Mehrsprachigkeit im Mittelalter. Kulturelle, literarische, sprachliche und didaktische Konstellationen in europäischer Perspektive. Mit Fallstudien zu den "Disticha Catonis"

Communication and the literary production of the Middle Ages were an integral part of a complex linguistic situation. Latin, the Western European language of education and administration, stood in contrast to the vernacular languages, which in turn were divided into different dialects. Different vernacular languages often existed in the same geographic area. This anthology approaches this topic, which has not been systematically covered until now, from an interdisciplinary perspective. It discusses fundamental methodological issues and surviving linguistic and literary documents from the 8th up to the 16th century.

High expression of the HMG box factor sox-13 in arterial walls during embryonic development.

Members of the Sox gene family of transcription factors are defined by the presence of an 80 amino acid homology domain, the High Mobility Group (HMG) box. Here we report the cloning and initial analysis of murine Sox-13 . The 984 amino acids Sox-13 protein contains a single HMG box, a leucine zipper motif and a glutamine-rich stretch. These characteristics are shared with another member of the Sox gene family, Sox-6. High level embryonic expression of Sox-13 occurs uniquely in the arterial walls of 13.5 days post coitum (dpc) mice and later. Low level expression was observed in the inner ear of 13.5 dpc mice and in a limited number of cells in the thymus of 16.5 dpc mice, from which Sox-13 was originally cloned. At 18.5 dpc, Sox-13 is expressed in the tracheal epithelium below the vocal cord and in the hair follicles. The Sox-13 protein binds to the consensus HMG box motif, AACAAAG, but does not transactivate transcription through a concatamer of this motif. Sox-13, like other members of the Sox family likely plays an important role in development.

Tracheostomy in children.

We reviewed the records of 108 patients who had a tracheostomy performed over a 10-year period from July 1979 to April 1989. Median age at tracheostomy was 6 months (1 week-15 years). Indications for surgery were acquired subglottic stenosis (31.4%), bilateral vocal cord paralysis (22.2%), congenital airway malformations (22.2%) and tumours (11.1%). No epiglottis and no emergency situation had to be managed by tracheostomy. Operation was uneventful in all, but 8 patients (7.4%) developed a pneumothorax in the postoperative period. Twenty-one (19.5%) had severe complications during the cannulation period (tube obstruction in 11 patients with cardiorespiratory arrest in 4; dislocation of the tube in 6 patients). Fifteen patients (13.8%) had severe complications after decannulation (2 had a cardiorespiratory arrest); all 15 had to be recannulated. At the end of the study period 85 patients (78.7%) were successfully decannulated with a median period of tracheostomy of 486 days (8 days-6.6 years). The median hospital stay was 159 days (13 days-2.7 years). All patients could be discharged. Eight patients (7.4%) died but no death was related to tracheostomy. In summary the mortality rate is lower than reported in previous reviews and tracheostomy is a safe operation even in small children but cannula-related complications may lead to life-threatening events. The management of tracheostomized small children and infants in a highly staffed and monitored intensive care unit has allowed better handling of complications and has resulted in a reduction in cannula-related deaths.

Avaluació dels efectes d'un tractament logopèdic en la qualitat de veu d'adults amb sordesa

La veu de les persones amb pèrdues auditives severes o profundes presenta diverses característiques acústiques que són reconegudes pels oients i que, sovint, se’ls assignen valoracions negatives.En aquest treball s’exposen els resultats d’una experiència d’entrenament vocal amb un grup de deu adults amb pèrdues auditives severes i pregones, portadores de diferents tipus de pròtesi. L’entrenament es va duu a terme durant un any amb una mitjana de 14 sessions individuals. Es va realitzar un registre de la veu en format digital previ i posterior dels participants que ha estat analitzada des de tres perspectives distintes: acústica, perceptiva i narrativa. Des del punt de vista acústic, les mostres han estat analitzades amb el programa MDVP de Kay Elemetrics. S’han utilitzat els paràmetres jitter (estabilitat de freqüència), shimmer (estabilitat d’intensitat) i NHR (relació soroll vs. harmònics). En segon lloc, les mostres s’han sotmès a la valoració de dos jurats d’escolta, un de logopedes experts en veu i un altre de no experts, format per estudiants universitaris no entrenats. Finalment, s’han analitzat els discursos dels participants sobre les característiques de la seva veu.El conjunt de resultats no és totalment coincident entre les distintes perspectives d’anàlisi. Totes tres coincideixen a reflectir la millora vocal en sis dels participants, però discrepen en els altres quatre.L’experiència obre les portes a noves investigacions sobre l’efectivitat dels tractaments de millora de la veu en les persones sordes.

How siblings adjust sib-sib communication and begging signals to each other

Parents allocate food resources to their offspring in proportion to the intensity of begging behaviour. Begging encompasses several activities including vocalizations that should honestly signal need and jostling for the position in the nest where parents predictably deliver food items. Although siblings are known to adjust begging level to each other, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We examined this issue in experimental two-chick broods of the barn owl, Tyto alba, a species in which siblings communicate vocally with each other in the prolonged absence of parents. The function of sib-sib vocal communication, so-called sibling negotiation, is to resolve conflicts over which individual will have priority of access to the next delivered indivisible food item. We found that when a nestling produced longer negotiation calls and stood closer to the nestbox entrance in the absence of parents, its sibling vocally negotiated at a lower rate. Additionally, when an individual produced more negotiation calls in the absence of parents, its sibling begged less intensely at the parent's return, with begging being the key factor that determined which nestling obtained a food item. We conclude that position in the nest and the duration of negotiation calls produced in the absence of parents influence the rate of producing negotiation calls, which in turn influences the rate at which siblings beg for food from their parents. Adjusting begging behaviour could therefore depend on complex sib-sib interactions taking place in the prolonged absence of parents.

El método BAPNE y su repercusión en las capacidades cognitivas

Los ejercicios de percusión corporal propuestos por el método BAPNE pretenden estimular a través del juego nuestras dimensiones corporal, emocional y cognitiva. Ello requiere, en primer lugar, focalizar la atención para el aprendizaje y coordinación de todas las actividades involucradas (canto, movimiento, percusión extremidades superiores e inferiores) lo cual demanda una buena disposición de nuestras funciones cognitivas. El movimiento es vital para nuestra salud, y la música está íntimamente relacionada con el movimiento. Es conocido que incluso en estados de escucha pasiva de música, el área cerebral que planifica los mecanismos necesarios para los movimientos está activa, aunque externamente no lo manifestemos. Se ha constatado la existencia de conexiones neuronales entre las áreas auditiva y motora, y de ahí nuestra tendencia a imitar con movimientos corporales la música que percibimos y escuchamos. Por otra parte, son conocidos muchos de los beneficios terapéuticos que las actividades musicales pueden aportarnos en todas sus modalidades, desde el aprendizaje hasta la interpretación (ya sea vocal o instrumental) pasando por la simple escucha activa o pasiva. Todo pa rece indicar, pues, que el movimiento es básico para nuestra salud y que la música, íntimamente ligada a él, es una fuente placentera y agradable para experimentarlo.

Alueellisen taustan vaikutus murrekäsityksiin

Abstract: Regional variation in perceptions of Finnish dialects

Nonverbal social sensing in action: Unobtrusive recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior in social interactions illustrated with a research example

Nonverbal behavior coding is typically conducted by "hand". To remedy this time and resource intensive undertaking, we illustrate how nonverbal social sensing, defined as the automated recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior via ubiquitous social sensing platforms, can be achieved. More precisely, we show how and what kind of nonverbal cues can be extracted and to what extent automated extracted nonverbal cues can be validly obtained with an illustrative research example. In a job interview, the applicant's vocal and visual nonverbal immediacy behavior was automatically sensed and extracted. Results show that the applicant's nonverbal behavior can be validly extracted. Moreover, both visual and vocal applicant nonverbal behavior predict recruiter hiring decision, which is in line with previous findings on manually coded applicant nonverbal behavior. Finally, applicant average turn duration, tempo variation, and gazing best predict recruiter hiring decision. Results and implications of such a nonverbal social sensing for future research are discussed.

(Des)obediències de la reducció vocàlica en el català de Mallorca

En el català de Mallorca, el procés de reducció vocàlica de les vocals mitjanes de la sèrie anterior a e neutra en posició àtona no opera (o subaplica) en determinades circumstàncies: (a) en formes derivades productives amb una vocal àtona situada a la síl·laba esquerra o inicial del radical i alternant amb e tancada o e oberta en el radical de la forma primitiva; (b) en formes verbals amb una vocal àtona situada a la síl·laba esquerra o inicial del radical i alternant amb e tancada en una altra forma verbal del mateix paradigma flexiu; (c) en manlleus i paraules apreses amb una vocal àtona e situada, també, a la síl·laba esquerra o inicial del radical i generalment precedida d"una consonant labial. En aquest treball, argumentem que hi ha dos factors que conspiren perquè això sigui d"aquesta manera: (a) tal com ja s"ha fet notar en treballs anteriors, la voluntat d"aquestes vocals d"assemblar-se a les vocals corresponents que apareixen en mots del mateix paradigma derivatiu o flexiu, i, en el cas de la derivació, sobretot quan la relació derivativa és productiva; (b) l"estatus privilegiat de la síl·laba situada a l"esquerra o a l"inici del radical. Per donar compte del primer factor, proposem una nova interpretació dels fets emmarcada en la Teoria de la Correspondència Transderivacional i el model dels Paradigmes Òptims. Per donar compte del segon factor, que ha passat desapercebut en aproximacions anteriors a les mateixes dades, partim de la Teoria de la Fidelitat Posicional i de la Teoria del Marcatge Posicional.

Building legitimacy by criticising the pharmaceutical industry: a qualitative study among prescribers and local opinion leaders.

PRINCIPLES: The literature has described opinion leaders not only as marketing tools of the pharmaceutical industry, but also as educators promoting good clinical practice. This qualitative study addresses the distinction between the opinion-leader-as-marketing-tool and the opinion-leader-as-educator, as it is revealed in the discourses of physicians and experts, focusing on the prescription of antidepressants. We explore the relational dynamic between physicians, opinion leaders and the pharmaceutical industry in an area of French-speaking Switzerland. METHODS: Qualitative content analysis of 24 semistructured interviews with physicians and local experts in psychopharmacology, complemented by direct observation of educational events led by the experts, which were all sponsored by various pharmaceutical companies. RESULTS: Both physicians and experts were critical of the pharmaceutical industry and its use of opinion leaders. Local experts, in contrast, were perceived by the physicians as critical of the industry and, therefore, as a legitimate source of information. Local experts did not consider themselves opinion leaders and argued that they remained intellectually independent from the industry. Field observations confirmed that local experts criticised the industry at continuing medical education events. CONCLUSIONS: Local experts were vocal critics of the industry, which nevertheless sponsor their continuing education. This critical attitude enhanced their credibility in the eyes of the prescribing physicians. We discuss how the experts, despite their critical attitude, might still be beneficial to the industry's interests.

Aplicações da ultra-sonografia tridimensional na avaliação do cerebelo fetal

Nos últimos anos a ultra-sonografia tridimensional tem-se tornado um método de imagem de grande importância no diagnóstico em obstetrícia. Um de seus benefícios seria a maior sensibilidade, em relação ao ultra-som bidimensional, no diagnóstico de algumas malformações fetais. As potenciais aplicações desse novo método seriam uma maior acurácia na medida do volume de órgãos fetais, a possibilidade de rever volumes na ausência da paciente, a possibilidade de utilizar diferentes planos para avaliar determinada estrutura anatômica e a capacidade de transmissão de volumes para centros de referência. A avaliação ultra-sonográfica do cerebelo fetal é de extrema importância, pois, comprovadamente, alterações no seu desenvolvimento estão correlacionadas com alterações do crescimento fetal e anomalias congênitas. O objetivo desta atualização é demonstrar os métodos VOCAL™ e 3D XI™ na avaliação do cerebelo fetal, seus potenciais benefícios e o que há de mais atual na literatura a respeito deste assunto.

Lo pallarès de la Vall Fosca : Estudi dialectològic de la parla pallaresa

Aquest treball vol ser una petita contribució al coneixement del pallarès, un dels dialectes catalans que conserva més trets originaris i que no ha patit encara gaire el procés d'estandardització, ben comú a la resta de territoris de parla catalana.

Traditional cockney and popular London speech

This paper gives a full description of the phonetics and phonology of Traditional Cockney and Popular London speech, treating these varieties as constituting a continuum rather than two separate dialects. Exemplification of the vowels, diphthongs and consonants is provided, both in isolate words and in connected speech, along with their range of variation. The frequencies of the vowels have been charted on the basis of the pronunciation of three elderly male speakers. Regarding the consonants, there are detailed observations on the features typically associated with the linguistic varieties examined: strong aspiration of unvoiced plosives, glottalization, H-dropping, L-vocalization and TH-fronting. A section on prosody provides coverage of lexical stress, rhythm and intonation. The paper takes into account up-to-date research on these phenomena, but does not deal with the most recent vowel shifts, some of which form part of Multi-cultural London English.

Avaliação por imagem da paralisia de pregas vocais

Paralisia das pregas vocais é causa frequente de rouquidão, podendo ser secundária a várias lesões ao longo do trajeto do X par craniano e seus ramos, particularmente os nervos laríngeos recorrentes. Apesar de grande parte dos casos ser idiopática, os métodos de imagem são muito importantes na pesquisa de fatores etiológicos, tais como lesões neoplásicas da tireoide e esôfago com invasão secundária dos nervos laríngeos recorrentes. Além destas, outras anormalidades como aneurismas do arco aórtico e da artéria subclávia direita podem ser encontradas. É fundamental que o radiologista conheça a anatomia pertinente a esta região e as principais afecções que podem ocorrer, para que o estudo seja corretamente planejado, auxiliando o diagnóstico e o planejamento terapêutico. Além disso, como até 35% dos casos de paralisia da prega vocal são assintomáticos, o conhecimento dos sinais radiológicos que indicam esta condição é indispensável, cabendo ao radiologista alertar o médico assistente sobre os achados do exame. Neste trabalho realizamos uma revisão da anatomia e das principais doenças responsáveis pela paralisia de cordas vocais, demonstrando-as por meio de estudos de tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética de casos típicos. Mostramos, também, as alterações radiológicas próprias da laringe que indicam a presença de paralisia das pregas vocais.