Dificultades alimentarias y estrategias inadecuadas de alimentación del cuidador durante la alimentación de niños y niñas de 2 a 4 años en centros de desarrollo infantil privados urbanos de Cuenca. 2015

Antecedentes: Las dificultades alimentarias son problemas de los niños para comer con efectos en su crecimiento y desarrollo. La prevalencia de dificultades alimentarias está entre 25-45% en niños con desarrollo normal y hasta 80% en niños con retraso del desarrollo. La conducta alimentaria del niño depende de las prácticas del cuidador. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre dificultades alimentarias de niños de 2 a 4 años de dos Centros de Desarrollo Infantil Privados Urbanos de Cuenca y los factores de riesgo: estrategias del cuidador para la alimentación de los niños y niñas, el tipo y nivel de instrucción del cuidador. Método: Estudio cuantitativo transversal realizado en 228 niños de 2 a 4 años de los Centros de Desarrollo Infantil Urbanos de Cuenca: CEIAP de la Universidad del Azuay y los Angelitos de la FEUE, aplicando a los cuidadores dos cuestionarios CCDA-N1-APS y el FSQ. Resultados: La cuidadora principal es la madre (79,4%), el nivel de instrucción del cuidador fue el superior (51,3%). La prevalencia de dificultades alimentarias fue del 28%. No existe relación estadística entre dificultades alimentarias (p>0,05), y el tipo y nivel de instrucción del cuidador. Las estrategias del cuidador que demostraron relación con dificultades alimentarias y factores de riesgo son: estructura a la hora de comer, permitirle tener juguetes durante comidas, puede elegir la cantidad de alimento que quiere, presionarle a comer mas de lo que debe, permitirle comer y beber durante todo el día (p<0,05); el tener un esquema de alimentación es factor protector. Los datos concuerdan con la literatura. Conclusiones: Es necesario evaluar las estrategias del cuidador para la alimentación y dificultades alimentarias. Palabras clave: DIFICULTADES ALIMENTARIAS, ESTRATEGIAS ALIMENTARIAS, CUIDADOR, MADRE, INSTRUCCIÓN.

Développement et validation d’une méthode de dosage des traces de détergents inactivants totaux du prion

International audience

Stability and Local Toxicity Evaluation of a Liposomal Prilocaine Formulation

This study reports a physicochemical stability evaluation of a previously reported liposomal prilocaine (PLC(LUV)) formulation (Cereda el al. J. Pharm. Pharmaceut. Sci. 7:235, 2004) before and after steam sterilization as well as its local toxicity evaluation. Prilocaine (PLC) was encapsulated into extruded unilamellar liposomes (LUVs) composed by egg phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:alfa-tocopherol (4:3:0.07, mole %). Laser light-scattering analysis (p > 0.05) and thiobarbituric acid reaction (p > 0.05) were used to evaluate the liposomes physical (size) and chemical (oxidation) stability, respectively. The prilocaine chemical stability was followed by (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance. These tests detected no differences on the physicochemical stability of PLC or PLCLUV, sterilized or not, up to 30 days after preparation (p > 0.05). Finally, the paw edema test and histological analysis of rat oral mucosa were used to assess the possible inflammatory effects of PLC(LUV). PLC(LUV) did not evoke rat paw edema (p > 0.05), and no significant differences were found in histological analysis, when compared to the control groups (p > 0.05). The present work shows that PLC(LUV) is stable for a 30-day period and did not induce significant inflammatory effects both in the paw edema test and in histological analysis, giving supporting evidence for its safely and possible clinical use in dentistry.

Efecto de la extirpación de las espículas del glande del cuy como técnia de esterilización reproductiva y su influencia en agresividad y ganancia de peso en comparación con un método químico alcohol yodado al 2%

La presente investigación evaluó el efecto de la extirpación de las espículas del glande en cobayos como método de esterilización reproductiva y su influencia en agresividad y ganancia de peso en comparación con un método químico (alcohol yodado 2%) y un testigo. Se contemplaron dos etapas de estudio, la primera valoró agresividad y ganancia de peso en 90 cuyes machos de 45 días de edad con peso promedio de 658,3±8,54gr los cuales fueron distribuidos en grupos de 5 animales por jaula; para la segunda etapa se consideró fertilidad y prolificidad en 90 cuyes hembras sexualmente maduras de 3 meses de edad, las cuales fueron empadradas con 18 machos obtenidos al azar de una sub-muestra de la primera etapa, la relación de empadre fue cinco hembras un macho. Los animales en estudio fueron distribuidos en los siguientes tratamientos: T1 animales enteros (n=30), T2 animales extirpados las espículas (n=30) y T3 animales castrados con alcohol yodado 2% (n=30). Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados y analizados en el programa SPSS® versión 22.0 determinándose que la ganancia total de peso fue para T1 836,4±33,89gr, T2 860,5±24,54gr y T3 725,5±30,45 con significancia estadística (P<0,05) para T2 y T1 con relación a T3. En referencia a agresividad medida a través del daño de la canal a nivel de la zona dorso posterior se obtuvieron resultados porcentuales estadísticos no significativos (p>0,05) entre tratamientos. En cuanto a fertilidad se obtuvo: para T1 un valor de 66,7%, T2 86,7% y T3 12% existiendo significancia estadística (p<0,05) entre tratamientos. Para la variable prolificidad se obtuvo valores medios de: T1 2,47±0,34; T2 3,43±0,32 y T3 0,40±0.22, con diferencias significativas (p<0,05) únicamente para el T3 que fue el que menos crías obtuvo. En conclusión la extirpación de las espículas del glande del cuy no esteriliza reproductivamente por el contrario aumenta el porcentaje de fertilidad, no disminuye agresividad, obtiene pesos no distintos al testigo pero alcanza mejores pesos que el método químico.

Dimensional changes of impression materials after 6 months storage period

Poster presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Portuguese Dental Association, 12-14 November 2015 Meo Arena, Lisboa, Portugal.

Industrial synthesis and characterization of nanophotocatalysts materials: titania

Despite the recent synthesis and identification of a diverse set of new nanophotocatalysts that has exploded recently, titanium dioxide (TiO2) remains among the most promising photocatalysts because it is inexpensive, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, and stable under a wide range of conditions. TiO2 has shown excellent promise for solar cell applications and for remediation of chemical pollutants and toxins. Over the past few decades, there has been a tremendous development of nanophotocatalysts for a variety of industrial applications (i.e. for water purification and reuse, disinfection of water matrices, air purification, deodorization, sterilization of soils). This paper details traditional and new industrial routes for the preparation of nanophotocatalysts and the characterization techniques used to understand the physical chemical properties of them, like surface area, ζ potential, crystal size, and phase crystallographic, morphology, and optical transparency. Finally we present some applications of the industrial nanophotocatalysts.

Efeito do tratamento por plasma na proliferação de fibroblastos e esterilização de membranas de quitosana

Chitosan is being studied for use as dressing due their biological properties. Aiming to expand the use in biomedical applications, chitosan membranes were modified by plasma using the following gases: nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle, surface energy and water absorption test. Biological Tests were also performed, such as: test sterilization and proliferation of fibroblasts (3T3 line). Through SEM we observed morphological changes occurring during the plasma treatment, the formation of micro and nano-sized valleys. MFA was used to analyze different roughness parameters (Ra, Rp, Rz) and surface topography. It was found that the treated samples had an increase in surface roughness and sharp peaks. Methane plasma treatment decreased the hydrophilicity of the membranes and also the rate of water absorption, while the other treatments turned the membranes hydrophilic. The sterilization was effective in all treatment times with the following gases: Ar, N2 and H2. With respect to proliferation, all treatments showed an improvement in cell proliferation increased in a range 150% to 250% compared to untreated membrane. The highlights were the treatments with Ar 60 min, O2 60 min, CH4 15 min. Observing the results of the analyzes performed in this study, it appears that there is no single parameter that influences cell proliferation, but rather a set of ideal conditions that favor cell proliferation

Gaining Insight into Teaching: A Phenomenological Exploration of the Lived Experience of the Teachers of the Year

What qualities, skills, and knowledge produce quality teachers? Many stake-holders in education argue that teacher quality should be measured by student achievement. This qualitative study shows that good teachers are multi-dimensional; their effectiveness cannot be represented by students’ test scores alone. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of quality in teaching by examining the lived experiences of 10 winners or finalists of the Teacher of the Year (ToY) Award. Phenomenology describes individuals’ daily experiences of phenomena, examines how these experiences are structured, and focuses analysis on the perspectives of the persons having the experience (Moustakas, 1994). This inquiry asked two questions: (a) How is teaching experienced by recognized as outstanding Teachers of the Year? and (b) How do ToYs feelings and perceptions about being good teachers provide insight, if any, about concepts such as pedagogical tact, teacher selfhood, and professional dispositions? Ten participants formed the purposive sample; the major data collection tool was semi-structured interviews (Patton, 1990; Seidman, 2006). Sixty to 90-minute interviews were conducted with each participant. Data also included the participants’ ToY application essays. Data analysis included a three-phase process: description, reduction, interpretation. Findings revealed that the ToYs are dedicated, hard-working individuals. They exhibit behaviors, such as working beyond the school day, engaging in lifelong learning, and assisting colleagues to improve their practice. Working as teachers is their life’s compass, guiding and wrapping them into meaningful and purposeful lives. Pedagogical tact, teacher selfhood, and professional dispositions were shown to be relevant, offering important insights into good teaching. Results indicate that for these ToYs, good teaching is experienced by getting through to students using effective and moral means; they are emotionally open, have a sense of the sacred, and they operate from a sense of intentionality. The essence of the ToYs teaching experience was their being properly engaged in their craft, embodying logical, psychological, and moral realms. Findings challenge current teacher effectiveness process-product orthodoxy which makes a causal connection between effective teaching and student test scores, and which assumes that effective teaching arises solely from and because of the actions of the teacher.

Controlled surface nanotopography and oxygen plasma treatment of PEEK to improve cellular response

Poly(aryl-ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) is a semi crystalline polymer which exhibits properties that make it an attractive choice for use as an implant material. It displays natural radiolucency, and MRI compatibility, as well as good chemical and sterilization resistance, both of which make it of particular interest in orthopaedic implants. However, PEEK has demonstrated poor cellular adhesion both in vitro and in vivo. This is problematic as implant surfaces that do not develop a layer of adhesive cells are at risk of undergoing fibrous encapsulation, which in turn leads to lack of a strong interface between the implant device and the patient tissue, which can in turn lead to failure of the implant and revision surgery . As incorporating nanotopography into a polymer surface has been demonstrated to be able to direct the differentiation behaviour of stem cells, a possible solution to PEEKs underlying issues with poor cellular response would be to incorporate specific nanoscale topography into the material surface through injection moulding, and then analysing if this is a viable method for addressing PEEKs issues with cellular response. In addition to nanoscale topography, the experimental PEEK surfaces were treated with oxygen plasma to address the underlying cytophobicity of the material. As this type of treatment has been documented to be capable of etching the PEEK surface, experiments were carried out to quantify the effect of this treatment, both on the ability of cells to adhere to the PEEK surface, as well as the effect it has upon the nanotopography present at the PEEK surface. The results demonstrated that there were a range of plasma treatments which would significantly improve the ability of cells to adhere to the PEEK surface without causing unacceptable damage to the nanotopography. Three different types of cells with osteogenic capacity were tested with the PEEK surfaces to gauge the ability of the topography to alter their behaviour: SAOS-2, osteoprogenitors and 271+ MSCs. Due to PEEKs material properties (it is non transparent, exhibits birefringence and is strongly autofluorescent) a number of histological techniques were used to investigate a number of different stages that take place in osteogenesis. The different cell types did display slightly different responses to the topographies. The SAOS-2 cells cultured on surfaces that had been plasma treated for 2 minutes at 200W had statistically significantly higher levels of von Kossa staining on the NSQ surface compared to the planar surface, and the same experiment employing alizarin red staining, showed a statistically significantly lower level of staining on the SQ surface compared to the planar surface. Using primary osteoprogenitor cells designed to look into if whether or not the presence of nanotopography effected the osteogenic response of these cells, we saw a lack of statistically significant difference produced by the surfaces investigated. By utilising HRP based immunostaining, we were able to investigate, in a quantitative fashion, the production of the two osteogenic markers osteopontin and osteocalcin by cells. When stained for osteocalcin, the SQ nanotopography had total percentage of the surface with stained material, average area and average perimeter all statistically significantly lower than the planar surface. For the cells that were stained for osteopontin, the SQ nanotopgraphy had a total percentage of the surface with stained material, average area and average perimeter all highly statistically significantly lower than those of the planar surface. Additionally, for this marker the NSQ nanotopography had average areas and average perimeters that were highly significantly higher than those of the planar surface. There were no significant differences for any of the values investigated for the 271+ MSC’s When plasma treatment was varied, the SAOS-2 cells demonstrated an overall trend i.e. increasing the energy of plasma treatment in turn leads to an increase in the overall percentage of staining. A similar experiment employing stem cells isolated from human bone marrow instead of SAOS-2 cells showed that for polycarbonate surfaces , used as a control, mineralization is statistically significantly higher on the NSQ nanopattern compared to the planar surface, whereas on the PEEK surfaces we observe the opposite trend i.e. the NSQ nanotopography having a statistically significantly lower amount of mineralization compared to the planar surface at the 200W 2min and 30W 1min plasma treatments. The standout trend from the PEEK results in this experiment was that the statistically significant differences on the PEEK substrates were clustered around the lower energy plasma treatments, which could suggest that the plasma treatment disrupted a function of the nanotopograhy which is why, as the energy increases, there are less statistically significant differences between the NSQ nanotopography and the Planar surface This thesis documents the response of a number of different types of cells to specific nanoscale topographies incorporated into the PEEK surface which had been treated with oxygen plasma. It outlines the development of a number of histological methods which measure different aspects of osteogenesis, and were selected to both work with PEEK, and produce quantitative results through the use of Cell Profiler. The methods that have been employed in this body of work would be of interest to other researchers working with this material, as well as those working with similarly autofluorescent materials.

Assessment of Injuries Caused by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on the Incidence of Bunch Rot Diseases in Table Grape.

Resumo: Anastrepha fraterculus (. Wied) é a principal praga de uvas de mesa (Vitis vinifera) na Região Sul do Brasil. Neste estudo, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito da punção de frutas por fêmeas adultas e infestação larvária por A. fraterculus na ocorrência da doença podridões na uva (cultivar "Itália"). Abstract: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) is the main insect pest of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) in the Southern Region of Brazil. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of fruit puncturing by adult females and larval infestation by A. fraterculus on the occurrence of bunch rot disease in the grape (cultivar ?Itália?) by evaluating grapes (a) punctured for oviposition by females of A. fraterculus, sterilized in laboratory with novaluron (40 mg L−1) and further spray-inoculated separately with Botrytis cinerea (1 × 106 conidia mL−1), Glomerella cingulata (1 × 106 conidia mL−1), and bacteria and yeast that cause sour rot (1 × 105 cells mL−1), (b) grapes punctured for oviposition by non-sterilized females with pathogen spraying, (c) grapes with mechanical wounds and pathogen spraying, (d) grapes with no wounds and with pathogen spraying, (e) grapes punctured for oviposition by A. fraterculus chemically sterilized in laboratory with novaluron, (f) grapes punctured for oviposition by A. fraterculus non-sterilized in laboratory with novaluron, (g) grapes with mechanical wounds, and (h) grapes with no sterilization or pathogen spraying. Our data indicated that the mechanical and oviposition wounds caused by A. fraterculus increased the percentage of grapes infected by B. cinerea, G. cingulata, and microorganisms of acid rot. The grape puncturing by A. fraterculus and the mechanical wound allows the penetration of B. cinerea and microorganisms leading to acid rot. We conclude that the fruit fly A. fraterculus may facilitate phytopathogens penetration leading to bunch rots in the table grape Itália.