Institutional landmarks in Brazilian research on soil erosion: a historical overview

The problem of soil erosion in Brazil has been a focus of agricultural scientific research since the 19th century. The aim of this study was to provide a historical overview of the institutional landmarks which gave rise to the first studies in soil erosion and established the foundations of agricultural research in Brazil. The 19th century and beginning of the 20th century saw the founding of a series of institutions in Brazil, such as Botanical Gardens, executive institutions, research institutes, experimental stations, educational institutions of agricultural sciences, as well as the creation and diversification of scientific journals. These entities, each in its own way, served to foster soil erosion research in Brazil. During the Imperial period (1808-1889), discussions focused on soil degradation and conserving the fertility of agricultural land. During the First Republic (1889-1930), with the founding of various educational institutions and consolidation of research on soil degradation conducted by the Agronomic Institute of Campinas in the State of São Paulo, studies focused on soil depletion, identification of the major factors causing soil erosion and the measures necessary to control it. During the New State period (1930-1945), many soil conservation practices were developed and disseminated to combat erosion and field trials were set up, mainly to measure soil and water losses induced by hydric erosion. During the Brazilian New Republic (1945-1964), experiments were conducted throughout Brazil, consolidating soil and water conservation as one of the main areas of Soil Science in Brazil. This was followed by scientific conferences on erosion and the institutionalization of post-graduate studies. During the Military Regime (1964-1985), many research and educational institutions were founded, experimental studies intensified, and coincidently, soil erosion reached alarming levels which led to the development of the no-tillage system.

Milloin natiivi korjaa ei-natiivin kielioppia keskustelussa?

Summary: When does a native speaker correct the grammar of a non-native speaker in conversation

Fachkräftemangel in Deutschland - Traducción de un informe del Bundestag sobre la falta de mano de obra cualificada en Alemania

El presente trabajo consiste en la traducción y el análisis de un informe sobre la falta de mano de obra cualificada en Alemania publicado en 2012 por el Bundestag. A partir del texto traducido se analizan varios problemas léxicos y gramaticales de la traducción entre el alemán y el español.

Narration und Diagrammatik. Eine Vorüberlegung und sieben Thesen

[Narrative and the Diagrammatic. Preliminary Thoughts and Seven Theses.] This article proposes a view of narrative that does not depend on the traditional perspective of temporal sequence but emphasizes the spatial structure of literary narrative. Contrary to the prevalent treatment of space in narrative theory, the notion of spatiality in this context refers not to the space that is represented by the narrative (e.g. the setting and other spatial elements of the fictional world) but to the space that represents it: first, the graphic surface of the text; second, the (quasi-)spatial mental representation of its content that is produced in the process of reception. It is argued that these conditions form the primary ontological mode of narrative, whereas the temporal development of a story is an aesthetic illusion that has been specifically stimulated by the narrative conventions of approximately the past three centuries and must thus be considered a secondary effect. The diagrammatic, as a way of both depicting data and perceiving relations through spatial representation, thus forms a more adequate methodological approach to understanding narrative structure than approaches that are implicitly derived from the 'grammar' of narrative in the structuralist sense and its sequential logic.

As primeiras vinte reuniões anuais da SBQ: uma visão da evolução da química no Brasil

An analysis of the different activities carried out during the first twenty annual meetings (1978-1997) of the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ) is presented. The number of papers in the abstract book increased from around 300 in the biennium 78/79 to around 1230 in 96/97. The papers contained in the different sections of the abstract book in the 1st (1978), 10th (1987) and 19th (1996) annual meetings were grouped according to the regions of Brazil the authors' institutions were from, or abroad, and also considering whether the paper came from one institution or was a collaboration between two or more institutions. The relative contribution of the southeastern and northern regions decreased from 77% and 3.0% of the total in 1978 to 63% and 1.2% in 1996, respectively, while those of the northeastern, southern and midwestern regions increased from 12%, 4.8% and 0.6% to 15%, 13%, and 2.6%, respectively; the relative contribution of institutions from abroad also increased from 2.4% to 4.0%. Chemistry of Natural Products and Organic Chemistry decreased their relative contribution from around 55% in 1978 to around 28% in 1996, an evolution towards a more balanced development of the different areas of chemistry in Brazil.

A missing spatial link in institutional quality

History tells that institutions evolve gradually over time, pushing new ideas across borders and cultures. Globalisation is argued to accelerate this process. We examine the spatial links of different political institutions across borders. Applying various tests for spatial proximity, we do not find evidence of contemporaneous spatial links. This result is robust to various measures of distance and of cultural proximity across countries. Instead, when we analyse long run dynamics diffusion of institutions seems to occur only gradually.

A importância da Química Analítica Qualitativa nos cursos de Química das instituições de ensino superior brasileiras

The results of a survey of institutions offering undergraduate studies, with the objective of evaluating the importance of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry for Chemistry courses in Brazil, are presented and discussed. Judging by the data, the content of the course of Qualitative Analytical Chemistry is considered by the Brazilian institutions offering undergraduate studies to be a body of knowledge essential for the formation of the chemist. This aspect is deemed valid for both baccalaureate and teaching license studies.

Graduação em química: avaliação, perspectivas e desafios

Poor standards in schools and the increase in the number of institutions of higher education - frequently without the due control - have adversely affected the quality of university level education in Brazil. On the other hand, evaluation of undergraduate courses, which has been carried out regularly since the min 1990's allow, within certain limits, a description of the quality Brazilian higher education courses in general, and Chemistry courses in specific. This paper evaluates the results of the national examinations (2000 and 2003's ENC, and 2005's ENADE), attrition rates for the 1990's and for the 2000-2005 period, as well as the perceptions of students and instructors that took part in those exams. Furthermore, the paper also analyzes the opinions of academics and of private sector professionals about the educational system's capacity to meet the job market's demand for skilled labor force. The actual profile of Chemistry graduates is then compared to what is demanded from them by the market, revealing deficiencies in the educational system. The expected essential curricula changes that would introduce an innovative and advanced approach in the undergraduate courses have become great challenges. In this sense, the paper seeks to reflect on questions such as: How to give informative courses a formative emphasis? Which programs should be included in the curricula to involve students in activities that require initiative and decision-making, thus fostering both learning and interest in Chemistry? How to prepare instructors for schools and for higher education? How to increase instruction in related areas without expanding the curricula excessively? How to introduce entrepreneurship in the curricula and further awareness of the professional non-academic careers in the area?

Aprendizaje léxico y desarrollo de la gramática: vocabulario verbal, aceleración morfológica y complejidad sintáctica

This paper studies the initial development of certain language components. More precisely, we analyse the relation between three aspects that are closely involved in the grammar of the verb: morphological productivity, syntactic complexity, and verb vocabulary learning. The study is based on data about the relationship between lexical development and grammatical development, and also on proposals that a critical mass of vocabulary is needed in order to develop a grammatical component. The sample comprised six subjects who are monolingual or bilingual in Catalan andlor Spanish. Results show a morphological spurt some time afer the learning of a certain quantity of verbs. Moreover, syntactic complexity is only evident some months after this morphological spurt

O primeiro curso regular de química no Brasil

Chemistry gradually became a discipline in a number of institutions in Brazil after the arrival of the Portuguese court in 1808. The first of these was the Royal Military Academy in Rio de Janeiro, founded by the Prince Regent in 1810. Due to lack of local personnel for the post of Professor of Chemistry the British chemist Daniel Gardner was hired. He occupied that chair until his retirement in 1825. In this article we discuss the circumstances involving the creation of that chair, its occupant and the contents of his course.

Psykoosin kielioppi

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Isänmaanrakkauden rajat. Asevelvollisuus ja aseistakieltäytyminen Sana ja Miekka sekä Rauhaa Kohti -lehdissä 1924–1931

Tutkielmassani käsittelen asevelvollisuutta ja aseistakieltäytymistä Suomessa 1920– 1930-luvulla. Vuoden 1922 asevelvollisuuslaki salli aseettoman palvelun armeijaa hyödyttävässä työssä uskonnollisen vakaumuksen perusteella, mutta kaikki armeijalaitoksen sisällä suoritettavasta palvelusta kieltäytyvät luokiteltiin poliittisesti epäluotettaviksi. Vuonna 1931 eduskunta sääti Suomen ensimmäisen siviilipalveluslain. Laki mahdollisti ”siveellisille” aseistakieltäytyjille asevelvollisuuden suorittamisen armeijalaitoksesta erotetussa työssä. Tutkimalla vuosina 1924–1929 ilmestyneen aatteellisen maanpuolustuslehden, Sanan ja Miekan, sekä Suomen Rauhanliiton Rauhaa Kohti -lehden vuosikertoja 1925–1931 tutkielmassani selvitän, millaisia isänmaataan rakastavan ja ”siveellisen” kansalaisuuden ihanteiden tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia kamppailussa aseistakieltäytymisoikeuden puolesta hyödynnettiin. Tarkastelen aseistakieltäytyjän määrittämistä poliittisesti epäluotettavaksi sodan sosiaali- ja kulttuurihistoriallisesta sekä nationalismin tutkimuksen näkökulmista. Lähtökohtana on sodan ja armeijan vaikutus laajemmin kulttuurisiin rakenteisiin, kuten isänmaanrakkauden, kansakunnan ja miehisyyden määrittelyihin, sekä sodan väkivallan uhrautumiseksi merkityksellistämisen keskeisyys nationalistisissa kansallisvaltioissa. Käsittelen kamppailua aseistakieltäytymisoikeudesta Axel Honnethin teoksessaan Struggle for Recognition. The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts esittämän yhteiskunnallisen kamppailun teorian kautta. Lähestyn vaatimuksia aseistakieltäytymisoikeudesta kamppailuna tunnustamisesta. Sanassa ja Miekassa sodasta rakennettiin myyttinen kansakunnan syntymisen paikka. Jääkärit esitettiin isänmaanrakkauden ja ”siveellisen” kansalaisuuden esikuvina. Suhtautuminen sodan väkivaltaan kansakuntaa luovana uhrina muodosti osan sitä arvohorisonttia, johon samastuminen tulkittiin isänmaataan rakastavan kansalaisen määreeksi. Asevelvollisuusarmeija kuvattiin instituutiona, jossa väkivaltaa uhrautumiseksi merkityksellistävän arvohorisontin sisällä vallitsi moraalinen velvoite suhtautua eettisesti toisiin. Eettisiin tunnesuhteisiin liittyen armeija nähtiin moraalikasvatuksen ja yksilön persoonallisuuden kehittymisen paikkana. Tästä näkökulmasta sotaa ja väkivaltaa kritisoivat pasifistit ja aseistakieltäytyjät asettuivat kansakunnan ulkopuolelle ja määritettiin poliittisesti epäluotettaviksi. Rauhaa Kohti -lehdessä isänmaanrakkauteen yhdistettiin kristillinen lähimmäisenrakkaus, universaalit ihmisoikeudet ja tulkittiin nämä periaatteet kulttuurin kehittymisen taustalla. Lehdessä ei kielletty ristiriitaa aseistakieltäytymisen ja asevelvollisuuslainsäädännön välillä, mutta esitettiin tämä ristiriita luonteeltaan ”siveellisenä”. ”Siveellisyydellä” viitattiin ihmisoikeuksiin sekä snellmanilaiseen poliittiseen asenteeseen. Käsite mahdollisti valtion harjoittaman legitiimin väkivallan ja siihen liittyvien väkivallan myönteisten merkitysten kritisoinnin kyseenalaistamatta kuitenkaan valtion auktoriteettia.

Strategic communication : practice, ideology and dissonance

This dissertation approaches the manifestations of ideology in U.S. Strategic Communication. The discussion approaches Strategic Communication by relating it to the Enlightenment narratives and suggesting these narratives maintain similar social and political functions. This dissertation aims to address the key contents and mechanisms of Strategic Communication by covering the perspectives of (i) communication as leadership as well as (ii) communication as discourse , i.e. practice and contents. Throughout the empirical part of the dissertation, the communication theoretical discussion is supported by a methodological framework that bridges Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and functional language theory. According to the principles of CDA, Strategic Communication is treated as ideological, hegemonic discourse that impacts social order. The primary method of analysis is transitivity analysis, which is concerned with how language and its patterns construe reality. This analysis is complemented with a discussion on the rituals of production and interpretation, which can be treated as visual extensions of textual transitivity. The concept of agency is the key object of analysis. From the perspective of leadership, Strategic Communication is essentially a leadership model through which the organization defines itself, its aims and legitimacy. This dissertation arrives to the conclusion that Strategic Communication is used not only as a concept for managing Public Relations and information operations. It is an esse ntial asset in the inter-organization management of its members. The current developments indicate that the concept is developing towards even heavier measures of control. From the perspective of language and discourse, the key narratives of Strategic Communication are advocated with the intrinsic values of democracy and technological progress as the prerequisites of ethics and justice. The transitivity patterns reveal highly polarized agency. The agency of the Self is typically outsourced to technology. Further, the transitivity pa tterns demonstrate how the effects-centric paradigm of warfare has created a lexicon that is ideologically exclusive. It has led to the development of two mutually exclusive sets of vocabulary, where the desc riptions of legitimate ac tion exclude Others by default. These ideological discourses have become naturalized in the official vocabulary of strategic planning and le adership. Finally, the analysis of the images of the captures and deaths of Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden and Muammar Gaddafi bring the discussion back to the themes of the Enlightenment by demonstrating how democracy is framed to serve political purposes. The images of democracy are essentially images of violence. Contrary to the official, instrumental and humanitari an narratives of Strategic Communication, it is the grammar of expressive, violent rituals that serve as the instrument of unity.

Not Going it Alone: The US National Agenda for Digital Stewardship and Repositories

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Practical preservation with Arkivum & Eprints

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014