Caracterización y evaluación preliminar de cincuenta clones de yuca (Manihot esculenta crantz)

Este trabajo se inició con la búsqueda de material criollo y/o introducido en todas las regiones del país, con el objetivo de concentrar la mayor variabilidad posible, de la especie. Posteriormente se preparó una guía preliminar de descriptores para efectuar la caracterización (se caracterizaron 50 clones). Esta consta de 55 descriptores, la que permite hacer una descripción completa de la colección. Para poder validar se realizaron dos siembras; una en la “Hacienda Las Mercedes y otra en los campos experimentales del programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses, Ambos en la localidad del Rodeo km 12 ½ carretera Norte, Managua, Managua. Esta investigación permitió establecer una guía de descriptores definitiva >(consta de 31 descriptores) en la que se eliminan aquellos que no definen clones, a la vez se proponen descriptores que no deben excluirse cuando se realizan trabajos de este tipo. Por otra parte se seleccionaron los mejores clones de acuerdo a: Rendimiento promedio de raíces, siendo los más sobresalientes: yuca Sutre, Ingram, cubana; CM-91-3, White Joe, M-Col -673, Yuca blanca, yuca plátano, yuca ceiba. Producción de follaje: Smalling santa Cruz, Chilkena , CMC16, Yuca Blanca, Agria, Valencia, White Joe, Yuca Batata, Yuca Sutre valencia, Colorado, Turrucares 1. Además, se proponen algunas características morfológicas (prominencia de la base, longitud de entrenudos, textura de la superficie de la raíz) para colectar germoplasma de yuca Manihot esculents Crantz en Nicaragua, con el fin de conseguir clones sobresalientes.

Ichthyological ecoregions of Argentina

The Argentine Republic is situated in the southernmost portion of the American continent, occupying over 2,785,600 km2 not including the Antarctic territory. The country ranges from subtropical areas (21º46’S) to subantarctic regions (55º03’S), extending latitudinally over about 4,000 km. It possesses significant latitudinal and altitudinal variation (33º of latitudinal range, and heights from Bajo de San Julián in Santa Cruz province at 105 m below sea level, up to Mt. Aconcagua, 6,959 m over sea level), as well as two gradients of physical variability, extending in north-south and east-west directions. Owing to these features, the country presents a wide range of climates and soil types, being one of the countries with greatest diversity of biogeographical units (Lean et al., 1990, In: Bertonatti & Corcuera, 2000). There are four main hydrographic systems: Río de la Plata basin, the Atlantic and Pacific drainages, and several endorrheic systems. Within these basins, the ichthyofaunistic assemblage is well represented, with different magnitude in accordance with the different taxonomic groupings and regions considered. From an ichthyogeographic standpoint, and according to the works of Ringuelet (1975) and Arratia et al. (1983), Argentina is included in the Brasilic and Austral Subregions. The first of these is represented by two domains: the Andean Domain, comprising the southernmost portion of Titicaca Province, and the Paranensean Domain, including part of Alto Paraná and Paranoplatensean Provinces. The Austral Subregion is represented in Argentina by the Subandean-Cuyan and Patagonian Provinces. The present survey indicates that there are about 441 fish species in Argentina, distributed throughout the country; this number represents less than 10% of the total fish species occurring in the Neotropical Region. There is a recognizable trend of faunal impoverishment, both in North-South and East-West direction, reaching its maximum expression in the provinces of Tierra del Fuego (situated at approximately 52º30’S to 55ºS, and 65ºS to 68º50’W) and San Juan (approximately 28º50’S and 67ºW to 70º45’W), which have 4 and 5 fish species respectively. In north-south direction, one of the regional indicators of this phenomenon is the Salado river basin in Buenos Aires province, which constitutes the southern distributional boundary for the majority of the paranoplatensean ichthyofauna; 12 of the families occurring in the Paraná-Plata system are absent from this pauperized paranensean ichthyofaunal assemblage. Most of the continental fish fauna of Argentina belongs to the primary division of Myers (1949), while some elements are included in the secondary division and others in an amphibiotic or ‘marine penetration’ category. This ichthyofaunistic scope encompasses a wide range of morphological, biological, ecological and ethological types (benthic and pelagic, migrating and sedentary, haematophagous or parasites, annual species, inhabitants of plains or heights, estivation-adapted, etc.) inhabiting different regions within the national territory.

Channel Islands marine protected areas first 5 years of monitoring: 2003-2008 [Report produced by the California Department of Fish and Game in collaboration with the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO), Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary, and Channel Islands National Park]

The Channel Islands—sometimes called the Galapagos of North America—are known for their great beauty, rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and recreational opportunities. In 1980, in recognition of the islands’ importance, the United States Congress established a national park encompassing 5 of California’s Channel Islands (Santa Barbara, Anacapa, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and San Miguel Islands) and waters within 1 nautical mile of the islands. In the same year, Congress declared a national marine sanctuary around each of these islands, including waters up to 6 nautical miles offshore. Approximately 60,000 people visit the Channel Islands each year for aquatic recreation such as fishing, sailing, kayaking, wildlife watching, surfing, and diving. Another 30,000 people visit the islands for hiking, camping, and sightseeing. Dozens of commercial fishing boats based in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Oxnard, and other ports go to the Channel Islands to catch squid, spiny lobster, sea urchin, rockfish, crab, sheephead, flatfish, and sea cucumber, among other species. In the past few decades, advances in fishing technology and the rising number of fishermen, in conjunction with changing ocean conditions and diseases, have contributed to declines in some marine fishes and invertebrates at the Channel Islands. In 1998, citizens from Santa Barbara and Ventura proposed establishment of no-take marine reserves at the Channel Islands, beginning a 4-year process of public meetings, discussions, and scientific analyses. In 2003, the California Fish and Game Commission designated a network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in state waters around the northern Channel Islands. In 2006 and 2007, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) extended the MPAs into the national marine sanctuary’s deeper, federal waters. To determine if the MPAs are protecting marine species and habitats, scientists are monitoring ecological changes. They are studying changes in habitats; abundance and size of species of interest; the ocean food web and ecosystem; and movement of fish and invertebrates from MPAs to surrounding waters. Additionally, scientists are monitoring human activities such as commercial and recreational fisheries, and compliance with MPA regulations. This booklet describes some results from the first 5 years of monitoring the Channel Islands MPAs. Although 5 years is not long enough to determine if the MPAs will accomplish all of their goals, this booklet offers a glimpse of the changes that are beginning to take place and illustrates the types of information that will eventually be used to assess the MPAs’ effectiveness. (PDF contains 24 pages.)

Diário da Constituinte [gravação de vídeo] : [programa n. 238]

A Comissão de Sistematização debate a reforma tributária. O Deputado Francisco Dornelles (PFL-RJ) defende o substitutivo do Relator Bernardo Cabral, por promover a melhor distribuição regional de renda, fortalecer as finanças dos Estados e Municípios e estabelecer maiores garantias aos contribuintes, além de não causar prejuízo a União. Constituintes criticam o substitutivo na parte que trata dos recursos destinados ao Fundo de Participação dos Estados e Municípios. O Deputado Darcy Deitos (PMDB-PR) considera que essa distribuição só beneficia uma parte dos municípios e, por isso, apresentou uma emenda mais completa. O Deputado Marcelo Cordeiro (PMDB-SC) participa de debate sobre a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC), na Universidade de Santa Catarina. A comunidade universitária quis saber o tratamento dado a educação e as emendas populares. Chegou a 8374 o número de destaques apresentados ao anteprojeto. O Líder do PDC Siqueira Campos informa que seu partido quer criar novos Estados nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do país. O ponto mais polêmico da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) continua a ser o sistema de governo. O Líder do PSB Jamil Haddad considera que parece haver uma manobra para favorecer o presidencialismo com 5 anos de mandato para o Presidente Sarney. O Deputado Sarney Filho (PFL-MA) reafirma que o governo permanece aberto ao diálogo, em busca de uma solução de consenso para o país. O Líder do PMDB o Deputado Antônio Farias afirma que houve muitas surpresas, entre as quais a duração do mandato do presidente da república. Funcionários trabalham na organização dos pedidos de destaque. Os critérios para votação do substitutivo e dos pedidos de destaque serão definidos em reunião do Presidente da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) Ulysses Guimarães com o Presidente da Comissão de Sistematização.

Mussel Community Studies [Year One].

Mytilus californianus communities (mussel beds) were examined from six geographic localities in Southern California. These included two mainland sites, Coal Oil Point and San Diego; and four island sites, San Miguel, Santa Cruz, San Nicholas, and Santa Barbara Islands. Optimal sample sizes were determined for each locality. In general, a sample, size of 1500 cm2 (five cores) was optimal for the "typical" mussel bed. However, structurally unique mussel beds required individual consideration. Community biomass, diversity, species richness, and species evenness were calculated quarterly for the island localities and biannually for mainland locations. The molluscs, primarily the mussels, accounted for 90% of the total biomass while all other groups combined accounted for 10% or less of the total biomass. The mussel communities from all localities contributed to the master species list which conservatively contained 346 species. The most diverse localities were Coal Oil Point and Santa Cruz Island with an average number of 73 and 74 species/O.lS m respectively. No overall seasonal patterns existed in community composition. The community similarity analyses showed the mainland localities biotically dissimilar from the islands and both groups were characterized by distinct faunal assemblages. In addition, San Miguel Island biota were unique among the island sites. The most important mussel bed structural attributes provided habitats for the associated community and included sediment and coarse fraction features. Food-related resources provided by the mussel bed were secondarily important. Community diversity generally increased with the quantity of habitat and food resources. (PDF contains 138 pages)

Mussel Community Studies [Year Two].

The communities associated with Mytilus californianus (mussel) beds from eleven geographic localities in Southern California were examined. The localities included four mainland sites - Government Point, Goleta Point, Corona del Mar and San Diego; and seven offshore islands including - San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Catalina Island, San Nicholas Island and San Clemente Island. This geographic coverage. was much more complete than the previous year (1975-1976 program). However, it is still less than ideal. In particular a single island collection locality may not be representative of an entire island. Therefore greater geographic coverage of the islands is recommended for the future. In general, the 1500 cm2 sample size adopted during the 1975-1976 program proved adequate for sampling most of the structurally diverse mussel beds this year. This sample size supplied information on the characteristic and abundant species inhabiting a particular mussel bed, and provided data which was well suited to intersite community comparisons. This sample size was too small in several instances to include the rarer, less abundant species. The mussel communities from all localities contributed to the master species list which contained conservatively 481 species of animals and 63 specie s of algae. The most diverse collections came from Santa Cruz Island and Corona del Mar, and these areas contained 120 and 119 species respectively. The lowest diversity was recorded for the mussel beds from Goleta Point: which contained 57 species. Mussel community samples were collected from upper and lower intertidal areas occupied by the mussel beds within a locality. In general, community differences both in composition and abundance were associated with these collections. (PDF contains 158 pages)

Mussel Community Studies [Year Three].

The communities associated with Mytilus californianus (mussel) beds from 20 geographic sites in southern California were examined. The study areas included six mainland sites - Government Point, Goleta Point, Ventura, Corona del Mar, Carlsbad, and San Diego,and two sites on opposite sides of seven offshore islands - San Miguel Island, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Cruz Island, Anacapa Island, San Nicholas Island, Santa Cruz Island and San Clemente Island. : The mussel communities from all areas contributed to the master species list which now encompasses conservatively, 610 species of animals and 141 species of algae. The most diverse collection came from Cat Rock, Anacapa Island where the mussel beds supported 174 species of invertebrates. The lowest diversity was recorded for mussel beds from Ben Weston, Santa Catalina Island which contained 46 species. In general, the island mussel beds supported a greater diversity of both animals and plants. Mussel community samples were collected from upper and lower intertidal areas occupied by the mussel beds within a locality. Community differences in both composition and abundance were associated with these collections. Overall. community similarity analysis revealed five major patterns which corresponded to characteristic species assemblages occupying the mussel beds from the various geographic areas. The patterns included: (1) clusters of localities which display a north-south geographic pattern with respect to the similarity of their respective mussel communities, (2) a separation of selected island and mainland communities because of dissimilarities in their species composition, (3) differences between mussel communities. on opposite sides of the offshore islands, (4) clusters of species whose highest abundances characterize selected localities, (5) species groups ubiquitous to all mussel beds examined. The results of the community analysis further suggest that predictions can be made delineating the probable mussel community inhabitants of areas not sampled. The species distribution patterns observed appear to correspond in part to the influence of currents and water masses which bear planktonic larvae and impinge on selected localities. The most important mussel bed features associated with community differences were quantitative and qualitative differences in the potential microhabitats. Those features associate~ with greater species diversity include the pore base of coarse fraction shell and rock debris, skewness and kurtosis of the sediment grain-size distributions and mussel bed thickness. Those features associated with lower species diversity included the quantity of tar. and rock and shell debris trapped within the mussel bed. (PDF contains 51 pages)

Galeria dos brasileiros illustres (os contemporaneos) : retratos dos homens mais illustres do Brasil na politica, sciencias e letras, desde a guerra da independencia até os nossos dias : copiados do natural e lithographados por S.A. Sisson, acompanhados das suas respectivas biographias, publicada sob a protecção de sua Magestade o Imperador

Galeria dos brasileiros illustres traz retratos copiados do natural e litografados das principais figuras brasileiras da política, ciências e letras, com biografias redigidas por diversos escritos da época, por alguns dos próprios biografados ou por membros de suas famílias. Considerada a mais importante de Sisson, esta obra teve tiragem reduzida e muitos exemplares foram desmanchados por antiquários que emolduravam os retratos, vendendo-os por alto preço. Segundo Borba de Moraes, "é muito difícil encontrar-se hoje em dia um exemplar perfeito e em boas condições" e que "só muito raramente aparece um exemplar à venda."

The results of an exploratory fishery cruise for Loligo Opalescens in southern and central California, June 5-25, 1974

During June 1974 the California Department of Fish and Game, in cooperation with the Sea Grant program at Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, conducted an exploratory fishing cruise that extended from La Jolla to Santa Cruz and included the Channel Islands, concentrating on inshore waters. The cruise was preliminary to the initiation of a major program of squid research and had six objectives: 1) To gather samples of market squid (Lo1igo opa1escens) for population, growth, aging and food chain studies. 2) To locate potential new fishing grounds. 3) To investigate methods for determining spawning intensity. 4) To gather data on oceanographic parameters of the spawning grounds. 5) To make incidental collections as requested by other investigators. 6) To familiarize Sea Grant personnel with the capabilities of the Department's largest research vessel, ALASKA, with respect to squid. Especially good weather and oceanographic conditions persisting throughout the cruise enabled us to make 66 night1ight stations, 17 midwater trawls and eight bottom trawls. Fishable concentrations of squid were discovered in the areas between Cape San Martin and Partington Point, between Pfeiffer Point and Point Sur, and in Carmel Bay, heretofore unfished. Squid spawning off Santa Cruz Island was observed utilizing an underwater observation chamber aboard the vessel. Mating and feeding behavior were observed in shipboard aquaria. PDF contains 28 pages)

A 30-Year History of Tide and Current Measurements in Elkhorn Slough, California

Elkhorn Slough was first exposed to direct tidal forcing from the waters of Monterey Bay with the construction of Moss Landing Harbor in 1946. Elkhorn Slough is located mid-way between Santa Cruz and Monterey close to the head of Monterey Submarine Canyon. It follows a 10 km circuitous path inland from its entrance at Moss Landing Harbor. Today, Elkhorn Slough is a habitat and sanctuary for a wide variety of marine mammals, fish, and seabirds. The Slough also serves as a sink and pathway for various nutrients and pollutants. These attributes are directly or indirectly affected by its circulation and physical properties. Currents, tides and physical properties of Elkhorn Slough have been observed on an irregular basis since 1970. Based on these observations, the physical characteristics of Elkhorn Slough are examined and summarized. Elkhorn Slough is an ebb-dominated estuary and, as a result, the rise and fall of the tides is asymmetric. The fact that lower low water always follows higher high water and the tidal asymmetry produces ebb currents that are stronger than flooding currents. The presence of extensive mud flats and Salicornia marsh contribute to tidal distortion. Tidal distortion also produces several shallow water constituents including the M3, M4, and M6 overtides and the 2MK3 and MK3 compound tides. Tidal elevations and currents are approximately in quadrature; thus, the tides in Elkhorn Slough have some of the characters of a standing wave system. The temperature and salinity of lower Elkhorn Slough waters reflect, to a large extent, the influence of Monterey Bay waters, whereas the temperature and salinity of the waters of the upper Slough (>5 km from the mouth) are more sensitive to local processes. During the summer, temperature and salinity are higher in the upper slough due to local heating and evaporation. Maximum tidal currents in Elkhorn Slough have increased from approximately 75 to 120 cm/s over the past 30 years. This increase in current speed is primarily due to the change in tidal prism which has increased from approximately 2.5 to 6.2 x 106 m3 between 1956 and 1993. The increase in tidal prism is the result of both 3 rapid man-made changes to the Slough, and the continuing process of tidal erosion. Because of the increase in the tidal prism, the currents in Elkhorn Slough exhibit positive feedback, a process with uncertain consequences. [PDF contains 55 pages]

Managing and resisting ‘degeneration’ in employee-owned businesses: a comparative study of two large retailers in Spain and the UK

Employee-owned businesses have recently enjoyed a resurgence of interest as possible ‘alternatives’ to the somewhat tarnished image of conventional investor-owned capitalist firms. Within the context of global economic crisis, such alternatives seem newly attractive. This is somewhat ironic because, for more than a century, academic literature on employee-owned businesses has been dominated by the ‘degeneration thesis’. This suggested that these businesses tend towards failure – they either fail commercially, or they relinquish their democratic characters. Bucking this trend and offering a beacon - especially in the UK - has been the commercially successful, co-owned enterprise of the John Lewis Partnership (JLP) whose virtues have seemingly been rewarded with favourable and sustainable outcomes. This paper makes comparisons between JLP and its Spanish equivalent Eroski – the supermarket group which is part of the Mondragon cooperatives. The contribution of this paper is to examine in a comparative way how the managers in JLP and Eroski have constructed and accomplished their alternative scenarios. Using longitudinal data and detailed interviews with senior managers in both enterprises it explores the ways in which two large, employee-owned, enterprises reconcile apparently conflicting principles and objectives. The paper thus puts some new flesh on the ‘regeneration thesis’.

Determination of source finiteness and depth of large earthquakes

In this thesis, a method to retrieve the source finiteness, depth of faulting, and the mechanisms of large earthquakes from long-period surface waves is developed and applied to several recent large events.

In Chapter 1, source finiteness parameters of eleven large earthquakes were determined from long-period Rayleigh waves recorded at IDA and GDSN stations. The basic data set is the seismic spectra of periods from 150 to 300 sec. Two simple models of source finiteness are studied. The first model is a point source with finite duration. In the determination of the duration or source-process times, we used Furumoto's phase method and a linear inversion method, in which we simultaneously inverted the spectra and determined the source-process time that minimizes the error in the inversion. These two methods yielded consistent results. The second model is the finite fault model. Source finiteness of large shallow earthquakes with rupture on a fault plane with a large aspect ratio was modeled with the source-finiteness function introduced by Ben-Menahem. The spectra were inverted to find the extent and direction of the rupture of the earthquake that minimize the error in the inversion. This method is applied to the 1977 Sumbawa, Indonesia, 1979 Colombia-Ecuador, 1983 Akita-Oki, Japan, 1985 Valparaiso, Chile, and 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquakes. The method yielded results consistent with the rupture extent inferred from the aftershock area of these earthquakes.

In Chapter 2, the depths and source mechanisms of nine large shallow earthquakes were determined. We inverted the data set of complex source spectra for a moment tensor (linear) or a double couple (nonlinear). By solving a least-squares problem, we obtained the centroid depth or the extent of the distributed source for each earthquake. The depths and source mechanisms of large shallow earthquakes determined from long-period Rayleigh waves depend on the models of source finiteness, wave propagation, and the excitation. We tested various models of the source finiteness, Q, the group velocity, and the excitation in the determination of earthquake depths.

The depth estimates obtained using the Q model of Dziewonski and Steim (1982) and the excitation functions computed for the average ocean model of Regan and Anderson (1984) are considered most reasonable. Dziewonski and Steim's Q model represents a good global average of Q determined over a period range of the Rayleigh waves used in this study. Since most of the earthquakes studied here occurred in subduction zones Regan and Anderson's average ocean model is considered most appropriate.

Our depth estimates are in general consistent with the Harvard CMT solutions. The centroid depths and their 90 % confidence intervals (numbers in the parentheses) determined by the Student's t test are: Colombia-Ecuador earthquake (12 December 1979), d = 11 km, (9, 24) km; Santa Cruz Is. earthquake (17 July 1980), d = 36 km, (18, 46) km; Samoa earthquake (1 September 1981), d = 15 km, (9, 26) km; Playa Azul, Mexico earthquake (25 October 1981), d = 41 km, (28, 49) km; El Salvador earthquake (19 June 1982), d = 49 km, (41, 55) km; New Ireland earthquake (18 March 1983), d = 75 km, (72, 79) km; Chagos Bank earthquake (30 November 1983), d = 31 km, (16, 41) km; Valparaiso, Chile earthquake (3 March 1985), d = 44 km, (15, 54) km; Michoacan, Mexico earthquake (19 September 1985), d = 24 km, (12, 34) km.

In Chapter 3, the vertical extent of faulting of the 1983 Akita-Oki, and 1977 Sumbawa, Indonesia earthquakes are determined from fundamental and overtone Rayleigh waves. Using fundamental Rayleigh waves, the depths are determined from the moment tensor inversion and fault inversion. The observed overtone Rayleigh waves are compared to the synthetic overtone seismograms to estimate the depth of faulting of these earthquakes. The depths obtained from overtone Rayleigh waves are consistent with the depths determined from fundamental Rayleigh waves for the two earthquakes. Appendix B gives the observed seismograms of fundamental and overtone Rayleigh waves for eleven large earthquakes.

Estudio y proyecto de planta de tratamiento mecánico-biológico de RSU de acuerdo con la nueva normativa comunitaria

[ES]En el presente trabajo se llevará a cabo un análisis de los aspectos que se deben contemplar a la hora de realizar una planta de tratamiento mecánico biológico. Unido a la descripción del proceso, se dedicará parte del trabajo a estudiar el tratamiento de los olores que se generaran en las instalaciones. Se analizarán las distintas alternativas existentes para el desarrollo del proceso, viendo los distintos equipos que pueden estar implicados en el tratamiento mecánico y las diferentes posibilidades en el tratamiento biológico. A modo de justificación de estas instalaciones se describirán las ventajas ambientales y económicas del método propuesto. Además se realizará un estudio preliminar para la construcción de una planta diseñada para tratar los residuos generados por una determinada comunidad.

Prospecção geoquímica: estaurolita, ilmenita e magnetita como minerais traçadores para depósitos do tipo VMS

A região de Itutinga foi alvo de estudos prospectivos por parte da empresa BP mineração na década de 80, onde foram encontradas mineralizações em lentes de sulfetos metálicos (Zn-Cu-Ag-Fe) associados a rochas komatiíticas peridotíticas e basaltos toleíticos (anfibolitos) do greenstone belts, nas proximidades da fazenda São Jerônimo, enquadrando-se em um depósito do tipo VMS. A partir destas informações encontradas na literatura propôs-se estudar a estaurolita, a magnetita e a ilmenita para, a partir da determinação do seu conteúdo em zinco, indicar a aplicabilidade destes três minerais como traçadores desses tipos de depósitos. Para isso foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos de corrente e concentrados de batéia na região próxima à ocorrência, no entorno da cidade de Itutinga, e também em uma região próxima a cidade de Itumirim, já que existem semelhanças litológicas entre as duas áreas. Os sedimentos de corrente, as frações magnéticas e as frações de 0,3A (separador eletromagnético Frantz) foram enviados para análises químicas por absorção atômica e ICP-OES. Os concentrados de batéia foram descritos, separando-se cristais de estaurolita de cada amostra coletada, e analisando-os em MEV-EDS para determinação da química mineral. Os resultados dos sedimentos de corrente apontaram que os pontos da fazenda São Jerônimo (ME-03, Itutinga 51,7 ppm de Zn) e o ponto do Ribeirão Santa Cruz, (ME-06, Itumirim 36,1 ppm de Zn) foram os que apresentaram melhores resultados, indicando anomalias em zinco nas duas áreas estudadas . As estaurolitas, retiradas dos concentrados de batéia de cada ponto estudado, foram divididas em três conjuntos, de acordo com os teores de ZnO encontrados: 1 - entre 2,96% e 3,25% de ZnO em peso; 2 - entre 2,03% e 2,76% de ZnO em peso; 3 - < 1,67% de ZnO em peso, sendo comparável com outras estaurolitas encontradas em diversos depósitos de Zn do mundo, como Dry River, Austrália e Palmeirópolis Goiás. Assim, as estaurolitas apresentam bons resultados como minerais indicadores na área estudada. Em relação as magnetitas e ilmenitas estudadas, o número de amostras coletadas no presente estudo foram muito pequenas para se ter informações conclusivas sobre o papel destes minerais como traçadores. Por outro lado, os resultados das análises químicas nos concentrados de ilmenita (até 856 ppm de Zn) e nos concentrados de magnetita (até 216 ppm de Zn), indicam a disponibilidade deste metal nas áreas estudadas. Assim, é possível se detectar a presença do zinco por dois meios: através de sedimentos de corrente, através de halos de dispersão química do elemento zinco, e através dos minerais resistatos (estaurolita zincífera, magnetita e ilmenita), a partir de uma dispersão clástica do grão.

Os movimentos autonomistas bolivianos na atualidade e a influência brasileira

O objetivo da presente dissertação é fazer um levantamento geral dos movimentos autonomistas e da importância do Brasil (não só a partir da Petrobras, mas principalmente) para a economia boliviana. Como principal parceiro comercial do país andino, é natural que o Brasil exerça influência sobre a economia daquele país. E, como se pode notar, os movimentos autonomistas bolivianos surgiram justamente com base numa questão econômica relacionada aos royalties do petróleo. É curioso que a luta desses movimentos reacenda em concomitante com os aumentos dos investimentos da Petrobras na Bolívia, o que prenuncia que o aumento do interesse da elite cruzenha em ter maior controle sobre os seus recursos econômicos e naturais. A geografia da Bolívia é apresentada associada à presença de recursos naturais. O intuito foi de se demonstrar a relação determinado/determinante, elucidando de que forma o território boliviano contribuiu para os fenômenos retratados (como na questão da localização dos recursos naturais), e de que forma os fenômenos retratados contribuíram para a reconfiguração do território boliviano (por exemplo, na questão do esgotamento desses mesmos recursos naturais). Em paralelo, busca-se explicitar como se desenvolveu o departamento de Santa Cruz e a identidade cruzenha, e como se desenvolveu o sentimento indígena. Feito isto, A partir do momento em que a exploração de hidrocarbonetos se intensificou na Bolívia, a questão dos royalties se fez presente. A questão da participação da Petrobras Bolívia sugere influências no desenvolvimento econômico (e consequentemente político) boliviano.