to achieve a change, from obtaining water to developing the community. They seeked for help in different fields such as: political, economic and social and they found International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) as a fundamental basis for cooperation to bond technical, environmental, social and cultural aspects. Management of coastal aquifer, from the PAR perspective affects the development of Manglaralto. Also, a geospatial and geostatistical analysis is carried out to distinguish change aspects in territories related to touristy growth which affects the demand of water obtained from the coastal aquifer under the management of the MRFWB. The thesis presents a comprehensive model that belongs to the Manglaralto community and reveals an evolution that reached a peak in 2011 and part of 2012, with 9 water wells that operated the 365 days of the year 24 hours a day without interruption. The external conditions (touristic packages of Spondylus route) have created new problems (higher demand of water). The coastal aquifer is a symbol and solution, thanks to the comprehensive management and PAR interaction which fits the evolution of conditions, looking for solutions for the community and its surroundings. The comprehensive model of territory with the participation of inhabitants considers the touristic aspect as an agent which brings about a higher demand of water. This situation requests a response through the observation-reflection in the PAR cycle to generate new strategic guidelines and promote the local development.

Comunicação para o desenvolvimento: o papel das rádios comunitárias na educação para o desenvolvimento local em Moçambique

Trata-se de um estudo sobre as rádios e televisões comunitárias em Moçambique. São investigadas as ações implementadas tanto pelo governo como pela sociedade civil, bem como o significado que essas emissoras têm para as populações locais. O objetivo é analisar a importância e a contribuição das rádios e televisões comunitárias para a conscientização das populações moçambicanas e para a realização com vistas ao desenvolvimento local. A metodologia privilegiou a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a coordenadores das emissoras, entre outros. Foram estudadas 8 emissoras sediadas nas províncias de Zambézia, Sofala, Inhambane, Maputo e Maputo Cidade, de 2004 a 2005, além de ter sido feito um breve resgate do percurso histórico da comunicação em Moçambique nos últimos 15 anos, desde a promulgação da primeira Lei de Imprensa aprovada pela Assembléia da República. Conclui-se que as rádios e a televisões comunitárias são instrumentos de educação e conscientização das pessoas das comunidades investigadas. Elas desempenham um papel importante na vida dos cidadãos, mobilizando-os a se envolverem nas ações de combate à pobreza absoluta que se vive no seu país. São bens comunitários contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável das próprias comunidades

Comunicação para o desenvolvimento: o papel das rádios comunitárias na educação para o desenvolvimento local em Moçambique

Trata-se de um estudo sobre as rádios e televisões comunitárias em Moçambique. São investigadas as ações implementadas tanto pelo governo como pela sociedade civil, bem como o significado que essas emissoras têm para as populações locais. O objetivo é analisar a importância e a contribuição das rádios e televisões comunitárias para a conscientização das populações moçambicanas e para a realização com vistas ao desenvolvimento local. A metodologia privilegiou a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, além de entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a coordenadores das emissoras, entre outros. Foram estudadas 8 emissoras sediadas nas províncias de Zambézia, Sofala, Inhambane, Maputo e Maputo Cidade, de 2004 a 2005, além de ter sido feito um breve resgate do percurso histórico da comunicação em Moçambique nos últimos 15 anos, desde a promulgação da primeira Lei de Imprensa aprovada pela Assembléia da República. Conclui-se que as rádios e a televisões comunitárias são instrumentos de educação e conscientização das pessoas das comunidades investigadas. Elas desempenham um papel importante na vida dos cidadãos, mobilizando-os a se envolverem nas ações de combate à pobreza absoluta que se vive no seu país. São bens comunitários contribuindo para o desenvolvimento sustentável das próprias comunidades

Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes

Understanding the relationship between animal community dynamics and landscape structure has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. In particular, predicting the effects of habitat destruction that confine species to networks of small patches is an important prerequisite to conservation plan development. Theoretical models that predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes, and relationships between stability and diversity do exist. However, reliable empirical investigations of the dynamics of biodiversity have been prevented by differences in species detection probabilities among landscapes. Using long-term data sampled at a large spatial scale in conjunction with a capture-recapture approach, we developed estimates of parameters of community changes over a 22-year period for forest breeding birds in selected areas of the eastern United States. We show that forest fragmentation was associated not only with a reduced number of forest bird species, but also with increased temporal variability in the number of species. This higher temporal variability was associated with higher local extinction and turnover rates. These results have major conservation implications. Moreover, the approach used provides a practical tool for the study of the dynamics of biodiversity.

Benthic–pelagic links and rocky intertidal communities: Bottom-up effects on top-down control?

Insight into the dependence of benthic communities on biological and physical processes in nearshore pelagic environments, long considered a “black box,” has eluded ecologists. In rocky intertidal communities at Oregon coastal sites 80 km apart, differences in abundance of sessile invertebrates, herbivores, carnivores, and macrophytes in the low zone were not readily explained by local scale differences in hydrodynamic or physical conditions (wave forces, surge flow, or air temperature during low tide). Field experiments employing predator and herbivore manipulations and prey transplants suggested top-down (predation, grazing) processes varied positively with bottom-up processes (growth of filter-feeders, prey recruitment), but the basis for these differences was unknown. Shore-based sampling revealed that between-site differences were associated with nearshore oceanographic conditions, including phytoplankton concentration and productivity, particulates, and water temperature during upwelling. Further, samples taken at 19 sites along 380 km of coastline suggested that the differences documented between two sites reflect broader scale gradients of phytoplankton concentration. Among several alternative explanations, a coastal hydrodynamics hypothesis, reflecting mesoscale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) variation in the interaction between offshore currents and winds and continental shelf bathymetry, was inferred to be the primary underlying cause. Satellite imagery and offshore chlorophyll-a samples are consistent with the postulated mechanism. Our results suggest that benthic community dynamics can be coupled to pelagic ecosystems by both trophic and transport linkages.

A Case Study of the Economic and Environmental Impacts from a Bio-fuel Facility (Southwest Georgia Ethanol, LLC) on the Surrounding Communities, Southwest Georgia

Bio-fuels such as ethanol provide an extraordinary opportunity to address our dependency on foreign oil. This case study examines the economic and environmental impacts associated with constructing and operating a dry mill ethanol manufacturing facility in a Southwest Georgia town and surrounding communities. The case study found that the plant had little impact on air quality, water quality, and habitat fragmentation. However, economic results showed the plant produced $1.5 million in tax revenues, and 86 jobs. Ethanol producers and communities must consider both the economic and environmental impacts on a local community when searching or attracting a bio-fuels plant. Likewise, communities should be aware of these challenges when attracting ethanol production plants.

Broadening the Scope of Ethnic Identity: A Social Sustainability Solution for Pan African Communities through Ethnically Relevant Educational Programming

This conceptual study explores ethnic identity development theory in order to argue that ethnic identity development education is a means of developing broad senses of community in the African Diaspora that expand beyond a tribal, local, familial level. This study suggests that the broadening of community understanding would contribute to establishing social sustainability on regional, national and international levels within the Pan African community. Establishing such social sustainability would have direct effects on the areas of economic and environmental sustainability. One of the goals of this project is to offer suggestions for ethnically relevant education that can develop social sustainability in several places throughout the Diaspora, such as in Nigeria where ethnic conflicts are a contemporary concern.

Mapping the awareness of inequalities in health programs in Spanish communities: moving forward together

The aim of this study is to map the awareness of gender, socioeconomic, immigrant and ethnic health inequalities in health at schools, maternal health and traffic injury health prevention programs. The study was conducted in the 19 health descentralized areas in Spain, 17 autonomous community (ACs) and the 2 autonomous cities (ACities). The data were collected from May 2008 to January 2009. The unit of analysis was the collection of policy documents setting out the programs mentioned above and the related support material in each AC. A reading guide was used to analyze the awareness of inequalities. With regard to health at schools, 2 of 10 programs show a high awareness of inequalities and include many specific proposals to be implemented at the local level. Regarding maternal health, 13 ACs have prepared support material with high awareness of inequalities to be implemented. A traffic injury program has been created in two ACs. We map the whole situation in Spain regarding the health programs that we have used as examples and their awareness of inequalities. We can conclude that there are differences between the regions studied in Spain and in general, the awareness of inequalities is low.

Spatial Distribution of Marine Epibenthic Communities in the Hola Trough (Vesterålen, Northern Norway)

The Lofoten-Vesterålen marine shelf is one of the most geologically diverse coast and offshore margin areas in Norway. This leads to huge heterogeneity in marine environments, and often high biodiversity. However, little is known yet about the benthic communities in this region. Within the ARCTOS LoVe MarineEco project the epibenthic communities of the Hola trough (Vesterålen) are analysed to give a first description of their spatial distribution. In this trough both a complex hydrodynamic system and varied topographic submarine elements occur. Trawling samples were collected for two different approaches: one in a meso-scale and another in a small-scale. For the broad scale a transect consisting in three stations was developed, while for the fine scale a small area on a sand wave field, consisting in five stations called HolaBox, was sampled. All organisms were intended to be identified to species level and colonial fauna was discarded for the analysis. Different diversity indexes were assessed (Shannon index (H’) and Pielou’s eveness (J’)). Clustering and nMDS analyses identified four statistically significant groups in terms of abundance (ind./100m2). A total amount of 211 different taxa were found within all stations. The more outer part of the transect (close to the shelf edge) presented a huge abundance of organisms and was dominated by the hemi sessile tube-builder polychaetes Nothria conchylega and Eunice dubitata and the sea urchin Gacilechinus acutus, while the more inner parts presented less abundance of individuals. Probably some upwelling produced by the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NWAC) is influencing the shelf edge increasing the primary production and, therefore, enriching the seafloor in this region. The sand wave field presented two different groups with few amount of individuals. Small-scale variability could be produced by the high heterogeneity within the different types of sand waves, while the scarce abundance of animals can be produced by the permanent changing environment that movable sand waves produce. Here more active and mobile fauna was found such as brittle stars and hermit crabs (among others). Finally, a fourth group was found in the most inner station of the transect, laying on a ridge in the central part of the trough. This station, with coarse substrate, was mainly dominated again by brittle stars and sea urchins. We can conclude that this is a really heterogeneous trough in environments and therefore in communities (even in a local scale). More detailed studies that focus in the local environmental drivers have to be carried out to get an integrated understanding of the structure of benthic communities in this system.

Coral communities exposed to differential large amplitude internal waves cooling and a severe heat stress in 2010 in the Andaman Sea

Tropical scleractinian corals are particularly vulnerable to global warming as elevated sea surface temperatures (SST) disrupt the delicate balance between the coral host and their algal endosymbionts, leading to symbiont expulsion, mass bleaching and mortality. While satellite sensing of SST has proven a good predictor of coral bleaching at the regional scale, there are large deviations in bleaching severity and mortality on the local scale, which are only poorly understood. Here, we show that internal waves play a major role in explaining local coral bleaching and mortality patterns in the Andaman Sea. In spite of a severe region-wide SST anomaly in May 2010, frequent upslope intrusions of cold sub-pycnocline waters due to breaking large amplitude internal waves (LAIW) alleviated heating and mitigated coral bleaching and mortality in shallow LAIW-exposed waters. In LAIW-sheltered waters, by contrast, bleaching susceptible species suffered severe bleaching and total mortality. These findings suggest that LAIW, which are ubiquitous in tropical stratified waters, benefit coral reefs during thermal stress and provide local refugia for bleaching susceptible corals. The swash zones of LAIW may thus be important, so far overlooked, conservation areas for the maintainance of coral diversity in a warming climate. The consideration of LAIW can significantly improve coral bleaching predictions and can provide a valuable tool for coral reef conservation and management.

Organizing a Chamber of Commerce : a "how to" manual for communities planning to organize a Chamber of Commerce : organization structure, sample bylaws.

"March 1962."

A guide to federal and state funding sources for townships and small communities /

"April 2003"

Fire protection administration : a manual for districts and small communities /

Bibliography: p. 113-114.