Local exchange in the southern levant during the early bronze age: a political economy viewpoint

Trade and relations between the southern Levant and other regions of the Near East (mainly Egypt) during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3,600–2,300 BC) have been the subject of many studies. Research concerning the exchange of local commodities was almost ignored or was discussed in parochial studies, focusing on specific archaeological finds. It is the intention of this paper to present the results of recent research of the exchange of commodities provided by archaeological data from excavations in the Southern Levant with regard to economic theories on the exchange-value of goods and exchange networks. Conclusions regarding the type of society and the forms of government in the Southern Levant during the Early Bronze Age are also presented.

Programa de mejora de la competitividad municipal, derivados de la planificación local en el municipio de Camoapa, departamento de Boaco

El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de Camoapa, departamento de Boaco y tiene como fin generar insumos para mejorar la planificación actual a través del diseño de programas de mejora de la competitividad y de desarrollo empresarial. La información recolectada tiene como principal herramienta la información secundaria solicitada al gobierno local y a los principales autores del plan estratégico municipal. También se utilizó la entrevista y la encuesta para obtener información referente al grado de avance de la planificación municipal y la presencia de las diferentes instituciones en el municipio. Los aspectos evaluados fueron: rasgos distintivos del municipio, estado de la planificación local e Instituciones de incidencia en el municipio. Dentro de los rasgos distintivos del municipio, resaltan: falta de acceso a áreas productivas y el deterioro ambiental generalizado, presencia de una gran gama de instituciones dedicadas a facilitar el crédito pero no dirigido a resolver las problemáticas del sector agropecuario o posiblemente el seguimiento técnico ofrecido por estas instituciones no es el más oportuno, desempleo generalizado y la fuente principal de empleo (actividad agropecuaria) no satisface las necesidades salariales de los trabajadores, los recursos socio–culturales son los más descuidados a pesar de la gran diversidad de expresiones culturales existentes. En cuanto a la planificación local existente la limitante de apoyo parcial por parte del gobierno municipal aunque las autoridades destacan la importancia del plan estratégico; se identificaron 52 instituciones de incidencia. Derivados de la información precedente se pro pusieron los siguientes programas de competitividad: Programa de conservación de suelos y aguas, Programa de desarrollo de sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, Programa de desarrollo económico productivo, Programa de educación ambiental, agricultura de laderas y agroturismo, Programa de fomento a las expresiones culturales del municipio.

Molecular dynamics studies on the local disordering of σ3 and σ11 grain boundaries in aluminium bicrystal

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using Morse interaction potential are performed in studies of [110] symmetrical tilt grain boundary (GB) structures with mis-orientation angles 50.5 degrees(Sigma 11), 129.5 degrees(Sigma 11), 70.5 degrees(Sigma 3) and 109.5 degrees(Sigma 3) at various tempratures. The GB structures are found to start local disordering at about 0.5T(m)(T-m is the melting point of aluminium) for 50.5 degrees(Sigma 11), 0.32T(m) for 129.5 degrees(Sigma 11) and 0.38T(m) for 70.5 degrees(Sigma 3), respectively. These results agree with conclusions deduced from the anelastic measurements. But, for twin-boundary structure 109.5 degrees(Sigma 3), this disordering has not been found even when temperature increases up to 0.9T(m).

Local exponential divergence plot and optimal embedding of a chaotic time-series

we propose here a local exponential divergence plot which is capable of providing a new means of characterizing chaotic time series. The suggested plot defines a time dependent exponent LAMBDA and a ''plus'' exponent LAMBDA+ which serves as a criterion for estimating simultaneously the minimal acceptable embedding dimension, the proper delay time and the largest Lyapunov exponent.

Inhomogeneous behavior of antiplane shear crack in softening material with local unloading

Examined in this work is the anti-plane stress and strain near a crack in a material that softens beyond the elastic peak and unloads on a linear path through the initial state. The discontinuity in the constitutive relation is carried into the analysis such that one portion of the local solution is elliptic in character and the other hyperbolic. Material elements in one region may cross over to another as the loading is increased. Local unloading can thus prevail. Presented are the inhomogeneous character of the asymptotic stress and strain in the elliptic and hyperbolic region, in addition to the region in which the material elements had experienced unloading. No one single stress or strain coefficient would be adequate for describing crack instability.

Local stresses and strains in axially cracked cylindrical shells

A perturbation solution is obtained for the local stress-strain fields in an axially cracked cylindrical shell. The tenth-order differential equations are used that take into account the transverse shear deformation. The perturbation of a curvature parameter, λ, is employed, where . The stress intensity factors for finite size cylindrical shells subjected to bending and internal pressure are evaluated. Sufficient accuracy can be obtained without using fine mesh sizes in regions near the crack tip. Also analyzed are the influence of cylinder diameter and shearing stiffness on bulging.

Theory of local mode excitation in polyatomics by frequency-modulated lasers

that the Stokes-interaction relation is reasonable qualitatively but not correct

Magnetostatic relations including fluctuation fields - the local expansion

Using the approach of local expansion, we analyze the magnetostatic relations in the case of conventional turbulence. The turbulent relations are obtained consisten tly for themomentum equation and induction equation of both the average and fluctuation relations.In comparison with the magnetostatic relations as discussed usually, turbulent fluctuationfields produce forces, one of which 1/(4π)(α1×B0)×B0 may have parallel and perpendicular components in the direction of magnetic field, the other of which 1/(4π)K×B0 is introduced by the boundary value of turbulence and is perpendicular to the magnetic field. In the case of 2-dimensional configuration of magnetic field, the basic equation will be reduced into a second-order elliptic equation, which includes some linear and nonlinear terms introduced by turbulent fluctuation fields. Turbulent fields may change the configuration of magnetic field and even shear it non-uniformly. The study on the influence of turbulent fields is significant since they are observed in many astrophysical environments.