Efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida

O câncer de mama é o segundo tipo de neoplasia mais prevalente no mundo e o mais comum entre as mulheres. É descrito que o padrão de consumo alimentar materno e paterno está relacionado à suscetibilidade da prole ao desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, inclusive o câncer. A amora-preta é uma das frutas com maior conteúdo antioxidante e seus compostos bioativos possuem atividade antioxidante, anticarcinogênica e anti-inflamatória. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho propõe avaliar os efeitos do consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta (Rubus spp.) na suscetibilidade da prole feminina ao desenvolvimento de neoplasias mamárias quimicamente induzidas. Para tanto, camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos: pai amora (PA), mãe amora (MA), pai e mãe amora (PMA) e controle (CTRL). Os pais receberam extrato de amora-preta logo após o desmame durante 8 semanas e as mães receberam o extrato durante a gestação e lactação. O extrato de amora-preta foi administrado na água de beber (0.84g de antocianinas/L) ad libitum. Os pais tratados com extrato de amora apresentaram redução na atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD) e da catalase (CAT) no testículo (p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente), aumento na capacidade antioxidante plasmática, na porcentagem de espermatozoides normais e na produção diária de espermatozóides em relação ao grupo controle (p<0.001 para todos). Além disso, os grupos PA, MA e PMA apresentaram aumento na taxa de prenhez (p<0.05) e redução da mortalidade perinatal (p<0.01, p<0.05 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Em relação à prole feminina não submetida à carcinogênese foi observada redução na capacidade antioxidante plasmática nos grupos PA (p<0.001) e MA (p<0.01), enquanto o grupo PMA apresentou aumento nesse parâmetro (p<0.001). No desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, houve aumento do desenvolvimento epitelial nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.001 para todos), de diferenciação nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.01 para ambos) e da taxa de apoptose nos grupos MA e PMA (p<0.05), além de redução no número de TEBs nos grupos PA, MA e PMA (p<0.01, p<0.001 e p<0.001, respectivamente). Não foram observadas alterações significativas nas filhas submetidas à indução química da carcinogênese mamária por DMBA. Assim, é possível concluir que apesar de ter alterado o desenvolvimento da glândula mamária, o consumo materno e/ou paterno de extrato de amora-preta não foi capaz de impactar sobre a suscetibilidade da prole feminina à carcinogênese mamária quimicamente induzida.

Desenvolvimento de emulsões o/a contendo extrato glicólico de açai e avaliação da atividade fotoprotetora

Sunscreen use is the most common photoprotection alternative used by the population, and so these products should offer improved protection with broad - spectrum, UVA and UVB protection . Vegetal substances have recently been considered as resources for sunscreen formulations due to their UV spectrum absorption and antioxidant properties. The Euterpe oleracea Mart., popularly known as açai, in its che mical composition contain polyphenols compounds, such as anthocyanins and flavonoids , to which antioxidant properties have been attributed . The aim of this work was to develop O/W sunscreens emulsions con taining açai glycolic extract ( AGE) and to evaluate both their physical stability , safety and photoprotective efficacy. The safety of the extract was evaluated by in vitro phototoxicity and cytotoxicity tests. Emulsions containing AGE and sunscreens were formulated using different types and concentrations o f polymeric surfactant (Acrylates/C 10 - 30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer and Sodium Polyacrylate). The influence of two rheology modifiers (Polyacrylamide (and) C13 - 14/Isoparaffin (and) Laureth - 7 and Carbomer) on the stability was also investigated. Physical stability was evaluated by preliminary and accelerated studies. The macroscopic analyses, pH value and electrical conductivity determinations and rheological behavior were evaluated at different time intervals . The in vivo Sun Protect Factor ( SPF ) was determined according to the International Sun Protection Factor Test Method – 2006 and UVA Protection Factor (FPUVA), wavelength critical and reason SPF/FPUVA were performed according to the method Colipa 2011. The extract did not present cytotoxic ity and phototoxic ity . The stable emulsion containing 5% glycolic extract of açai and 1.0% of sodium poliyacrylate showed pseudoplastic and thixotropic behavior . The sunscreen emulsion containing açai glycolic extract showed a SPF 25.3 and PF - UVA = 14.97. Whe n açai glycolic extract was added in the emulsion sunscreen, no significant increase in the in vivo SPF and FPUVA values were observed. This emulsion showed 1.69 of the SPF/PF - UVA ratio and a critical wavelength value of 378 nm, so may therefore be conside red a sunscreen with UVA and UVB protection.

Atividade toxicológica do extrato das folhas de Kalanchoe brasiliensis em camundongos Swiss

The species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) are widely used in Brazil as a medicinal product to treat cough, boils, gastritis and other diseases. In this scenario stands out K. brasiliensis, popularly known as coirama or saião. This paper aims at the oral exposure of mice to a hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Kalanchoe brasiliensis. The animals (total of 100) were divided into 12 groups (6 males and 6 females) for the acute assessment; and groups of 10 for subchronic evaluation. Test groups were treated with doses of 250 mg / kg, 500 mg / kg, 1000 mg / kg and 2000 mg / kg and the control group received 0.9% saline. The animals were observed for 14 days for acute evaluation and 30 days for subchronic evaluation, and in that period analyzed the appearance of clinical signs, changes in weight and consumption of water and food. After the observation period, histopathological analysis of the organs, biochemical serum and haematological parameters for the assessment of the subchronic groups were processed. Differences and changes in body weight were not observed among the groups, nor consumption of water and food, there were no deaths among the groups in the two types of assays. Histopathological analysis showed some alterations compatible with low acute hepatic toxicity. The results of blood glucose, triglycerides, ALT, urea and creatinine showed differences between the control group and the test concentrations studied (p <0.05), but these differences do not show relevant change in the clinical picture of animals. The results showed that the extract K. brasiliensis has low acute toxicity at the doses used and no toxicity when administered for 30 days. This highlights the importance of this species as future and promising candidate for phytotherapics, so has its pharmacological trials completed.

Avaliação da atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato aquoso, frações e compostos identificados nos frutos de Hancornia Speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae)

Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), popularly known as ‘mangabeira’, has been used in folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, hypertension, dermatitis, diabetes, liver diseases and stomach disorders. Regarding the Hancornia speciosa fruits, the ethnobotany indicates its use especially for treating inflammation and tuberculosis. However, no study has been done so far to prove such biological activities. The objective was evaluation anti-inflammatory activity from the fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (mangabeira). Aqueous extract was prepared by decoction, subsequently submitted the liquid-liquid fractionation. The secondary metabolites were identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with detector diode array (HPLC-DAD) and liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS). The anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions of the fruits from H. speciosa, as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. In vivo tests comprised the xylene-induced ear edema that was measured the formation of edema, carrageenan-induced peritonitis was evaluated the total leukocytes at 4h and zymosan-induced air pouch was measured the total leukocytes and differential cell count at 6, 24 and 48 hours, whereas in vitro tests were evaluated levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α using ELISA obtained of carrageenan-induced peritonitis model. The results showed the presence of rutin and chlorogenic acid were detected in the aqueous extract from H. speciosa fruits by HPLC-DAD and LC-DAD-ME. Furthermore, the aqueous extracts and fractions, as well as rutin and chlorogenic acid significantly inhibited the xilol-induced ear edema and reduced cell migration in the animal models such as carrageenan-induced peritonitis and zymosan-induced air pouch. In addition, reduced levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α were observed. This is the first study that demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract from Hancornia speciosa fruits against different inflammatory agents in animal models, suggesting that their bioactive molecules, especially rutin and chlorogenic acid contributing, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extract. These findings support the widespread use of Hancornia speciosa in popular medicine and demonstrate that this aqueous extract has therapeutic potential for the development of a herbal drugs with anti-inflammatory properties.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de nanoemulsões cosméticas contendo extrato de Opuntia ficus-indica L. Mill e avaliação in vivo da eficácia hidratante

Nanoemulsions are emulsified systems, characterized for reduced droplet size (50- 500nm), which the main characteristic are kinect stability and thermodynamic instability. These are promising systems on cosmetic area due to their droplet size that provide different advantages when compared to conventional systems, among others, larger surface area and better permeability. The Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill is a plant cultivated on Caatinga Brazilian biome, which has great socioeconomic importance to region. This plant shows carbohydrates utilized for cosmetic industry as moisturizing active in their chemical composition. The aim of study was to develop, characterize, evaluate stability and moisturizing efficacy of cosmetic nanoemulsions added to Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill extract. Nanoemulsions preparation was made using a low energy method. Different nanoemulsions were formulated varying the ratio of oil, water and surfactant phases beyond xanthan gum (0.5% e 1%) and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill hydroglycolic extract addition on 1% and 3%. Obtained nanoemulsions were submitted to preliminary and accelerated stability tests. The evaluated parameters monitored were: macroscopic aspect, pH value, droplet size, zeta potential and polydispersion index, during 60 days on different temperatures. Stable formulations were submitted to moisturizing efficacy assessment by capacitance and transepidermal water loss methodologies during 5 hours. Stable samples were white and showed homogeneous and fluid aspect, pH value was inside ideal range (4,5-6,0) to topical application and droplet size under 200nm characterizing these system as nanoemulsions. Developed nanoemulsions did not decrease transepidermal water loss, however increased the water content on stratum corneum, highlighting the nanoemulsions containing 0.5% of xanthan gum and 1% of hydroglycolic extract. This work presents cosmetic moisturizing nanoemulsions composed to vegetal raw material from Brazilian Caatinga with potential to be used on cosmetic area.

Avaliação da toxicidade subcrônica e reprodutiva do extrato seco de pericarpo de passiflora edulis variedade flavicarpa degener em ratos

The pericarp of Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Degener is now being investigated for medicine purposes. There are no reports about it toxicity. The aim of the present study was investigate the sub chronic toxicity in male rats and reproductive toxicity in pregnant rats and exposed fetuses of an extract obtained by infusion of the pericarp in water (1:3 m/v;100o C, 10 min). The extract composition was evaluated by tube reactions and thin lawyer chromatography (TLC). Adult male rats (n=8) were treated with 300 mg/kg of the extract, by gavage, during 30 days and pregnant rats (n=7) from gestation day 0 to day 20. Control received tap water (1 mL). Water and food intakes and body weight gain were recorded. At day 29 of treatment the sexual behavior of the males was analyzed and then half of males from each group received cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg, i.p.) to (anti)genotoxic assessment in bone marrow. At day 30, males were anesthesized for parameters collection. At day 20 of gestation, the dams were anesthesized for reproductive performance evaluation. The fetal analysis was conducted by visceral and skeletal. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, unspecific alkaloids, phenols and triterpenic compounds. Statistical analysis revealed absence of significant differences between experimental and control. This study suggest that the aqueous extract obtained from pericarp of P. edulis var. flavicarpa Degener was not able to promote toxic effects in rats. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with the PCE/NCE ratio (NCE=normochromatic erythrocytes). Statistical analysis (mean ± SEM) revealed absence of changes in the frequency of MNPCE (negative control: 3.26±0.42; positive control: 11.72±1.02; negative experimental: 4.02±0.13; positive experimental: 10.47±0.87) or cytotoxicity (negative control: 0.37±0.08; positive control: 0.23±0.05; negative experimental: 0.37±0.07; positive experimental: 0.23±0.02). This study suggests that the extracts showed no (anti)genotoxic and no cytotoxic activities under the experimental conditions.

Capacidade de adesão e formação de biofilme de Candida ssp. isoladas da cavidade oral de pacientes transplantados renais na presença do extrato de Eugenia uniflora

Candidiasis is a major oral manifestation in kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. possess essential virulence factors which contribute for the infectious process, including the ability to adhere to epithelial cells and biofilm formation. The extract obtained from the leaves of Eugenia uniflora [acetone: water (7:3, v/v)] has demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida spp. This study evaluated the influence of the extract of E. uniflora in adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC) and biofilm formation of 42 strains of Candida spp. isolated from the oral cavity of kidney transplant patients. Candida spp. strains belonging to a culture collection were reactivated and phenotypically re-identified by classical and molecular methods (genotyping ABC and RAPD), when necessary, to complete the identification to the species level. For the virulence tests evaluated in vitro, yeasts were grown in the presence and absence of 1000 g/mL of the extract. A ratio of 10: 1 (Candida spp. cells x HBECs) was incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C, 200 rpm, fixed with 10% formalin and the number of Candida cells adhered to 150 HBEC determined by optical microscope. Biofilms were formed on polystyrene microplates in the presence or absence of the extract. The quantification was performed with crystal violet staining at 570 nm. All isolates were viable and exhibited phenotypic characteristics suggestive of each species identified. Two strains presumptively identified as Candida dubliniensis belonged to this species as determined with genotyping ABC, while strains identified as belonging to the Candida parapsilosis species complex were differentiated by RAPD genotyping. Candida albicans was found to be the most adherent species to the buccal epithelia, while C. tropicalis showed remarkable biofilm formation.We could detect that the extract of E. uniflora was able to reduce adhesion to HBEC for both Candida albicans and non-Candida albicans Candida species. On the other hand, only 16 Candida spp. strains (36 %) showed reduced biofilm formation. However, two highly biofilm producer strains of C. tropicalis had an expressive reduction in biofilm formation. This study reinforces the idea that besides growth inhibition, E. uniflora may interfere with the expression of some virulence factors of Candida spp., and may be possibly applied in the future as a novel antifungal agent.

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetanólico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos in vitro e in vivo do extrato hidroetanólico dos frutos de Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae) em camundongos Swiss

The therapeutic use of medicinal plants has contributed since antiquity in a beneficial way for health. However, many species lacks of scientific evidence which provide basis for their use in therapeutic practice. In this context is the Genipa americana L. species (Rubiaceae), popularly known as jenipapo and used to treat syfilis, ulcer and hemorrhagic disturbs. It's also used against bruising, as tonic and as aphrodisiac. Due this species lacks toxicological studies, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity in vivo (acute and sub-chronic toxicity) and in vitro (cytotoxicity) of the hydroethanolic extract from G. americana fruits. The hydroethanolic extract of G. americana fruits was prepared by maceration. A preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed to assess the presence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The cytotoxicity study of the extract (0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 mg / 100 ul) were performed against normal cells (3T3) and tumor (786-0, HepG2 and B16), analyzed by the MTT assay. To evaluate the acute (single dose of 2000 mg / Kg) and subchronic (100, 500 and 1000 mg / kg for 30 days) toxicity Swiss mice of both sexes were used. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and organs were collected for analysis. Data between groups were compared by t test or ANOVA with Dunnett's post-test with 5% significance level. The phytochemical study of the extracts mainly indicated the presence of iridoids. Results for cytotoxicity tests showed up to 70% inhibition of B16 cell line at a dose of 1000 mg / 100 ul, and up to 29% inhibition of 786-0 at a dose of 10 ug / 100 ul. The extract did not cause death in 3T3 and HepG2 cells. During the in vivo assays, there were no animal deaths. Analysis of blood samples revealed that the animals submitted to the evaluation of acute toxicity had changes in AST and ALT, and that the animals evaluated for subchronic toxicity showed changes in the relative wet weight of the kidney and plasma urea concentration. No differences were observed between groups on histopathological evaluation of the collected organs. Despite the changes found in the in vivo toxicity tests, using the criteria described by the OECD Guidelines, it is suggested that the hydroethanolic extract of the fruits of the G. americana is classified as low toxicity. The cytotoxicity of the extract suggests that they have potential against melanoma cell lines (B16).

Avaliação do efeito do extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de Anacardium occidentale L. em ratos submetidos à colite ulcerativa

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation in the intestinal mucosa, in most cases affects the colon and rectum. The therapeutic drugs are used as aminosalicylates and glucocorticosteroids, but due to the low response and the various side effects caused by them, reveals the need to search for new sources of useful compounds in the treatment of this disease.The species Anacardium occidentale popularly known as cashew, has been used for centuries in folk medicine in the healing aid of skin and mucosa lesions.Recent studies show its expressive antiulcerogenic effect, what we instigated to assess the effect of the extract of A. occidentaleleaves in rats with acute ulcerative colitis, therefore, 42 rats were used male Wistar, divided into 06 groups, and Negative Control (C) Positive Control (C +), treated with Sulfasalazine (Sz500) and treated with Extract A. occidentale at doses of 50 (Ao50), 100 (Ao100) and 200 mg / kg (Ao200).All groups were submitted to experimental colitis Ulcerative except C-, moreover, C- and C + received saline via gavage for 7 consecutive days while the other groups received their respective treatments.Euthanasia of animals took place on the 8th day in which it was collected intestinal colon sample for later analysis macroscopic, histopathological, morphometric and biochemistry, as well as complementary collection of blood and liver tissue. The extract is rich in saponins and phenolic compounds such as flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) and tannins.When the Sz500 groups and 100 showed significant protection to damage to lipids and proteins, among the groups subjected to experimental ulcerative colitis, the animals Ao100 group obtained the lowest score in all parameters analyzed.Treatment with 100 mg / kg of A. occidentale extract seems to have a combination of antiinflammatory, antioxidant, bactericidal and anabolic promoted by the bioactive compounds present in the extract.However, it is necessary to investigate harder treating dose of 100mg / kg to higher doses compared to elucidate more properly the best therapeutic dosage ulcerative colitis.

Inibição dos efeitos locais induzidos pelas peçonhas das serpentes Bothrops erythromelas e Bothrops jararaca pelo extrato aquoso das folhas de Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail

Snakebites are a serious public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and Bothrops genus is responsible for the accidents in Brazil and throughout Latin America (90% of cases). The local effects (pain, edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis) and systemic (cardiovascular alterations, shock and blood clotting disorders) caused by the venom of Bothrops are due to the numerous protein and non-protein components, which are part of the constitution of the poison. The only form of therapy is scientifically validated antivenom serum therapy which, however, is not effective with respect to local effects produced, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. Thus, the search for new alternatives to serum therapy becomes important, and in this context, many medicinal plants have been highlighted by the popular use as antiophidic. Among these plants, we can mention the species Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) which has popular use in traditional medicine as antiophidic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the neutralizing potential of local effects induced by the venom of Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca with the aqueous extract of the leaves of J. mollissima. The leaf extracts were prepared by decoction, fractionated (by liquid-liquid partition) and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antiophidic activity of the extract was evaluated in model of paw edema, peritonitis, bleeding and myotoxicity induced by venoms of B. jararaca and B. erythromelas. In all models, the extract was evaluated by intraperitoneal route at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, administered 30 minutes prior to injection of the venom (pretreatment protocol). Stains suggestive of the presence of flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside were detected in the extract by co-CCD. By means of HPLC were identified isoorientin, orientin, vitexin and isovitexin. All tested doses of J. mollissima extract reduced the paw edema induced by the venom with intensity similar to dexamethasone. The aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves on all evaluated doses, inhibited cell migration induced by B. jararaca and B. erythromelas promoting inhibition of recruitment of mononuclear cells and the polymorphonuclear cells. Local bleeding induced by B. jararaca venom was significantly inhibited by the extract. Both venoms were inhibited by the extract in myotoxic activity. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves have snakebite potential, particularly with respect to local effects, which may justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and complementary therapy as anti-venom serum.

Inibição dos efeitos locais induzidos pelas peçonhas das serpentes Bothrops erythromelas e Bothrops jararaca pelo extrato aquoso das folhas de Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Bail

Snakebites are a serious public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries and Bothrops genus is responsible for the accidents in Brazil and throughout Latin America (90% of cases). The local effects (pain, edema, hemorrhage and myonecrosis) and systemic (cardiovascular alterations, shock and blood clotting disorders) caused by the venom of Bothrops are due to the numerous protein and non-protein components, which are part of the constitution of the poison. The only form of therapy is scientifically validated antivenom serum therapy which, however, is not effective with respect to local effects produced, risk of immunological reactions, high cost and difficult access in some regions. Thus, the search for new alternatives to serum therapy becomes important, and in this context, many medicinal plants have been highlighted by the popular use as antiophidic. Among these plants, we can mention the species Jatropha mollissima (Euphorbiaceae) which has popular use in traditional medicine as antiophidic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antipyretic. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the neutralizing potential of local effects induced by the venom of Bothrops erythromelas and Bothrops jararaca with the aqueous extract of the leaves of J. mollissima. The leaf extracts were prepared by decoction, fractionated (by liquid-liquid partition) and characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Antiophidic activity of the extract was evaluated in model of paw edema, peritonitis, bleeding and myotoxicity induced by venoms of B. jararaca and B. erythromelas. In all models, the extract was evaluated by intraperitoneal route at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, administered 30 minutes prior to injection of the venom (pretreatment protocol). Stains suggestive of the presence of flavonoids: apigenin, luteolin, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and vitexin-2-O-rhamnoside were detected in the extract by co-CCD. By means of HPLC were identified isoorientin, orientin, vitexin and isovitexin. All tested doses of J. mollissima extract reduced the paw edema induced by the venom with intensity similar to dexamethasone. The aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves on all evaluated doses, inhibited cell migration induced by B. jararaca and B. erythromelas promoting inhibition of recruitment of mononuclear cells and the polymorphonuclear cells. Local bleeding induced by B. jararaca venom was significantly inhibited by the extract. Both venoms were inhibited by the extract in myotoxic activity. These results indicate that the aqueous extract of J. mollissima leaves have snakebite potential, particularly with respect to local effects, which may justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine and complementary therapy as anti-venom serum.

Efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcóolico de Turnera subulata na colite ulcerativa induzida por ácido acético em ratos

Inflammatory bowel diseases is composed by a set of chronic and inflammatory disorders, among them is ulcerative colitis (UC). UC treatment is based on anti-inflammatory administration; however, this group of drugs clearly leads to development of undesirable side effects, what stimulate the search for new therapies alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcholic Turnera subulata extract on acetic acid-induced acute UC in rats. UC was induced by 1 mL injection of 4% acetic acid via rectal in Wistar mouse. 42 animals were distributed among 6 experimental groups: Control, UC, Sulfasalazine 500 mg/Kg/day (SSZ), T. subulata 50mg/Kg/day (TS 50), T. subulata 100mg/Kg/day (TS 100), T. subulata 200mg/Kg/day (TS 200). Throughout the experiment, body weight, food and water ingestion was daily evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and a colon fragment was observed by macroscopic analysis. Colon fragments were also collected for microscopic analysis and oxidative stress evaluation. The means from each group was compared by ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05) using GraphPad Prism Software. As results, we can clearly observe that SSZ group had the greater body weight decrease among the groups throughout the experiments, 14.78%, as well as, the lowest food intake, 6.23 g of food/day. The animals treated with T. subulata extracts showed no important body weight loss when compared to control. UC group showed the highest tissue damage macroscope score, 6.5, while TS 50 showed the lowest tissue damage score: 1. Microscope evaluation showed the presence of edema, haemorraghia and ulceration in all group of animals, except for Control. Nevertheless, TS 50 showed the lowest inflammatory damage among all groups. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that T. subulata treatment modulate catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, we also observed a decrease in protein and lipid peroxidation in response to extract administration. Taken together, these results shows that T. subulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on experimental UC.

Efeito anti-inflamatório e antioxidante do extrato hidroalcóolico de Turnera subulata na colite ulcerativa induzida por ácido acético em ratos

Inflammatory bowel diseases is composed by a set of chronic and inflammatory disorders, among them is ulcerative colitis (UC). UC treatment is based on anti-inflammatory administration; however, this group of drugs clearly leads to development of undesirable side effects, what stimulate the search for new therapies alternatives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcholic Turnera subulata extract on acetic acid-induced acute UC in rats. UC was induced by 1 mL injection of 4% acetic acid via rectal in Wistar mouse. 42 animals were distributed among 6 experimental groups: Control, UC, Sulfasalazine 500 mg/Kg/day (SSZ), T. subulata 50mg/Kg/day (TS 50), T. subulata 100mg/Kg/day (TS 100), T. subulata 200mg/Kg/day (TS 200). Throughout the experiment, body weight, food and water ingestion was daily evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized and a colon fragment was observed by macroscopic analysis. Colon fragments were also collected for microscopic analysis and oxidative stress evaluation. The means from each group was compared by ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05) using GraphPad Prism Software. As results, we can clearly observe that SSZ group had the greater body weight decrease among the groups throughout the experiments, 14.78%, as well as, the lowest food intake, 6.23 g of food/day. The animals treated with T. subulata extracts showed no important body weight loss when compared to control. UC group showed the highest tissue damage macroscope score, 6.5, while TS 50 showed the lowest tissue damage score: 1. Microscope evaluation showed the presence of edema, haemorraghia and ulceration in all group of animals, except for Control. Nevertheless, TS 50 showed the lowest inflammatory damage among all groups. Oxidative stress analysis revealed that T. subulata treatment modulate catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, we also observed a decrease in protein and lipid peroxidation in response to extract administration. Taken together, these results shows that T. subulata extract exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on experimental UC.

Avaliação das atividades farmacológicas de fucoidans obtidos do extrato bruto de fucoidan comercial de Fucus vesiculosus

Fucoidan is a term used to define heteropolysaccharides that are composed of less than 90% L-fucose. The exception to this rule is the homofucoidan obtained from the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. This fucoidan can be purchased from SIGMA Co. and have been used in various research for evaluation of their pharmacological activities. However, it is not a pure molecule. In fact, it is a mix of several fucoidan molecules. In this work, were obtained, from acetone precipitation, and biochemically characterized, four fucoidan molecules from SIGMA-ALDRICH Co. fucoidan to evaluate their anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiadipogenic, immunomodulatory and antiurolithiatic activities. In anticoagulant activity, evaluated by aPTT assay, fucoidans F0.9, F1.1 and F2.0 increased eightfold the coagulation time, compared to the control, when a mass of 10 μg was used. To PT test, only fucoidan F0.9 was capable of increase the coagulation time, compared to control. In the total antioxidant capacity assay (TAC), the fucoidan F2.0 showed 400 ascorbic acid equivalents, while fucoidan F0.5, the lest effective, 38 equivalents. In respect to the effect on pre-adipocyte cell lines (3T3-L1) adipogenesis, was observed that fucoidan F1.1 and F2.0 reduced the adipogenesis and this effect was associated to the reduction in the expression of regulatoy proteins C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and PPARγ. On the other hand, fucoidans F0.5 and F0.9 induced increased expression of these regulatory proteins. Furthermore, fucoidan F2.0 induced hydrolysis of triglycerides present in the interior of adipocytes. The immunomodulatory effect was evaluated and observed that the presence of fucoidans F0.5 , F1.1 and F2.0 significantly reduced the production of nitric oxide by activated macrophages with LPS specially fucoidan F2.0 that in 100 μg/mL, reduced about 55% the effect caused by LPS. Relative to the effect upon the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, fucoidan F0.5 was more effective in reduce the aggregation of the crystals and this effect it was not significantly different regarding the effect caused by the crude. Besides, fucoidan F0.5 only promoted the formation of COD type crystals, while fucoidans F1.1 and F2.0 did not influence the formation of crystals compared with the control. The results described in this study indicate that the commercial crude fucoidan of Fucus vesiculosus it’s a mix of several fucoidan which, in turn, have different chemical compositions besides having different pharmacological activities. The use of these fucoidans it´s indicated according the pharmacological activity to be evaluated.