Estimating the demand curve for sustainable use of pesticides from contingent-valuation data

Stated-preference valuation techniques are often used to assess consumers' willingness-to-pay for food items produced in farming systems that adopt a sustainable use of pesticides (SUP). We propose an innovative valuation methodology in which dichotomous-choice contingent valuation is used to estimate the demand curve (price-quantity relationship) for such food items where price means price premium for the SUP output, quantity is the probability of choosing SUP and the conventional food product is kept available in the market at the current market price. This methodology can be used to evaluate market differentiation as a policy option to promote the SUP. The methodology is tested with data from a sample of urban consumers of fruits and vegetables in Portugal. The estimated demand curve is used to define the price level maximizing the total premium revenue for the SUP sector as a whole. This optimal level of the price premium is €77.55 (or 163% of the value of the monthly basket of fruits and vegetables at current prices). Adopting the optimal price premium will decrease the number of consumers of SUP food by 54%. The reduction is even higher for low income consumers (80%) leaving them more exposed to the risks of pesticide use.

Using a CGE Model to Identify the Policy Trade-Off between Unemployment and Inflation: The Efficient Phillips Curve

This paper provides a new reading of a classical economic relation: the short-run Phillips curve. Our point is that, when dealing with inflation and unemployment, policy-making can be understood as a multicriteria decisionmaking problem. Hence, we use so-called multiobjective programming in connection with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to determine the combinations of policy instruments that provide efficient combinations of inflation and unemployment. This approach results in an alternative version of the Phillips curve labelled as efficient Phillips curve. Our aim is to present an application of CGE models to a new area of research that can be especially useful when addressing policy exercises with real data. We apply our methodological proposal within a particular regional economy, Andalusia, in the south of Spain. This tool can give some keys for policy advice and policy implementation in the fight against unemployment and inflation.

An A Posteriori Error Indicator for Discontinuous Galerkin Approximations of Fourth Order Elliptic Problems

We introduce a residual-based a posteriori error indicator for discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of the biharmonic equation with essential boundary conditions. We show that the indicator is both reliable and efficient with respect to the approximation error measured in terms of a natural energy norm, under minimal regularity assumptions. We validate the performance of the indicator within an adaptive mesh refinement procedure and show its asymptotic exactness for a range of test problems.

Automorphism groups of non-orientable elliptic-hyperelliptic Klein surfaces with boundary

A classical study about Klein and Riemann surfaces consists in determining their groups of automorphisms. This problem is very difficult in general,and it has been solved for particular families of surfaces or for fixed topological types. In this paper, we calculate the automorphism groups of non-orientable bordered elliptic-hyperelliptic Klein surfaces of algebraic genus p> 5.

Economic development and Environmental quality: The environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution

The main aim of this study was to analyze evidence of an environmental Kuznets curve for water pollution in the developing and developed countries. The study was conducted based on a panel data set of 54 countries – that were categorized into six groups of “developed countries”, “developing countries”, “developed countries with low income”, “developed countries with high income” and “coastal countries”- between the years 1995 to 2006. The results do not confirm the inverted U-shape of EKC curve for the developed countries with low income. Based on the estimated turning points and the average GDP per capita, the study revealed at which point of the EKC the countries are. Furthermore, impacts of capital-and-labor ratio as well as trade openness are drawn by estimating different models for the EKC. The magnitude role of each explanatory variable on BOD was calculated by estimating the associated elasticity.

Energy norm a-posteriori error estimation for hp-adaptive discontinuous Galerkin methods for elliptic problems in three dimensions

We develop the energy norm a-posteriori error estimation for hp-version discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretizations of elliptic boundary-value problems on 1-irregularly, isotropically refined affine hexahedral meshes in three dimensions. We derive a reliable and efficient indicator for the errors measured in terms of the natural energy norm. The ratio of the efficiency and reliability constants is independent of the local mesh sizes and weakly depending on the polynomial degrees. In our analysis we make use of an hp-version averaging operator in three dimensions, which we explicitly construct and analyze. We use our error indicator in an hp-adaptive refinement algorithm and illustrate its practical performance in a series of numerical examples. Our numerical results indicate that exponential rates of convergence are achieved for problems with smooth solutions, as well as for problems with isotropic corner singularities.

Second-order elliptic PDE with discontinuous boundary data

We shall consider the weak formulation of a linear elliptic model problem with discontinuous Dirichlet boundary conditions. Since such problems are typically not well-defined in the standard H^1-H^1 setting, we will introduce a suitable saddle point formulation in terms of weighted Sobolev spaces. Furthermore, we will discuss the numerical solution of such problems. Specifically, we employ an hp-discontinuous Galerkin method and derive an L^2-norm a posteriori error estimate. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed error indicator in both the h- and hp-version setting. Indeed, in the latter case exponential convergence of the error is attained as the mesh is adaptively refined.

Sensitivity analysis in optimized parametric curve fitting

Purpose – Curve fitting from unordered noisy point samples is needed for surface reconstruction in many applications -- In the literature, several approaches have been proposed to solve this problem -- However, previous works lack formal characterization of the curve fitting problem and assessment on the effect of several parameters (i.e. scalars that remain constant in the optimization problem), such as control points number (m), curve degree (b), knot vector composition (U), norm degree (k), and point sample size (r) on the optimized curve reconstruction measured by a penalty function (f) -- The paper aims to discuss these issues -- Design/methodology/approach - A numerical sensitivity analysis of the effect of m, b, k and r on f and a characterization of the fitting procedure from the mathematical viewpoint are performed -- Also, the spectral (frequency) analysis of the derivative of the angle of the fitted curve with respect to u as a means to detect spurious curls and peaks is explored -- Findings - It is more effective to find optimum values for m than k or b in order to obtain good results because the topological faithfulness of the resulting curve strongly depends on m -- Furthermore, when an exaggerate number of control points is used the resulting curve presents spurious curls and peaks -- The authors were able to detect the presence of such spurious features with spectral analysis -- Also, the authors found that the method for curve fitting is robust to significant decimation of the point sample -- Research limitations/implications - The authors have addressed important voids of previous works in this field -- The authors determined, among the curve fitting parameters m, b and k, which of them influenced the most the results and how -- Also, the authors performed a characterization of the curve fitting problem from the optimization perspective -- And finally, the authors devised a method to detect spurious features in the fitting curve -- Practical implications – This paper provides a methodology to select the important tuning parameters in a formal manner -- Originality/value - Up to the best of the knowledge, no previous work has been conducted in the formal mathematical evaluation of the sensitivity of the goodness of the curve fit with respect to different possible tuning parameters (curve degree, number of control points, norm degree, etc.)

Maximum Principle for Elliptic and Parabolic Equations

Nel primo capitolo si riporta il principio del massimo per operatori ellittici. Sarà considerato, in un primo momento, l'operatore di Laplace e, successivamente, gli operatori ellittici del secondo ordine, per i quali si dimostrerà anche il principio del massimo di Hopf. Nel secondo capitolo si affronta il principio del massimo per operatori parabolici e lo si utilizza per dimostrare l'unicità delle soluzioni di problemi ai valori al contorno.

Numerical solution of an elliptic 3-dimensional Cauchy problem by the alternating method and boundary integral equations

We consider the Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in 3-dimensional doubly-connected domains, that is the reconstruction of a harmonic function from knowledge of the function values and normal derivative on the outer of two closed boundary surfaces. We employ the alternating iterative method, which is a regularizing procedure for the stable determination of the solution. In each iteration step, mixed boundary value problems are solved. The solution to each mixed problem is represented as a sum of two single-layer potentials giving two unknown densities (one for each of the two boundary surfaces) to determine; matching the given boundary data gives a system of boundary integral equations to be solved for the densities. For the discretisation, Weinert's method [24] is employed, which generates a Galerkin-type procedure for the numerical solution via rewriting the boundary integrals over the unit sphere and expanding the densities in terms of spherical harmonics. Numerical results are included as well.

Breaking the curve with candels: a Bayesian approach to reveal the non-universality of the dust-attenuation law at high redshift

Dust attenuation affects nearly all observational aspects of galaxy evolution, yet very little is known about the form of the dust-attenuation law in the distant universe. Here, we model the spectral energy distributions of galaxies at z ~ 1.5–3 from CANDELS with rest-frame UV to near-IR imaging under different assumptions about the dust law, and compare the amount of inferred attenuated light with the observed infrared (IR) luminosities. Some individual galaxies show strong Bayesian evidence in preference of one dust law over another, and this preference agrees with their observed location on the plane of infrared excess (IRX, L_TIR/L_UV) and UV slope (β). We generalize the shape of the dust law with an empirical model, A_ λ,σ =E(B-V)k_ λ (λ / λ v)^ σ where k_λ is the dust law of Calzetti et al., and show that there exists a correlation between the color excess E(B-V) and tilt δ with δ =(0.62±0.05)log(E(B-V))+(0.26±0.02). Galaxies with high color excess have a shallower, starburst-like law, and those with low color excess have a steeper, SMC-like law. Surprisingly, the galaxies in our sample show no correlation between the shape of the dust law and stellar mass, star formation rate, or β. The change in the dust law with color excess is consistent with a model where attenuation is caused by scattering, a mixed star–dust geometry, and/or trends with stellar population age, metallicity, and dust grain size. This rest-frame UV-to-near-IR method shows potential to constrain the dust law at even higher redshifts (z>3).

Modellazione assistita di curve di probabilità (POD) per il rilevamento di difetti strutturali mediante fibre ottiche

I sensori a fibre ottiche rappresentano una delle tecnologie più promettenti per il monitoraggio di varie strutture ingegneristiche. Tali sensori, dopo che sono stati incollati su differenti tipologie di strutture grazie a un dispositivo optoelettronico, restituiscono il profilo di deformazione del materiale ospite. Tuttavia, risulta piuttosto complicato ottenere queste curve, in quanto sono necessari numerosi provini che richiedono spese onerose e molto tempo per i singoli esperimenti. In più, si deve tenere in considerazione che i provini non sono mai completamente identici e che l’operatore può commettere errori. In questo studio si genera un programma attraverso cui si simulano diversi andamenti di deformazione, cercando di riprodurre al meglio i vari casi sperimentali. Infine, utilizzando un codice già esistente, si ricavano le curve di probabilità di rilevamento del danno in funzione della lunghezza di cricca. Una volta creato il codice, si modificano alcuni parametri, in particolare si alterano lo shear lag e alcune caratteristiche meccaniche della fibra ottica, ovvero il raggio e il modulo di Young, per vedere l’influenza che hanno sulle curve di probabilità. I risultati hanno dimostrato che lo shear lag della fibra ottica deve essere il più possibile alto e di conseguenza il raggio e il modulo di Young della fibra devono essere bassi, in quanto quest’ultimi si trovano a denominatore della formula usata per calcolare lo shear lag.

Analisi di curve di luce del pianeta XO-2b tramite la tecnica della variazione dei tempi di transito.

La ricerca di esopianeti è un ambito astrofisico in continua evoluzione. Nuovi metodi vengono proposti con l’obiettivo di individuare pianeti con una varietà di caratteristiche sempre più ampia, per poter definire al meglio la storia di formazione ed evoluzione dei sistemi planetari. Un metodo recente in grado di caratterizzare pianeti di piccola massa è lo studio della variazione del tempo di transito (TTV), basato sulla modulazione del periodo orbitale di un pianeta noto causata dalla perturbazione di un corpo aggiuntivo. In questo lavoro proponiamo l’analisi delle curve di luce del pianeta XO-2Nb al fine di individuare TTV. Questo sistema è di particolare rilevanza poiché ospitato dalla prima stella binaria wide in cui entrambe le componenti presentano un proprio sistema planetario. Tra le due stelle solo XO-2N presenta un pianeta transitante, requisito per l’applicazione del metodo proposto. L’analisi dei dati è stata svolta utilizzando il metodo della fotometria differenziale di apertura, normalizzando la curva di luce del target ad altre due stelle di riferimento presenti nel campo di vista dello strumento. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano l’assenza di variazioni di periodo orbitale per XO-2Nb e sono consistenti con un’effemeride lineare. La nuova effemeride calcolata risulta tre volte più precisa rispetto al più recente studio in letteratura, e permetterà di predire futuri transiti con una precisione migliore di un minuto fino al 2035. Abbiamo stabilito un limite superiore all’ampiezza del TTV permessa dai nostri dati, ricavando il valore massimo della massa di un eventuale pianeta perturbatore, pari a 0.15 masse terrestri. Abbiamo ricavato in maniera indipendente i parametri fisici ed orbitali di XO-2Nb, confermando e raffinando i valori presenti in letteratura. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che, in determinati casi, l’analisi fotometrica eseguita utilizzando telescopi medio-piccoli da terra può essere competitiva con i più avanzati telescopi spaziali.

Mechanisms Predisposing Penile Fracture And Long-term Outcomes On Erectile And Voiding Functions.

Purpose. To determine the mechanisms predisposing penile fracture as well as the rate of long-term penile deformity and erectile and voiding functions. Methods. All fractures were repaired on an emergency basis via subcoronal incision and absorbable suture with simultaneous repair of eventual urethral lesion. Patients' status before fracture and voiding and erectile functions at long term were assessed by periodic follow-up and phone call. Detailed history included cause, symptoms, and single-question self-report of erectile and voiding functions. Results. Among the 44 suspicious cases, 42 (95.4%) were confirmed, mean age was 34.5 years (range: 18-60), mean follow-up 59.3 months (range 9-155). Half presented the classical triad of audible crack, detumescence, and pain. Heterosexual intercourse was the most common cause (28 patients, 66.7%), followed by penile manipulation (6 patients, 14.3%), and homosexual intercourse (4 patients, 9.5%). Woman on top was the most common heterosexual position (n = 14, 50%), followed by doggy style (n = 8, 28.6%). Four patients (9.5%) maintained the cause unclear. Six (14.3%) patients had urethral injury and two (4.8%) had erectile dysfunction, treated by penile prosthesis and PDE-5i. No patient showed urethral fistula, voiding deterioration, penile nodule/curve or pain. Conclusions. Woman on top was the potentially riskiest sexual position (50%). Immediate surgical treatment warrants long-term very low morbidity.