Jungle, desert, ice

Between 1884 and 1920 the Society was part of an intense period of international geographical interest, imperialism and nationalism. This empirical history shows that the Society sought to explore New Guinea, Northern and Central Australia, and Antarctica, pursuing issues of land use, labour and commercial development of these regions.

Using polyatomic primary ions to probe an amino acid and a nucleic base in water ice

In this study on pure water ice, we show that protonated water species [H₂O]_nH⁺ are more prevalent than (H₂O)_n⁺ ions after bombardment by Au+ monoatomic and Au₃⁺ and C₆₀⁺ polyatomic projectiles. This data also reveals significant differences in water cluster yields under bombardment by these three projectiles. The amino acid alanine and the nucleic base adenine in solution have been studied and have been shown to have an effect on the water cluster ion yields observed using an Au₃⁺ ion beam.

A comparative study of secondary Ion emission from water ice under Ion bombardment by Au+, Au3+, and C60+

Secondary ion emission from water ice has been studied using Au⁺, Au₃⁺, and C₆₀⁺ primary ions. In contrast to the gas phase in which the spectra are dominated by the (H₂O)_nH⁺ series of ions, the spectra from ice using all three primary ions are principally composed of two series of cluster ions (H₂O)_nH⁺ and (H₂O)_n⁺. Dependent on the conditions, the unprotonated series can dominate the spectra. Since in the gas phase (H₂O)_n⁺ is unstable with respect to the formation of the protonated ion series, the presence of the solid must provide a means to stabilize their formation. The cluster ion yields under Au⁺ bombardment are very low and can be understood in terms of sputtering on the borderline between linear cascade and thermal spike behavior. There is a 10⁴ increase in yield across the whole spectrum compared to Au⁺ when Au₃⁺ and C₆₀⁺ species are used as primary ions. The character of the spectra differed between these two primary ions, but insights into the mechanism of secondary ion emission for both is discussed within an energy deposition framework provided by the fluid flow-based mesoscale energy deposition footprint (MEDF) model that predicts a cone-shaped zone of activation and emission. C₆₀⁺ differs from Au^₃+ in that it delivers its energy closer to the surface, and it is argued this has consequences for the cluster ion distribution and yield. Increasing the ion dose by sputtering suppresses the yield of (H₂O)_n⁺ and increases the yield of the protonated ions in the small cluster region, whereas the yield in the large cluster regime is suppressed significantly. The three primary ions show rather different behavior, and this is discussed in the light of the sputtering models. Finally, negative ion spectra including cluster ions have been observed for the first time. C₆₀⁺ delivers the highest yields, but these are less than 10 times the positive ion yields, probably because the O and OH fragment ions on which the clusters are based are easily neutralized by protons.

A case study on waste auditing in an ice cream factory

The management of the ice cream factory concerned in this study strongly felt the importance of undertaking a waste audit of its biggest waste generator, the ice cream plant. Ice cream wastewater constitutes as much as 74% of the total volume of wastewater discharged by the company to the central treatment plant of the Industrial Estate in which the factory is situated. Generation of ice cream wastes is attributed to the high consumptive use of water in the plant for washing and cleaning operations. As a result of waste auditing, methods were proposed to save water and to segregate the waste, and to modify the existing wastewater treatment system of the ice cream plant for better treatment efficiency.

Influence of sea-ice structure on minke whale and other krill-predator distribution

This thesis investigated the extent to which sea-ice structure and complexity could be measured to identify suitable feeding habitat for krill-eating predators such as the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). The results of this study suggest that the distribution and movement of minke whales is limited by the structure of the sea ice and that the sea ice influences minke whales' habitat use more than their overall distribution. Similar relationships were found for other krill predators such as Adelie penguins and crabeater seals.

Iranian venacular ice- houses: Notable example of a traditional architecture in proportion to its climatic conditions

ABSTRACT
Iranian architecture is shaped in related to its Hot - Dry climate and has provided interesting answers to the Iranian's needs. In this climate, most of the buildings are constructed by mud or sun - dried bricks. There are so many facilities that Iranian architecture has provided for better living such as: Wind - Catcher (which exhausts warm air from buildings during the day), Cisterns (which have a cylindrical store place in the depth of the earth for storing the cold fresh water during the hot seasons), Ice - Houses with walls behind which water in shallow channels friezes at nights, etc. The great heritage of Iranian architecture and traditions are still not known until now. The cons- tructing traditions of vernacular architecture in Iran, reveals the mystery of using natural energy sources that reduce the need to fossil fuel. Among different Iranian cultural heritage, Ice-Houses are selected as the main subject of this article.

The exception to the rule : Retreating ice front makes Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii migrate slower in spring than in autumn

In the vast majority of migratory bird species studied so far, spring migration has been found to proceed faster than autumn migration. In spring, selection pressures for rapid migration are purportedly higher, and migratory conditions such as food supply, daylength, and/or wind support may be better than in autumn. In swans, however, spring migration appears to be slower than autumn migration. Based on a comparison of tundra swan Cygnus columbianus tracking data with long-term temperature data from wheather stations, it has previously been suggested that this was due to a capital breeding strategy (gathering resources for breeding during spring migration) and/or to ice cover constraining spring but not autumn migration. Here we directly test the hypothesis that Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii follow the ice front in spring, but not in autumn, by comparing three years of GPS tracking data from individual swans with concurrent ice cover data at five important migratory stop-over sites. In general, ice constrained the swans in the middle part of spring migration, but not in the first (no ice cover was present in the first part) nor in the last part. In autumn, the swans migrated far ahead of ice formation, possibly in order to prevent being trapped by an early onset of winter. We conclude that spring migration in swans is slower than autumn migration because spring migration speed is constrained by ice cover. This restriction to spring migration speed may be more common in northerly migrating birds that rely on freshwater resources. © 2013 The Authors.

A reassessment of non-union employee representation in the UK: developments since the 'ICE' age

In light of new legislation pertaining to information and consultation in the UK, the need to reassess the realms of employee involvement and participation, especially non-union forms, is critically apparent. This article explores the character of non-union employee representation arrangements established in the context of the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004, drawing on case study evidence from two UK-based manufacturing organisations. The findings highlight some important dynamics concerning the use of non-union employee representation; not least that the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations have impacted in very different ways from those anticipated by the legislation.

Modeling Ice Cover on Trails at Grand Canyon National Park

This project used data from the National Park Service, the SRTM data set, and recorded weather conditions to predict snow deposition and snow and ice melt in the Grand Canyon National Park. This model, a simplified version of previous research, shows the location of persistent ice and snow on the Canyon slopes in March.

Estudo histórico para avaliar o uso da associação da ifosfamida, carboplatina e etoposide (ICE) para tratamento de neoplasias refratárias em pacientes pediátricos e adolescentes

O prognóstico das crianças com tumores sólidos malignos recidivados ou refratários permanece desfavorável apesar dos avanços significativos alcançados nos últimos anos em Oncologia Pediátrica. Estudos visando identificar opções terapêuticas mais eficazes torna-se, portanto, de fundamental importância para estes pacientes. Existem evidências na literatura que demonstram que as drogas utilizadas neste estudo tem, quando usadas isoladamente ou em combinação, atividade em neoplasias malignas recidivadas ou refratárias. A Carboplatina (C) apresenta respostas objetivas em um grande número de pacientes pediátricos com câncer, assim como a Ifosfamida (I) e o Etoposide (E). A combinação destas 3 drogas, em um regime que passaremos a designar como ICE, tem potencial de aumentar os índices de resposta, embora aumente também os riscos de toxicidade. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta e a toxicidade deste regime em pacientes com tumores sólidos malignos recidivados ou refratários diagnosticados antes dos 18 anos de idade. O ICE consistiu de Ifosfamida na dose 3g/m2/dia IV por 3 dias consecutivos associada a mesna como uroprotetor, em doses equivalentes, Etoposide 160 mg/m2/dia IV por 3 dias consecutivos e Carboplatina 400 mg/m2/dia IV durante 2 dias. Os ciclos foram repetidos com intervalos de 21 a 28 dias. Foram revisados 21 prontuários de pacientes tratados com este regime, entre julho de 1996 a novembro de 2000. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados para toxicidade e 19 pacientes foram avaliados para resposta. Um total de 93 ciclos de ICE foram administrados. A média dos ciclos de ICE recebidos foi de 4,4 (1-8). Os pacientes receberam um máximo de 8 ciclos. Todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo, receberam no mínimo 1 esquema quimioterápico prévio. A taxa de resposta completa + parcial foi de 52,6%. Os efeitos tóxicos incluíram mielossupressão, febre, naúseas ou vômitos, nefrotoxicidade, leve disfunção hepática e neurotoxicidade. Em 78% dos ciclos houve neutropenia grau 4 (contagem de neutrófilos menor de 500/microlitro). Trombocitopenia graus 3 e 4 foi observado em 73,1% dos ciclos administrados e em 82% destes foram necessárias transfusões de plaquetas. Anemia grau 3 a 4 ocorreu em 61,2% dos ciclos e em 75 (80,6%) dos 93 ciclos administrados foi necessário transfusão de glóbulos vermelhos. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou hematúria macroscópica e em 19,3 % dos ciclos houve hematúria microscópica. Duas crianças apresentaram nefrotoxicidade tubular renal. Em conclusão, este estudo mostra que o ICE é uma combinação ativa em crianças com tumores sólidos refratários/recidivados. Embora esteja associado a mielossupressão severa, a incidência de infecção encontra-se dentro de índices considerados aceitáveis para este grupo de pacientes. O dano tubular renal é a toxicidade não hematológica mais significativa e, portanto, recomenda-se cuidados e monitorização da função renal durante o período de tratamento. Embora o uso do ICE seja factível mesmo sem o uso de fatores de crescimento hematopoiéticos em pacientes previamente submetidos a quimioterapia, a maioria deles necessita terapia de suporte, principalmente de transfusões de hemoderivados e antimicrobianos. A identificação de pacientes e patologias com maior índice de respostas requer a realização de estudos no futuro com maior número de pacientes a nível multi-institucional.

Mobilidades Urbanas - Skating over thin ice: Mobility pioneers and the risk society

Em uma conjuntura de expansão urbana, intensificação do consumo, mudança climática e escassez de petróleo, o tema das mobilidades assume inquestionável importância econômica, social e ambiental. O seminário internacional "Mobilidades Urbanas: Alicerces para Pesquisas Transnacionais" volta-se, por um lado, para a fomentação do debate em torno do paradigma das novas mobilidades - envolvendo mobilidade espacial e socioeconômica, entre outras - e de sua aplicabilidade no contexto brasileiro; por outro, para a capacitação de pesquisadores cujas investigações tematizam os processos de mobilidade social e espacial a partir de perspectivas comparativas e transnacionais.

Development of a quality index method (QIM) sensory scheme and study of shelf-life of ice-stored blackspot seabream (Pagellus bogaraveo)

The aim of this work was to develop a quality index method (QIM) scheme for whole ice-boxed refrigerated blackspot seabream and to perform shelf-life evaluations, using sensory analysis, GR Torrymeter measurements and bacterial counts of specific spoilage organisms (SSO) during chilled storage. A QIM scheme based on a total of 30 demerit points was developed. Sensory, physical and microbiological data were integrated and used to determine the rejection point. Results indicated that the shelf-life of blackspot seabream is around 12-13 days. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.