Les Comptes régionaux de l'agriculture : de 1962 à 1967 / Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques ; [rédigé] par Jean Ousset

Collection : Les Collections de l'Insee ; 104, 13

Dictionnaire universel d'agriculture et de jardinage, de fauconnerie, chasse, pêche, cuisine et manège.... Tome 2

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 17

Dictionnaire universel d'agriculture et de jardinage, de fauconnerie, chasse, pêche, cuisine et manège.... Tome 1

Collection : Archives de la linguistique française ; 17

Logging residues from regeneration fellings for biofuel production - a GIS-based availability and supply cost analysis

Finland has large forest fuel resources. However, the use of forest fuels for energy production has been low, except for small-scale use in heating. According to national action plans and programs related to wood energy promotion, the utilization of such resources will be multiplied over the next few years. The most significant part of this growth will be based on the utilization of forest fuels, produced from logging residues of regeneration fellings, in industrial and municipal power and heating plants. Availability of logging residues was analyzed by means of resource and demand approaches in order to identify the most suitable regions with focus on increasing the forest fuel usage. The analysis included availability and supply cost comparisons between power plant sites and resource allocation in a least cost manner, and between a predefined power plant structure under demand and supply constraints. Spatial analysis of worksite factors and regional geographies were carried out using the GIS-model environment via geoprocessing and cartographic modeling tools. According to the results of analyses, the cost competitiveness of forest fuel supply should be improved in order to achieve the designed objectives in the near future. Availability and supply costs of forest fuels varied spatially and were very sensitive to worksite factors and transport distances. According to the site-specific analysis the supply potential between differentlocations can be multifold. However, due to technical and economical reasons ofthe fuel supply and dense power plant infrastructure, the supply potential is limited at plant level. Therefore, the potential and supply cost calculations aredepending on site-specific matters, where regional characteristics of resourcesand infrastructure should be taken into consideration, for example by using a GIS-modeling approach constructed in this study.

Residues of carbosulfan and its carbofuran metabolites and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in oranges

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the residues of the insecticide carbosulfan and its carbofuran metabolites and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran in orange compartments (whole fruit, bagasse and juice) and comparison between the residual levels found in fruits with the maximum residue level and the safety interval established by the Brazilian legislation. Two field experiments were carried out, both with the following treatments: a-check; b-one application of 10 g of carbosulfan . 100 L-1 of water; c-one application with twice the rate applied in treatment b; d-four applications with the same rate applied in treatment b. Samples were taken at (-1), zero, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the last or unique application. The quantitative determinations were done by gas chromatography technique, using a nitrogen-phosphorus detector. The carbosulfan metabolism to its carbofuran metabolite was rapid (3 days), being both analytes concentrated in the bagasse (peel + flavedo + albedo). However, the metabolism of carbofuran to 3-hydroxy-carbofuran was of low intensity or this metabolite was quickly dissipated. Carbosulfan residues and its metabolites did not penetrate into the fruit, thus not contaminating the juice. The use of the pesticide was adequate, with respect to fruit consumption, in relation to the Brazilian legislation.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa antimetabolite L -2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB) is made from glutamate and two alanine residues via a thiotemplate-linked tripeptide precursor.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid which is toxic for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Production of AMB requires a five-gene cluster encoding a putative LysE-type transporter (AmbA), two non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (AmbB and AmbE), and two iron(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases (AmbC and AmbD). Bioinformatics analysis predicts one thiolation (T) domain for AmbB and two T domains (T1 and T2) for AmbE, suggesting that AMB is generated by a processing step from a precursor tripeptide assembled on a thiotemplate. Using a combination of ATP-PPi exchange assays, aminoacylation assays, and mass spectrometry-based analysis of enzyme-bound substrates and pathway intermediates, the AmbB substrate was identified to be L-alanine (L-Ala), while the T1 and T2 domains of AmbE were loaded with L-glutamate (L-Glu) and L-Ala, respectively. Loading of L-Ala at T2 of AmbE occurred only in the presence of AmbB, indicative of a trans loading mechanism. In vitro assays performed with AmbB and AmbE revealed the dipeptide L-Glu-L-Ala at T1 and the tripeptide L-Ala-L-Glu-L-Ala attached at T2. When AmbC and AmbD were included in the assay, these peptides were no longer detected. Instead, an L-Ala-AMB-L-Ala tripeptide was found at T2. These data are in agreement with a biosynthetic model in which L-Glu is converted into AMB by the action of AmbC, AmbD, and tailoring domains of AmbE. The importance of the flanking L-Ala residues in the precursor tripeptide is discussed.

The economic relevance of climate variables in agriculture: the case of Spain

We estimate how climate variables affect price and acreage of productive farmland using the Ricardian approach. Furthermore, we use our estimations to evaluate the joint effects of possible cli- mate changes within the time horizon of 2010 and 2050. Our results show that the price of rainfed land in Spain tends to increase but rainfed acreage decreases. On the other hand, the effect on irrigated farmland price and acreage presents some mixed results, however, in the long run the dominant pattern is clearly increasing for both prices and acreage.

The economic relevance of climate variables in agriculture: The case of Spain

We estimate the impact of the different climate variables on the value of Spanish farmland. We distinguish between irrigated and non-irrigated lands and use data on temperature, precipitations, physical and socioeconomic characteristics to measure these effects on farm prices and in the number of hectares of farmland. We conclude presenting the main results of our analysis, region by region, and examining the policies that could be more effective to prevent undesired effects.

Residues of b-lactams and quinolones in tissues and milk samples. Confirmatory analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

The aim of this work is to optimize and validate methods for the multiresidue determination of series of families of antibiotics as quinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins included in European regulation in food samples using LC-MS/MS. Different extraction techniques and clean-up applied to antibiotics in meat were compared. The quality parameters were established according with EU guideline. The developed method was applied to 49 positive raw milk samples from animal medicated with different antibiotics; the 63% of the analyzed samples were found to be compliant. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

De l'agriculture urbaine à la都市農業 (toshinogyo) Une analyse de leur émergence dans le cas de Genève et Tokyo

Il y a aujourd'hui un relatif consensus autour de l'émergence de l'agriculture urbaine. Les projets d'agriculture urbaine se développeraient, car il y aurait une nécessité à réinstaurer des relations entre l'urbain et l'agricole. Les dispositifs qui ont été mis en place par la modernité comme le zonage, l'économie de marché, les transports, l'usage de fertilisants ou les filières agroalimentaires auraient en effet fait disparaître ces relations qu'il s'agirait aujourd'hui de reconnecter. L'agriculture urbaine serait alors présentée comme une stratégie alternative à cette distinction. Elle serait le résultat de relations réciproques - et donc équivalentes - entre l'urbain et l'agricole. Elle serait alors à la fois urbaine et agricole. Nous pensons qu'il faut sortir aujourd'hui de cette conception d'agriculture urbaine. Nous remettons tout d'abord en question le fait que l'agriculture urbaine aurait pour objectif de reconnecter l'urbain et l'agricole. Cela présuppose qu'il n'y aurait plus de relations durant la modernité entre l'agricole et l'urbain. Or, comme le montre l'étude des aspects spatiaux, fonctionnels et sociaux de ces relations sous la modernité pour les cas de Genève et de Tokyo, ces relations existeraient toujours, voire même s'intensifieraient. Nous cherchons aussi à montrer qu'il faut faire évoluer l'idée que l'agriculture urbaine étant le résultat de relations réciproques entre l'urbain et l'agricole, elle se devait d'être à la fois urbaine et agricole. Dans les faits, l'agriculture urbaine apparaît plus souvent comme un projet de l'urbain au bénéfice de celui-ci, que comme un projet partagé entre l'urbain et l'agricole. Enfin, nous mettons en avant que l'agriculture urbaine n'aurait pas la capacité de reconnecter de façon effective l'agricole et l'urbain. Ainsi, l'agriculture urbaine n'est pas en mesure de se substituer aux dispositifs mis en place par la modernité. Elle ne peut rendre les villes autonomes en denrées alimentaires, établir des symbioses agro-urbaines ou remettre en question le système des filières agroalimentaires. Dans ce contexte, nous défendons la thèse que la conception d'agriculture urbaine doit aujourd'hui évoluer vers celle de toshinogyo. L'objectif est alors de rendre visibles les relations entre l'agricole et l'urbain. Les dispositifs mis en place sous la modernité n'ont pas eu pour effet de supprimer les relations entre l'urbain et l'agricole, mais de les rendre invisibles. Il s'agit aujourd'hui de leur redonner une visibilité. En devenant cette prise qui rend visibles ces relations, la toshinogyo ne serait alors plus tenue d'être urbaine et agricole à la fois, de même qu'elle ne s'opposerait pas aux dispositifs modernes, mais en serait complémentaire. Dans le contexte Genevois, le passage de l'agriculture urbaine à la toshinogyo est loin d'être encore évident. Dans le cas de Tokyo, l'optique de la toshinogyo est clairement affirmée et pourrait alors donner des amorces de pistes à suivre.

Characterization of volatile organic gunshot residues in fired handgun cartridges by headspace sorptive extraction

In forensic investigation of firearm-related cases, determination of the residual amount of volatile compounds remaining inside a cartridge could be useful in estimating the time since its discharge. Published approaches are based on following the decrease of selected target compounds as a function of time by using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). Naphthalene, as well as an unidentified decomposition product of nitrocellulose (referred to as "TEA2"), are usually employed for this purpose. However, reliability can be brought into question given their high volatility and the low reproducibility of their extracted quantities. In order to identify alternatives and therefore develop improved dating methods, an extensive study on the composition and variability of volatile residues in nine different types of cartridges was carried out. Analysis was performed using headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE), which is a more exhaustive technique compared to SPME. 166 compounds were identified (several of which for the first time), and it was observed that the final compositional characteristics of each residue were strongly dependent on its source. Variability of single identified compounds within and between different types of cartridge, as well as their evolution over time, was also studied. Many explosion products containing up to 4 aromatic rings were found to be globally present in high proportions amongst residues. 27 of them (excluding naphthalene) also presented detectable decreases during the first 24 h. Therefore, they could be used as complementary target analytes in future dating methods.